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8/3/2019 Ngu Phap Tieng Nhat
1/21
Bi 15 gio trnh Ni Trc, phn u, Mu 1-4
Bi 15 c 11 mu chnh, trong ni bt hai mu din t phi thc hin mt hnh ngv (Mc d) khng (lm) cng c = T
Mu 1: Khi du lch nc ngoi, phi mang theo h chiu.
=()
Gii thch: Bi ny gii thiu cch din t phi thc hin mt hnh ng. Gingmu 3bi 17 Minna.
a) Cu trc to ngha phi (lm) ca T, trc ht to dng ph nh(= dng) caT ri thaybngca cu trc nu =(s hc sau bi 21) kt hp cu trckhng thnh(=) . Cu trc phi dch ng ngha l nu khng (lm) th khng
thnh, khng c V d trn dch ng ngha tng t l nu khng (mang) i th khngc (tng ng vi cch dngs c trnh by sau)Do vychia dng kt hp to ngha phi.
Thm mt v d khc vi T nhm ln 1: phi vn chuyn hng ha ny mt mnh.
() ()
Cu trc vi T nhm ln 2: phi cho xem h chiu
=
dch ng ngha tng t l nu khng cho xem h chiu th khng c .
Cu trc vi T nhm ln 3: Lun lun phich n sc khe.
=
b) Cu trc to ngha phi l vi TT ui
in ca th vin phi (l) sng
=
Cu trc: i uica TT thnhri thm
c) Cu trc to ngha phi l vi TT ui
Li l ni vi gio vin phi (l) lch s
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=
Cu trc: thay uibngri thm
d) Cu trc to ngha phi l vi DT
nh ca chng minh th phi l nh() mi.
=() () ()
Cu trc: thmri thm
Bng tng kt cu trc phi vi cc T trc khi thay vo
T nhm 1 (c chia theo ui T h m )
1. kt thc(1) chuyn thnh
v d:chuyn thnh
thnh
thnh
2. kt thc(2) chuyn thnh
v d:chuyn thnh
thnh
3. kt thc(3) c bit bin thnh
v d:thnh
4. kt thc(4) c bit bin thnh
vd:thnh
5. kt thc(5) chuyn thnh
v d:thnh
6. kt thc(6) chuyn thnh
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v d:chuyn thnh
7. kt thc(7) chuyn thnh
v d:chuyn thnh
8. kt thc(8) chuyn thnh
v d:thnh
9. kt thc(9) chuyn thnh
v d:thnh
T nhm 2: thaybng
v d:thay thnh
thay thnh
T nhm 3: thaybng
thaybng
Mu 2:ging mu 3 bi 17 Minna
Khng cng c =hoc i khi ta c th dch n gin l khngcn.
a) Cch dng vi T:
V d,( tr li cu hi: Hc sinh c phi tham gia bo him sc khe khng?)
p: khng, khng tham gia cng c (hay l khng cn)
=()
Cu trc: T chia dng ph nh(= dng) ri thaybng
b) Cch dng vi TT ui:
V d: ( tr li cu hi: Bng ghi m dng trong phng hc c cn phi (l) mikhng?) p: khng, khng (l) mi cng c (hay l: khng, khng cn(l) mi. =
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Cu trc: i uica TT thnhri thaybng
c) Cch dng vi TT ui:
V d: ( tr li cu hi: Li l ni vi bn b cng phi (l) lch s ?) p: khng,
khng (l) lch s cng c (hay l: khng, khng cn (l) lch s).
=
Cu trc: thay uibngri thaybng
d) Cch dng vi DT: V d: ( tr li cu hi: Ch k phi (l) ch Romaji ?) p:khng, khng (l) Romaji cng c (hay l: khng, khng cn(l) Romaji).
=
Cu trc: thmri thaybng
Mu 3: Cu trc= (mc d) (lm) cng c, (mcd)khng (lm) cng c,(d th no) cng c hay l (lm) hay khng (lm) th nocng c.
V d: a) Cch dng vi T: Hc sinh (mc d)tham gia hay (mc d) khng tham giabo him sc khe (d th no) cng c.
