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DEDICATION:-
This report is dedicated to Prof. Dr. NAYYAR RAZA ZAIDI
who provides me such a nice and golden opportunity to show my
capabilities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I was given invaluable inspiration by many people in the completion
of the project.This is true that I could not have been able to achieve my
target without the valuable suggestions, meticulous attention and friendly
counseling of High Official of Descon Engineering Limited from where I have
advised, guided, furnished with updated literature and practical approach,
methodology and concept of Organization Theory and Design in Descon
Engineering Limited.
2
CONTENTS
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Annexure-A
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION
Annexure-B
STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION
Annexure-C
STRUCTURAL DIMENSIONS OF ORGANIZATION
Annexure-D
GOALS, STRATEGIES AND EFFECTIVENESS
Annexure-E
THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Annexure-F
INTERORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Annexure-G
TECHNOLOGY
Annexure-H
ORGANIZATIONAL SIZE, LIFE CYCLE AND CONTROL
3
Annexure-I
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
Annexure-J
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Annexure-K
APPENDIX
4
Executive Summary
The purpose of this report is to fulfill partial requirements of my
course “Organization Theory and Design”. I have carried out my project in
keeping with my text and have applied the basic concepts studied.
I have selected an organization named as NESPAK (PVT) LIMITED for
the sake of accomplishment of my project.
I was given an appointment on my request by the General Manager
Business Development Division Mr. KHALID NAWAZ . During my
number of visits to NESPAK I studied its theory, analyzed its design
considering its structure, structural dimensions and contextual dimensions.
Conclusion of this report is that NESPAK is a multi-disciplinary
consultancy company that has evolved a divisional organization structure
suited to its specific needs. NESPAK goal is to attain self-reliance in
engineering consultancy and replace foreign consultants. NESPAK should
start professional training programme for its employees to keep them up-to-
date.
I have tried my best to complete the report and hope that it will be a
guideline for further research on this topic.
5
ANNEX-A
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
OF
ORGANIZATION .
6
INTRODUCTION
National Engineering Services Pakistan (Pvt) limited ( NESPAK) is
Pakistan’s premier consultancy organization. Its international status is well
established and it enjoys the reputation of being one of the top engineering
consultancy organizations in Asia and Africa and is ranked amongst the
world’s top 200 consulting firms.
There has never been a dearth of competent engineers in Pakistan but,
unfortunately, over the years major development projects in Pakistan were
handed out to foreign consultant at the cost of self confidence of Pakistani
engineers and other professionals. Belatedly, when the Indus Basin project
were nearing completion, the highest authority in Pakistan realized that the
Pakistani engineers must be given practical exposure and responsibility in
this gigantic national development programme. It was realized that any
delay in taking initiative in this respect will be disastrous for the future of
the engineering profession in Pakistan. It was under these considerations
that NESPAK was created in 1973 as a Private Limited Company by the
Government of Pakistan. The objective of its creation was to create a pool
of talented engineers, attain self-reliance in engineering consultancy and
replace foreign consultants. The company has achieved these objectives to
a large extent. NESPAK is registered with a number of international
funding agencies such as IBRD, ADB, IDB, etc. Todate NESPAK has
7
undertaken 2228 projects out of which 1953 are domestic and 275 are
overseas projects located in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Benin,
Cameroon, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Nepal,
Nigeria, Oman, Republic of Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone,
Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania and United Arab Emirates.
The cumulative cost of the projects undertaken by the NESPAK is
US$104.5 billion. The company has earned Rs.9778 million from its
domestic operations up to December 2002.
The company’s success lies in the hard work of its highly skilled
employees and commitment to quality in every fact of its operation. It was
this commitment that led it to become the first engineering consultancy
organization in Pakistan to obtain ISO 9001 QMS certificate in 1998.
COMPANY’S MANAGEMENT (BOARD OF DIRECTORS )
The Company is managed by a Board of Directors comprising a
Chairman, a Managing Director and 7 other Directors. The day to-day
functions of the company are looked after by the Managing Director
assisted by Vice presidents/Division Heads. Various divisions headed by
Vice Presidents/General Managers are boldly divided into project
management and specially groups. The project management divisions are
responsible for management of projects and the specialty divisions are
centered of excellence for various disciplines.
8
SERVICES
NESPAK offers a board spectrum of expert consultancy services
ranging from conception to completion and operation of development
projects. The scope of these services covers prefeasibility studies,
surveying and mapping, investigations, design, tender and contract
documentation, construction/installation supervision, contract management
and post-construction services.