= () ()(phn
trong ngoc () dng cng c, khng dng cng c, vn khng lm thay ingha ca cu.)
b) Cch dng vi TT ui: Bng ghi m dng trong phng hc (mc d) l mi hay(mc d) l khng mi (d th no) cng c.
= () ()
c) Cch dng vi DT (TT uicng tng t): Ch k (mc d) l Romaji hay (mc
d) khng l Romaji, (d th no) cng c.
= ()
Mu 4: Khi mun din t cn lm (T1) mt vic A trc khi lm (T2) c vic B, tadng cu trc iu kin n gin vi T2 dng h m (dng t in):
T2 h m +, T1
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(Trc) khi ly (T2) Visa cn i(T1) n i s qun.
= ()
Ngc li, khi mun din t mt vic A cn lm (T1) sau khi lm (T2) c vic B, ta
dng cu trc iu kin n gin vi T2 dng qu kh ngn:
T2 qu kh ngn +, T1
Bui ti, (sau) khi gp ai th cho l
= () []
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Mu 5: Kt hpvi TT hay DT to ngha : thay i mt ci g sang mt trng thikhc.(ging mu 3 bi 44 Minna)
V n qu nn lm cho nh ting radio xung
= ()
Gii thch: bi 7 (sch Minna l bi 19) chng ta hc cch kt hp vi din ts chuyn sang trng thi khc ca ngi v vt Em trai ln 11 tui, cy trong vn nmnay cao hn... l mt s thay i t nhin. Cn y khi ta mun din t c ngi tcng vo to ra s thay i th ta s kt hp vi. Thng thng ta dch l lm cho (ci g) thnh .... v d trn, dch theo ngha tng t lV n do lm cho ting ca radio thnhnh
Cu trc: Cch dng vi TT ui:
i tng ++ i uica TT thnh+
Cu trc: Cch dng viTT ui:
i tng ++ i uica TT thnh+
V d: Ti mun lm cho thn th (thnh) khe mnh hn na.
= ()
Cu trc: Cch dng vi DT:
i tng ++ DT ++
V d: Hy p v cc nc ny, lm cho n thnh mt na.
= ()
bi 44 Minna c trnh by thm mt s hnh thc s dng vihoc bin TT thnh tr t tin so snh vi phn ny v hiu hn ting N, nu cc bn quan tm c th c thm bichng ti post ln .
Mu 6: s/lng/DT ++ T dng ph nh = ch, ch c.
a) m qua, ti ch ng khong 3 ting ng h.
= ()
b) Nhng th mun mua th nhiu song tin chng c bao nhiu (ch c t)
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= () ()
c) Trong phng hc ch c anh A. Chng c ai khc.
= A
d) Ti ch ly ngi cng qu hng. Khng kt hn vi ngi nc ngoi
= () ()
(Trong cuc tranh lun v cu ny, phi nam ym th reo h mong rng phi n ngy nay caotinh thn ny, nhng cnh mnh mm li go ln: A la la, phn bit chng tc t, may m y chl v d)
Gii thch:lun c dng vi T chia dng ph nh.Khi s t (v d a) hoc lng t (vd: t =...v d b) i km vith s to cm gic ngi ni mun nhn mnh rng s hay
lng rt nh hoc khng . Khi DT c i km s c ngha gingth hin ngha hnch ch, ch c(v d c). Ch rng c s dng c vi cc tr t khc v c t sautr t , v d DT+, DT+(v d d)
Thm n, thm n, thm v d n.
Ch tng qu cho ngi iu thi (bi tp 19)
=
Mu 7: s t +
Hm qua ti hc nhng 8 gi
= 8
Nh S c n 10 a con
= S 10
Gii thch: Ngc vi ngha ca mu 6 trn, mu 7 ny gm s kt hp gia s t vi cho ngha din t cm gic ca ngi ni rng con s nu c ngha rt ln, rt nhiu. Ch rng
khng ging vilc th dng vi s t v lng t,ch ng sau s t.
Mu 8: T chia dng+ dng din t khong thi gian k t khi hnhng m t bng T bt u.
K t khi n N mt nm tri qua ri.
=
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Mu 9: Hng ngy, ti ph gip cng vic ca m.
=()()()
Gii thch: Ngoi ngha din t mt hnh ng ang din ra, T chia dng + cn din
t mt hnh nglp i lp li hoc thnh thi quen. Khi dng vi ngha ny, nhn mnh,thng dng vi cc tr t bn thn hm ngha lp i lp li nh hng ngy = (),hng nm ...
Mu 10: Phn bit =v cha =(Ging bi 31 Minna)
Anh A n cha? = A
Cha, anh A cha n. =
bi 7 chng ta hc vi km T chia qu kh din t mt hnh ng xy ra hoc
mt trng thi tn ti, cni vi T chia dng ph nh ch hnh ng cha xy rahoc trng thi cha thay i. mu nyi vi din t hnh ng c don xy ra th vn cha xy ra.
Mu 11:vi ngha l vn, din t trng thi, hnh ng vn tip tc.
Anh A ung tr cha? => Ri, ung htri. => Tr ht sch ri => Tr khng cnna.
= A=>=> =>
Anh B cng ung tr ri ? => Cha, cn cha ung. => Tr cha ht. => Tr vn cn.
= Bc
Ch : Khii cng vi T dng khng nh, c bit vi T dngth li c nghal vn.y l ngha chng ta rt hay qun v khng hay dng v nu dng th li t khi dngchnh xc(bi 30 Minna).Ngoi ra nh mu 10 ta cng thy,vvu c th icng T dng khng nh v ph nh, nhng mang ngha khc nhau.
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Bi 16 gio trnh Ni Trc, phn 1, Mu 1-3Bi ny c 10 mu nhng c bit c 2 hin tng ng php quan trng l din t dng kh nngv dng iu kin ca T.
Mu 1: Dng kh nng = c th gm 2 hnh thc tiu biu.
Dng th nht T dng ngn ++(ging mu 1 bi 18 Minna)
Dng th 2: bin i h m cui ca T. (ging mu 1 bi 27 Minna). Di y, ta ln lt xemxt 2 dng ny.
a) cu trc dng th nht: T dng ngn + +
Lu hc sinh c th vo tr KTX ny.
=()()
Lc thi ti chng th nh ni cu tr li.
=()
Ch :chnh l dng kh nng ca. Do cu trc kh nng ca T chnh l vic T dng t in ++chia dng kh nng. Cn i vi cu ph nh, ta dng cu trcT dng t in +nhng l + vi. Tng t cu qu kh v qu kh ph nhl +v +.
b) cu trc dng th hai: i vi cc T nhm 1:chuyn h m ca T dng t in sang hm e ri thm chia theo th qu kh hay hin ti, tng lai.
Lu hc sinh c th vo tr KTX ny.
=()()
Lc thi ti chng th nh ni cu tr li.
=()
i vi T nhm 2: thay uibng+ui chia
Bn A c th n mn Sasimi
= A
i vi T nhm 3: Ti c th n N mt ln na.
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=
Ch 1: Ring Tkhng c dng ny.
Ch 2: Trc cc T c i tng tc ng (tha T hay ngoi T) khng dng m dng.
Ch 3: Kh nng y c hiu l do rn luyn thnh k nng, do kinh nghim m c, khcvi kh nng do sinh l hoc iu kin t nhin mang li s trnh by sau bi 17 Ni Trc, mu2 bi 27 Minna, nh : do thi tit tt m t y c th thy ni Phu ji chng hn, hay do tngcch m ti nn c th nghe thy mi ting n t ngoi vng vo....
Mu 2: c bit vi T ghp gc Hn vta c th dng cc dng sau:
a) nguyn ton b T ++nh dng mu 1 trn y. Khi nytrong Tghp tr thnh T thng, khng chia nh cc T khc.
Ti c th li xe = ti bit li xe
=
b) Tuy nhin nhng T ny c th s dng n gin hn bng cch btrong T ghp. Ch khi phi dng nh du T, v v phn Hn cn li ch l DT nn phi dng gia 2DT thay cho
=
c) Hoc thm ch dng ngay chia dng kh nng
Mu 3: Nh phn cui mu 1 cp,khng c dng i h m cui T, thay cho vic, v chnh dng chia l dng kh nng cann c th dng trc tip vi mt sDT ch kh nng. Dng ny c ngha nh . Ch rngv c ngha l c khnng ri nn khng c cc dng khc trnh by 2 mu 1 v 2 trn.