FIELDS OF SPECIALISATION
NESPAK , having expertise in almost all engineering disciplines,
specializes in the field of power and mechanical; water and agriculture;
architecture and planning; highways, bridges, airports and seaports;
environmental and public health engineering; engineering for industry;
heating, ventilation and air-conditioning; information technology and
geographical information system(GIS).
HUMAN RESOURCES
NESPAK has on its rolls some of the best professionals in various
fields of engineering. It has also been able to attract a large number of
Pakistani experts from abroad. NESPAK is thus able to offer the services
of highly qualified and experienced professionals. At present, NESPAK has
9
staff strength of 1791 employees including 1197 highly qualified engineers,
architects, planner, geologists, economists and other professionals.
10
ANNEX-B
STRUCTURE OF THE
ORGANIZATION.
11
STRUCTURE:-
Descon Engineering Limited has evolved a flexible Functional
Organization Structure suited to its specific needs. The affairs of the
company are guided by a Board of Directors including a Chairman, a
fulltime managing Director and six directors. The day-to day functioning of
the company is looked by the Managing Director, assisted by Vice
Presidents and a Board of Management.
The project management divisions are cost centres responsible for the
management of projects from conception to implementation stage. They
work within approved budgets and are required to earn profits. Following
are the project management divisions:
LAHORE
Water & Agriculture
Power & Mechanical
Environmental and Public Health Engineering
Highways & Transportation Engineering
Architecture & Planning
Construction Management
Structural Engineering
KARACHI
12
Sports & Harbours
Airports
Industrial Infrastructure
Architecture & Planning
ISLAMABAD
Architecture & Planning
Civil Engineering
The specialty divisions are centres of excellence for various disciplines
and provide specialized technical inputs to project management divisions.
These divisions are manned by highly competent and experienced engineers
who have the capability to tackle problems of intricate nature. Following
are the specialty divisions:
Computer Application
Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering
Contracts
Economic Studies
Heating, Ventilation and Airconditioning
NESPAK’s mode of operation is such that all i ts recourses in specialty
divisions are made available to different projects and when need arises.
NESPAK project offices, therefore, always have full backing and support
13
of specialty divisions which not only endeavor to undertake the technical
problems but also involve themselves in modern research in their field of
specialization.
Each division in NESPAK is responsible for the quality control of the work
being produced by it . Quality control is achieved by standardization of
work procedures and performance of internal reviews. In case any
particular problem requires an in-depth study, the project manager calls for
a review by the senior staff. Excellence in quality and professional output
is ensured through a well defined, established and implemented Quality
Management System.
14
ANNEX-C
STRUCTURAL DIMENSIONS OF
ORGANIZATION .
15
I. FORMALIZATION :-
In NESPAK Formalization is “High” because policy manuals, job
descriptions of various employees, rules and procedures all are in written
format.
II. SPECIALIZATION :-
In NESPAK organizational tasks are subdivided into separate
jobs. Therefore specialization in NESPAK is “Extensive” .
III. STANDARDIZATION :-
In NESPAK employees perform different types of tasks in their daily
routine; therefore uniformity in work is low, so standardization is “Low” in
NESPAK .
IV. HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY :-
In NESPAK the span of control is “Narrow” in the divisions,
therefore Hierarchy of authority is “Tall”.
V. CENTRALIZATION :-
In NESPAK decision making or centralization of power is kept at the
top level. The important decision like establishing goals, hiring employees,
choosing contracts are made at the top level, therefore in NESPAK
“Centralization is High” .
16
VI. COMPLEXITY :-
In NESPAK numbers of activities are differentiated among the
divisions. In NESPAK Vertical and Horizontal complexity is “High” , but
Spatial complexity is “Low”.
VII. PROFESSIONALISM :-
In NESPAK formal training and education of employees is very high,
therefore professionalism in NESPAK is “High”.
VIII. PERSONNEL CONFIGURATION :-
In NESPAK deployment of people to various divisions are high,
therefore personnel configuration is “High” in NESPAK .
The table of Structural Dimensions In NESPAK is given below:
17
STRUCTURAL DIMENSIONS
FORMALIZATION HIGH
SPECIALIZATION Extensive
STANDARDIZATION Low
HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITYTall
CENTRALIZATION OR
CONCENTRATION OF POWER
High or Centralized
COMPLEXITY :-
I. Vertical Complexity.
II. Horizontal complexity.
III. Spatial Complexity.
High
High
Low
PROFESSIONALISM. High
PERSONNEL
CONFIGURATION.
High
18
ANNEX-D
ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS,
STRATEGIES AND
EFFECTIVENESS .