Cu trc: DT ++(=)
V d: ti c th dng ting N= ti bit ting N.
V d v mt on i thoi:
Hi: Bn c th trt tuyt c khng?= bn c bit trt tuyt khng?
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Tr li: C, Ti c th trt tuyt= ti bit trt tuyt
A = A
ch ph nh: ti khng th (khng bit) cch c ch ny.
Bi 16 gio trnh Ni Trc, phn 2, Mu 4-5Mu 4: ch s thay i v kh nng = trc y khng th (lm) nay cth (lm) (ging mu c bn 2, mu chi tit 3-4-5 bi 36 Minna)
Trc y cha th nghe (hiu) c ting N nhng bygi (tr nn) c th nghe (hiu) cri.
=
Ch , lin t ni 2 v trc v sau n c ngha i lp nhau = nhng.l T ghpv(s c trnh by cp hc cao hn) cng c t dngkh nng c cu trc dng th hai chuyn i h m ui T c ngha l c th nghe v hiuc.
Thm mt v d:
Nm ngoi, em trai ti cn cha bit m cc s, th m nm nay (tr nn) c th m. Cng (tr nn) c th lm c php tnh n gin.
= ()
Mu 5: nu vi
1. cch gn vo ui cc loi t:
1) Gn vo T : T chia dng qu kh ngnri thm, (hayri thm)
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ph nh: (ng t h m a)+
2) Gn vo Tnh t ui: thaybng
ph nh:
3) Gn vo Tnh t ui: thaybng
ph nh:
4) Gn vo Danh t: thmnh vi tnh t ui
ph nh:
2. Cc v d:
1> vi T : dng khng nh: nu mai ma, s khng i d ngoi
,
dng ph nh: nu mai khng ma, s i d ngoi
,
2> vi TT ui: Nu giy ca ca hiu kia r th ti mun mua.
=
nu mai tri l 0 p, hy ng i mua
(,),
3> vi TT ui: Nu vn (l) phc tp th ti khng th tr li c.
=
nu vn y l khng phc tp, th cth tr li c
()
Ch : Ph nh TT ui y ch l, khng phi lnh vn thng thy vinhiu dng cu trc ng php khc
4> vi DT: Nu l ngi giu c, c th mua c nhng t tin.
= ()()
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nu 0 l giu, 0 th mua c nhng th t tin
= ()
Ch : Ph nh DT cu trc viny cng ging ph nh TT ui cng ch l,
khng phi lnh vn thng thy nhiu dng cu trc ng php khc.
3. Phn tch: V chng ta cng gp mt s cu trc din t iu kin v sau ny chng ta cngs c hc thm mt s cu trc khc cng dng m t iu kin mt hnh ng, mttrng thi, mt s kin c th xy ra, v cng v nhiubn hc nn chng ti s a ra ngayy mt s c im khi dng cu trc ny, sau ny gp thm cc cu trc khc s tin so snh.
1- Chng ta c th t mt cng thc dng ton hc m t cu trc nu vi .
M1 chia dng nu vi+ M2
Vi cutrc nu vichng ta c mnh (v) 1 (M1) ng trc l mnh ph,din t mt iu kin (mt hnh ng, mt trng thi hay mt s kin) m M2 ng sau, l Mchnh s xy ra khi iu kin M1 c thc hin nn ta cng thng coi l khi M1 thamn th M2 xy ra hoc l M1 gy ra hoc dn n M2. Tuy nhin iu nht nh,btbuc cn c l hnh ng, tnh trng M1 phi xy ra trc hnh ng, trng thi, s kin M2 phi xy ra sau trong iu kin M1 c thc hin. Hai vd sau cho thy khng th sdng cu trc ny:
-Nu (khi) i Tokyo, ti thng dng xe ring. (R rng vic dng xe ring khng nht thit xyra sau, trng hp ny ngi ta dng)
-Nu (qu l/mt khi) bn i Tokyo hy i bng tu tc hnh (trng hp ny cng vy, vngi ta dng)
2-Ngha ca cu trc ny thay i ty thuc vo ni dung v tnh hung c s dng. (c thdch l nu, l khi, ...)
3- trc lm cho M1 thm r rng l cu iu kin.
4- M2 c t gii hn hn cc dng iu kin nu khc (...). M2 c th l mtmnh lnh, mt yu cu, mt gi , mt li mi hay mun.
5- cu trc ny cng c dng trong tnh hung gi nh phi thc t: nu m lc y c tin(thc t l khng th c tin, v th y l gi nh phi thc t) th c l ti i Tokyo ri.
6- Dng trong cc thnh ng, dng m u cu: Nu thy tin (=), mi ng cdng cn phng ny.
7- ngoi ra chng ta khng th dng cu trc ny khi M2 din t mt hnh ng c ch trongqu kh.
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Bi 16 gio trnh Ni Trc, phn 3, Mu 5-10Mu 6: quyt nh l, chn l, n nh l ... vi cu trc
Ngy i du lch c quyt nh l bao gi cha?
=
Ngy i du lch c quyt nh l mng mi thng sau
=()()()
Hoc ta cng c th dng dng DT ha ca T i du lch nh sau:
Quytnh (l) vici du lch vo mng mi thng sau.
=
Nhn xt: Cng c i cht khc bit trong hai cch dng. Cch dng trn gn hn, hay cdng hn. Cch dng di hn lm hn, cu k hn. Ngoi ra cch dng trn nhn mnh thiim c quyt nh i du lch, cn cch dng di nhn mnh s vic c quyt nh = quytnh vic i du lch.Cng cn ch l cch dng di c n 3 tr t nhng ch c ngaycnhmi thuc v cu trc ,u tin c vai tr trng t ch thi gian thngthng, i vi cc T ni chung ch khng nm ring trong cu trc ny, th 2 thuc vo cutrc i (lm)... = . C th thy r hn qua v d sau:
i du lch c quyt nh (l) vic khng i (tt nhin khi dch th c th ch n gin l quyt nh (l)khng i du lch
= (Ch lth nht vn thuc cu trc nh v d trn kia.
B sung: Ngoi cch dng cu trc , trong ting N cn c th s dng ny bng T()c ngha trc tip l quyt nh (l), v d nh cu bn ChiisaiNeko ngh dch:
Ngy i du lch c quyt nh l mng mi thng sau
=()()()()
Mu 7:din t tt c ... u l ... =
Trong phng c 5 ci my tnh. (Tt) c 5 ci u l mi.
=
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V c 2 chng ti u (l) ngho nn khng mua c nh.
=()
Nhn xt:lun i cng s t v DT ch kiu loi: ci, quyn, chic, con, ngi ...
Mu 8: gii nghatc l ... c ngha l ... =hay
Quc vng c ngha l vua ca t nc .
=() ()
Tu tc hnh c ngha l vic l tu nhanh, khng dng li cc ga nh
=()
23 qun Tokyo tc l 23 qun c Tokyo
=23 23
Mu 9: gii ngha v d nh l..., hay l/hoc l.... =
Hy vit v sn nghip ca nc N, v d nh l cng nghip, hay l thng nghip.
=
Vo ngy ngh, ti chi nhiu loi vn ng v d nh l gn hoc l tenit.
=
Mu 10: din t l do V ... nn =
V th ny nh nn ti c th vn chuynmt mnh
=
V bi lun ny ngn nn c l c th sa trong vng 10 pht.