19
GOALS :-
Mission Statement :-
To create a pool of talented engineers, attain self-reliance in
engineering consultancy and replace foreign consultants.
Our Believe :-
The believe of NESPAK is the consistent attainment of quality
in all facets of our operations so as to provide consultancy services
with professionalism and to the satisfaction of our clients.
Our Values :-
Excellence in all we do.
Ethical and moral conduct at all t imes and in all our
relationships.
Innovations in all areas of our Designs as a mean of attaining
and sustaining leadership.
Operative Goals :-
To increase profit by 15%.
To retain company’s leading stature in the future by capturing
75% Market share.
To hire top quality engineers and allied professionals.
To capture 80% share of Geographical Information System
(GIS) market.
To increase IT specialists by 50
20
ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES :-
Porter’s competitive strategies :-
Low-Cost Leadership :-
NESPAK is using the “Low Cost Leadership” strategy to increase
market share by emphasizing or low cost compared to competitors.
By using “Low Cost Leadership” strategy, NESPAK also emphasize
on efficient facilities, pursues cost reductions and uses tight controls
to produce services more efficiently than its competitors.
Frame work of Porter’s competitive strategies:-
Competitive Advantages.
LOW COST UNIQUENESS
BROAD
NARROW
Low-cost Leadership.
NESPAK
DIFFERENTIATION.
Focused Low-Cost
Leadership.
Focused
Differentiation.
Co
mp
etit
ive
Sco
pe
21
Miles and S now’s Strategy Typology :-
Defender :-
NESPAK is concerned primarily with internal efficiency and control to
produce reliable, high quality services for clients. According to Mile’s and
Snow’s Strategy Typology. NESPAK is using “Defender” strategy for the
achievement of its goals.
EFFECTIVENESS :-
Contingency Effectiveness Approaches :-
Goal Approach :-
In Contingency Effectiveness Approach NESPAK uses the “Goal
Approach” to effectiveness, because it identifies the profit, client
satisfaction, efficiency and attainment of certain levels of output.
Balanced Effectiveness Approaches :-
Contingency / Stake holder Approach :-
According to Stake holder Approach important stake holder of
NESPAK are Clients, Employees, Creditors, Suppliers, community
and Government. Importance and power of these stake holders are
described in the following framework.
HIGH CREDITORS.Clients and
Governments.
Community and
Suppliers.Employees.22
LOW
LOW HIGH
IMPORTANCECompeting Values Approach:-
NESPAK is well established organization. Its primary goals are
efficiency and profit, therefore open system and human resource models
are not major concerns. Its major concerns are “Rational Goal Model” and
“Internal Process Model” as described below.
23
ANNEX-E
THE EXTERNAL
ENVIRNOMENT .
24
Environmental Domain :-
Environmental Domain of NESPAK is decried into “Task
Environment”, “General Environment”, and “International Control”.
Task Environment :-
Task environment of NESPAK consist of following sectors.
(i) Human Resources Sector :-
NESPAK has on its rolls some of the best professionals in
various fields of engineering; it has also been able to attract a large number
of Pakistani experts from abroad.
(ii) Market Sector :-
NESPAK offers a broad spectrum of expert consultancy
services to its clients. These services range from conception to completion
and operation of development projects.
(iii) Industry Sector :-
NESPAK has to compete with the best in the world both
technically as well as financially. NESPAK faces competition with many
Pakistani and foreign consulting companies. The main Pakistani
competitors of NESPAK are ACE & PES.
25
General Environment :-
General Environment of NESPAK consists of following sectors.
(i) Government Sector :-
NESPAK was established as a Private Limited Company with a
capital of only Rs.0.5 million and all the shares held by the Government of
Pakistan. Therefore federal laws and regulation, taxes political process has
an impact on its policies.
(ii) Economic Conditions :-
The economic recession Prevailing in Pakistan for the last few
years has effected the consultancy profession adversely. This has resulted
in fewer development projects in the country. Realizing the situation,
NESPAK mode hectic efforts to acquire projects not only in Pakistan but
also in foreign countries.
(iii) Technology Sector :-
Keeping in view the phenomenal growth of IT sector
domestically and large allocation of Government funds in two successive
years, NESPAK has taken strategic decision to expand further in this
important sector. NESPAK’s expertise in the field of Geographical
Information System (GIS) is best in the country. NESPAK also has a
“intranet” and Management Information System (MIS) for managerial
decision making.