Nhn xt: Chng ta hc cu trc din t l do, nguyn nhn V ... nn =ny vivT chia dng bi 10, nay m rng ra cho c TT ui bng cch thmvo sau TT(vn gi nguyn ui)
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Bi 17 Ni trc, T kh nng, tha T v tT
Mu 1: cc T kh nng: c th thy, c th nghe Bi 27 Minna
Tt c cc T kh nng u thuc nhm ln th hai. Ring wakaru k c dng ny v bn thn din t kh nng. Cu vi T kh nng khng din t hnh ng m biu th trng thi ca ngi,vt, s vic nn lun i vi nh du i tng. C 2 dng T kh nng:
a) Dng th nht hc bi 16 vi vic chuyn cc T nhm ln 1 t h m u sang h m e+ ui ru hoc nhm ln 2 thm rare vo trc ui ru, th hin mt hnh ng, trng thi nhkinh nghim, rn luyn, nng lc m c c: v d nh tp bi m mt di nc nn c th
nhn c cc vt trong nc, hc nhc nn c th nghe c nt nh sai, hc TT Ni Trcnn c th ni c gii ting N(hihihi)...
b) Dng th hai l nhng T c bit ch kh nng do t nhin hoc do iu kin sinh l mangli, nh v thi tit tt nn c th trng thy ngn ni pha xa, tng cch m km nn c thnghe thy chuyn nh hng xm ... Trong gio trnh cc gio trnh thng cp n 2 T cth trng thy =(khc vil dng chuyn h m ca T nhm ln 2 bi 16cng din t kh nng c th trng thy nhc li mc a pha trn) v c th nghe thy =(khc vil dng chuyn h m ca T nhm ln 1 bi 16 cng din tkh nng c th nghe thy nhc li mc a pha trn).
Cc v d: T trn ni c th nhn thy bin
=() () () ()
Hoc mt cu nhiu thnh phn hn: T trn ni c th nhn thy bin tht p
=
C th nghe thy ting xe chy (vng) t ngoi ng (vo).
=() () () () ()
Mu 2: Cu trc DT + = c (mi, v, m thanh, hnh dng ... din t nhn thc,cm nhn ca ngi ni da trn cm gic, khng lin quan g dn ch. (Minna, mu cui, bi47).
hoa hng c mi thm =
con sng bn kia c mi hi =
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mn sup ny c v hi l =
piano mi c m hay = ()
Mu 3: t T v tha T
trong ngn ng, c nhng T i hi phi c i tng tc ng trc tip, trong ng php ccngn ng phng Ty c gi l ngoi T, cn trong cc ngn ng phng ng thng cgi l tha T, m trong cc cu hi thng l (lm) g v d nh: n g, ung g. Trongting N, i tng (DT) chu nh hng ca cc tha T thng ng trc tr t nhng trongting V i tng chu nh hng ca cc tha T li ng sau T. Cc t T(cn c gi lni T) c ngha ting V tng t cc tha T ny nhng thng ch quan tm n kt qu cahnh ng m khngquan tm n ngi thc hin hnh ng, v th nn cc i tng i kmthng ng vai tr ch ng, trong ting N n thng ng ngay sau tr t cn trong ting Vch th ca T ng trc T. hiu r hn, ly vi v d sau:
t T: xe dng tha T: (ai ) dng xe
()()()()
cng vic bt u, (()) (ti ) bt u cng vic())
(). ()
Vin ri t trn cao, (()) (a b trai) th vin t trn cao xung
()
() ()
Tuy nhin, chng ti cng cha bit c quy lut no d phn bit 2 loi T nn ch c cchhc thuc.
Mu 4: Cu trc DT +T chia dng+din t trng thi hin ti ca s vt, hin tng:
Sng nay, tri (ang) quang.
= () ()
Trng (ang) nh ln trn ni.
=() () ()
Hoa xanh (ang) n trong vn.
=() () ()
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Mu 5: dng DT ++ T ch khong khng gian xy ra hnh ng
Bn A ang leo dc.
= A () ()
Anh B ang xung cu thang.
= B ()
hy i b trn h.
=() ()
Mu 6, 7: Kt hp() din t hng chuyn ng li gn ngi ni hay ra xa.(ging mu chnh 2 v mu chi tit 6 bi 43 Minna)
a) Mu 6, Nu l cc T chuyn ng nh chy (), ri khi ()...
Con ch chy li ng ny (chy li gn ngi ni)
= () ()
Con ch chy ra ng kia (chy ra xa ngi ni)
=
b) Mu 7: Cn nu khng phi l T chuyn ng th c hiu l so vi v tr ngi ni mun cp ...
b mua qu nc ngoi mang v (v tr mun cp l trong nc)
= () ()
t hnh l xung y ri i thi no. (vtr l ch ang ng)
=
ti mua qu N mang v nh (v tr mun ni l nh)
=
Mu 8: Chuyn tnh t thnh tr t b ngha cho T (mu 7 v 8 bi 44 Minna)
a) chuyn TT uithnh
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Hy chy (mt cch) nhanh hn na.