26
(iv) Financial Recourse Sector :-
NESPAK is registered with a number of international funding
agencies such as International Bank for reconstruction and development
(IBRD), Asian Development Bank (ADB), Islamic Development Bank (IDB)
etc. The cumulative cost of the projects under taken by NESPAK is US$
104.5 Billion.
International Context :-
NESPAK’s international stature is well-established and it
enjoys the reputation of being one of the top engineering consultancy
organization in Asia and Africa and is ranked amongst the world’s top 200
consultancy firms. NESPAK has under taken 275 overseas projects located
in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Benin, Cameroon, Chad, Gambia,
Ghana, Guinea, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Nigeria, Oman, Republic of
Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania and United Arab Emirates.
27
Environmental Uncertainty :-
NAESPAK has complex, stable Environment that represents low-
moderate uncertainty. The Frame work for the Environment Uncertainty is
given below.
STABLE
UNSTABLE
SIMPLE COMPLEX Environmental Complexity
ADAPTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY :-
Because NESPAK has complex, Stable Environment, therefore
NESPAK falls in Low-Moderate Uncertainty Environment. Following
frame work well explains the NESPAK’S response to environmental
uncertainty.
Simple + Stable = Low Uncertainty.
Complex + Stable =Low-Moderate Uncertainty.
NESPAK
Simple + Unstable = High-Moderate Uncertainty.
Complex + Unstable = High Uncertainty.
En
viro
nm
enta
l Ch
ange
28
STABLE
UNSTABLE
SSIMPLE COMPLEX Environmental Complexity
Low Uncertainty.
Low-Moderate Uncertainty. (NESPAK)1. Mechanistic
structure:Formal, centralized.2. Many departments,
someboundary spanning.3. Few integrating roles.4. Some planning.
High-Moderate Uncertainty.
High Uncertainty.
En
viro
nm
enta
l Ch
ange
29
ANNEX-F
INTERORGANIZATIONAL
RELATIONSHIPS .
30
INTERORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS :-
NESPAK has Interorganizational Relationships with many companies
in and outside Pakistan. These relationships are of different types. Mostly
with Pakistani companies NESPAK has “joint ventures” e.g. ACE, Habib
Rafiq (Pvt) Limited, Mirza Associates etc. and with foreign companies
NESPAK has “collaborative networks” e.g . Engineering and Consulting
Associates Ltd. (Nigeria), Aab Kheez Asia Consulting Engineers Ltd.
(Iran) etc. the framework for Interorganizational Relationship is given
below.
ORGANIZATION TYPE
Dissimilar Similar
Competitive
Cooperative
Resource Dependence.
NESPAK
Population Ecology.
Collaboration Network.
NESPAK
Institutionalism.
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
AL
RE
LA
TIO
NS
HIP
31
ANNEX-G
TECHNOLOGY.
32
Service Technology :-
NESPAK is a consultancy Engineering company. There fore
NESPAK accomplish its primary purpose through the production and
provision of “Services” . So NEASPAK uses “Service Technology” . As
NESPAK is an Engineering company, therefore it uses “Computer-aided
design (CAD)” for drafting, design and engineering of mew parts.
Departmental Technology :-
In NESPAK , task variety and Analyzability is high, therefore it
uses the Engineering Departmental Technology. The Perrow’s Framework
of Departmental Technology is given below.
LOW
HIGH
LOW HIGH
VARIETY
Craft Non routine
Routine Engineering
NESPAK
AN
AL
YZ
AB
ILIT
Y
33
Departmental Design :-
NESPAK has Engineering Departmental Technology; therefore it has
following characteristics of Departmental Design:
1) NESPAK has “Mostly mechanistic Structure”.
2) Formalization is Moderate.
3) Centralization is moderate.
4) Formal training and education.
5) Span of control is Moderate.
6) Communication is written and verbal.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY :-
Use of Information Technology is very common in every department
of NESPAK . NESPAK has a private company wide information system,
which is called “Intranet” . NESPAK also has its own”Management
Information System (MIS)” . NESPAK , keeping in pace with latest
technological developments, has a state-of-the art “Geographical
Information System (GIS)” section , equipped with latest GIS hardware,
software and trained professionals.
34
Interdependence Among Departments :-
Pooled Interdependence :-
NESPAK has pooled interdependence among its divisions. According to
Thompson pooled interdependence would exist in firms with “Mediating
Technology” . Thompson’s classification of interdependence and
management implication is given below:
35
Form of
Interdependence
Demands on
Horizontal
Communication,
Decision
Making.
Types of
Coordination
Required.
Priority for
locating
units close
together.
Pooled.
(NESPAK)
Low
communication.
Standardization,
rules, procedures.
Divisional structure.
Low
Sequential. Medium
communication.
Plans, schedules,
feedback.
Task forces.
Medium.
Reciprocal. High
communication.
Mutual adjustments,
team work, cross-
departmental
meetings.
Horizontal structure.
High.
36
37
ANNEX-H
ORGANIZATIONAL SIZE, LIFE
CYCLE AND CONTROL.
38
Organizational Size :-
NESPAK is a “Large” organization. NESPAK has staff strength of
1791 employee including 1197 highly qualified engineers,
architects, planners, geologists, economists and other professionals.
Organizational Life Cycle :-
According to the Organizational Lie Cycle NESPAK is in the
“Elaboration Stage” , because it is large, mature organization and
there is need for “Revitalization” in NESPAK . Organizational Life
Cycle is explained below:
1. 2. 3. 4. Entrepreneur ia l Co l l e c t i v i ty Formal i za t ion E labora t ion S tage S tage S tage S tage
C r i s i s : N eed for l eadersh ip
C r i s i s : N eed for de l ega t ion w i th cont ro l
C r i s i s : N eed to dea l w i th too m uch red t ape
C r i s i s : N eed for rev i ta l i za t i on
Streaml i n ing , sm a l l - company th i nk ingtt
ttth i nk ing
C ont inued mat ur i t y
D ec l i ne
D eve lopment o f t eam work
A ddi t i on o f i n terna l sy s t em
P os i t ion o f c l ear d i rec t i on
C rea t i v i ty
Large
Small
SIZ
E
NE
SP
AK
39
Organizational Control :-
In NESPAK use of rules, policies, hierarchy of authority, written
documentation is high; therefore NESPAK implements the
“Bureaucratic Control System” .
Management Control System :-
According to Management Control System, NESPAK uses the
“Operating Procedure Control System” .
40
ANNEX-I
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE .
41
CULTURE :-
NESPAK has a mixture of “Mission and Bureaucratic”
culture, because its goal is profitably as well as internal efficiently,
therefore it implements both cultures.
The framework for organizational culture is given below:
Needs of the Environment.
Flexibility Stability
External
Internal
Adaptability/Entrepreneurial
Culture.
Mission Culture.
(NESPAK).
Clan Culture. Bureaucratic Culture.
(NESPAK).
Str
ateg
ic F
ocu
s
42
ANNEX-J
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION.
43
CONCLUSION :-
Now-a-days there is one thing many Pakistani business organizations
agree on it is the deleterious effects of uncertain future on their business.
With the rapidly changing market place owing to breakthroughs in
technologies, lowering of barriers to international competition and
maturing of Pakistani consumers, this uncertainty is only going to increase.
In the ruthless scenario only the nimble and sue-footed who have the ability
to correctly read the changes in consumer preferences before their
competitors do and who have the systems to quickly respond with better
value proposition will succeed. NESPAK is equal to the task; it is
providing a world class professional base in the field of consultancy
engineering to the employees and also introduces the modern technology
and quality improvement programme for the e xperts.
In the end I conclude from this report that NESPAK is a multi-
disciplinary consultancy company that has evolved a divisional
organization structure suited to its specific needs. NESPAK goal is to
attain self-reliance in engineering consultancy and replace foreign
consultants.
Consequently, I can say that NESPAK has an excellent management
system to meet the current challenges.
44
RECOMMENDATIONS :-
1) Engineers and allied professionals should be provided facilities for
their in-service training.
2) Keeping in view the importance of computer technology, all technical
staff should be provided special training of computer.
3) Due to increase competition between engineering consultancy firms, it
is difficult to get new projects without proper marketing strategies,
therefore NESPAK should hire Marketing Professionals for this
purpose.
4) NESPAK should start managerial training programme for its middle
and senior level engineers and allied professionals because just like
other organizations, NESPAK need competent managers to be able to
reach their objectives both effectively and efficiently.
45
ANNEX-K
APPENDIX .
46
Questionnaire: -
Used for the measurement of Departmental Technology.
VARIETY :-
I. How many of these tasks are same from day to day?
II. To what extent would you say your work is routine?
III. People in this unit do about the same job in the same way most of the
time.
IV. Basically; unit members perform repetitive activities in doing their
jobs.
V. How repetitious are your duties?
ANALYZABILITY :-
I. To what extent is there a clearly known way to do the major types of
work you normally encounter:
II. To what extent is there a clearly defined body of knowledge or
subject mater that can guide you in doing your work?
III. To what extent is there an understandable sequence of steps that can
be followed in doing your work?
IV. To do your work, to what extents can you actually rely on established
procedures practices? To what extent is there understandable
sequence of steps that can be followed in carrying out your work?
47