= ()()
Hy vit ch cho to ln. Khng c vit nh.
=
b) chuyn TT uithnh
cc hc sinh lm vic h a thch (mt cch) t do.
=
hm nay ni Fuji c th thy (mt cch) tuyt p.
=
Mu 9: din t nguyn nhn khch quan bng=> v ... nn ..
V nghe m thanh rt to t phng bn nn khng th ng c
=()
V anh trai ti b m nn ngh hc.
=()()
bi 10 chng ta hc cch nu l do vi .Nhng nguyn nhn (ch quan) ch yu dongi ni gy ra th ta dng vi, cn nhng l do khng do ngi ni mun gy ra (khchquan) th dng vi.
Xem v d sau, khi ngi ni mun ni l do ngh hc do mt chuyn do mnh ch gy ra : Vngy mai ti i sn bay n bn nn ti s ngh hc
=
ng nhin khng phi lc no cng phn bit c d dngnn nh hc thuc cc mu cu
lin quan thi.
V ci a ghi m ny hon ton c ri nn khng c m thanh hay na.
=() ()
a) Cch dng vi T: T dng ngn (dng t in hay qu kh ) +
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b) Cch dng vi TT ui: ginguyn ui+
b) Cch dng vi TT ui: gi nguyn ui+
c) Cch dng vi DT: ++
Ch : M 2 sau khng c dng mnh lnh, ngn cm, sai khin.
C th dngnhng khng dng
Mu 10: TT ui+y l cch hi m ngi hi tin rng hoc mong rng ngi ngheng tnh.
Ting N kh y ch? = .
Dch bi kha (thc s mc mc bm st cc hin tng ng php c th tp dch ngc Vit
- N)
Cm tri
TL: M ny, cc mn n cho ln xe cha?
M: Ri, cho ln ri.
Hp dng c n cho vo thng xe.
Th cn ci gh ny cng cho vo ch?
TL: V ci to nn c l khng vo c u (v sao y li i thnh t T Hairu). li(thi)
Gh v bn ch cm tri c l c th mn c.
No, hy ln chbn cnh.. Xut pht no.
M: V hm nay l th by nn xe nhiu nh.
TL: Nu l ngy thng, c th chy nhanh hn song...
M: Qua sng ri ta v ang (cu trc T dng s hc sau bi 25, cha hc Minna d bi 43 c cp n mt hin tng ng dng khc ngha nu mu 6, 7 trn yca bi ny) chy v hng Ty nh. Xe lc ny ang chy vng no th?
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TL: ang lu thng bn h Sagami.
Pha bn kia h xe ang dng (t T) li nhiu nh.
T ch ni Fuji c th nhn thy (mt cch) p y.
M: A, (c th) thy ri. Mun chp nh mt cht (nh).
TL: Vy th, qua cu ri s dng li.
< ni cm tri>
TL: No, bt u chun b ba chiu no!
M hy vo rng, gom cnh gy v y. Ti s vo (ra, hi hi)go, thi rau.
M: R, Vy ti i (ri v).
TL: A, M, nhanh nh.
M: Trong rng cnh ri (mu 4, cu trcT chia dng+) nhiu.
Thnh ra c th gom thoi mi.
TL: c ri, hy nhm la ln v nng tht no.
TL: No, tht nng chn ri, c v c mi thm ri y.
M: Ch, tht s c mi thm ri nh.
TL: Cm cng chn ri y. Ch, n mau i no.
TL: Ta th ra pha h mt cht no. Mt tri ln (c th) trng thy to khng ka.
M: Rng chiu tuyt p nh.
Trn bu tri pha ng sao ang hin ra ka. Mt ngi, hai ngi, ba ngi ...
V s ln nn khng th m c.
TL: T trong c c th nghe thy ting cn trng ku.
Ma thu gn ri nh.