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TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME I
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON 1
1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 1
1.2.1 Background 1
1.2.2 Organization of Project 6
1.2.2.1 RESEARCH TEAM 6
1.2.3 Project Schedule 9
1.2.4 Project Objectives 11
1.3 SUMMARY OF RELIABILITY CONSIDERATION 14
1.3.1 Overview of a Probability-Based Specification 14
1.4 OVERVIEW OF THE CALIBRATION PROCESS 24
1.4.1 Outline of the Calibration Process 24
1.4.2 Development of a Sample Bridge Database 241.4.3 Extraction of Load Effects 28
1.4.4 Development of the Simulated Bridge Set 29
1.4.5 Calculated Reliability Indices and Selection of Target Value 29
1.4.6 Load and Resistance Factors 30
1.4.6.1 LOAD FACTORS 30
1.4.6.2 RESISTANCE FACTORS 32
1.4.6.3 RECOMMENDED LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTORS 33
REFERENCES 37
2.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON 1
2.2 LOCATION FEATURES 1
2.3 FOUNDATION INVESTIGATIONS 2
2.4 DESIGN OBJECTIVES 2
2.4.1 Safety 3
2.4.1.1 LIMIT STATES 3
Service Limit States 3
Fatigue and Fracture Limit States 3
Strength Limit States 3
Extreme Event Limit States 3
Limit States Design Equation 4
Ductility 4
Redundancy 6Operational Importance 7
2.4.1.2 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS 7
2.4.2 Serviceability 11
2.4.3 Constructibility 13
2.4.4 Bridge Aesthetics 13
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
2.4.5 Hydrology and Hydraulics 13
3.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON 1
3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF LRFD LIVE LOAD MODEL 1
3.2.1 Background 1
3.2.2 Selection of a Basis for Developing a Model 3
3.2.3 Candidate Notional Loads 11
3.2.4 Statistical Basis of Live Load Model 22
3.2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 22
3.2.4.2 TRUCK SURVEY DATA 23
3.2.4.3 MEAN MAXIMUM TRUCK MOMENTS AND SHEARS 23
3.2.4.4 ONE-LANE MOMENTS AND SHEARS 32
3.2.4.5 GIRDER DISTRIBUTION FACTORS 39
3.2.4.6 TWO-LANE MOMENTS AND SHEARS 42
3.3 LIVE LOADS 43
3.3.1 Notional Live Load Model 43
3.3.2 Multiple Presence of Live Load 443.3.3 Application of Design Vehicular Live Loads 45
3.3.4 Fatigue Requirements 46
3.3.5 Tire Pressure 46
3.3.6 Live Load Deflection Criteria 47
3.3.7 Dynamic Load Allowance 47
3.3.8 Miscellaneous Live Loads 54
QUIZ 1
WORK PERIOD #1: Live Loads on Multi-Span Bridges
4.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON 1
4.2 ICE LOADS 1
4.2.1 General 1
4.2.2 Design for Ice 2
4.2.3 Static Ice Loads on Piers 4
4.2.4 Hanging Dams and Ice Jams 4
4.2.5 Vertical Forces due to Ice Adhesion 4
4.2.6 Ice Accretion and Snow Loads on Superstructures 5
4.3 EARTH LOADS 6
4.3.1 General 6
4.3.2 Compaction 12
4.3.3 Earth Pressure 14
4.3.3.1 AT-REST PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, ko 15
4.3.3.2 ACTIVE PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, ka 164.3.3.3 EQUIVALENT FLUID PRESSURE 22
4.3.4 Presence of Water 23
4.3.5 Surcharge 24
4.3.6 Effect of Earthquake 26
4.3.7 Reduction due to Earth Pressure 29
4.3.8 Downdrag 30
4.3.9 Design of a Cantilever Retaining Wall 30
Solution: 31
Step 1: Calculate the Unfactored Loads with q = 1.0 31
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Step 2: Determine the Appropriate Load Factors 36
Step 3: Calculate the Factored Loads 37
REFERENCES 39
5.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON 1
5.2 FORCE EFFECTS DUE TO SUPERIMPOSED DEFORMATIONS 1
5.2.1 Uniform Temperature 1
5.2.2 Temperature Gradient 2
5.2.3 Differential Shrinkage 8
5.2.4 Creep 8
5.2.5 Settlement 9
5.3 OTHER LIVE LOAD EFFECTS 9
5.3.1 General 9
5.3.2 Centrifugal Force 9
5.3.3 Braking Force 9
5.3.4 Vehicular Collision Forces 10
5.4 WATER LOADS 10
5.5 WIND LOADS 11
5.5.1 General Wind Provisions 11
5.5.2 Vertical Wind Pressure 13
5.5.3 Aeroelastic Stability 13
REFERENCES 19
6.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON 1
6.2 ACCEPTABLE METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 1
6.3 PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING 2
6.3.1 Structural Material Behavior 2
6.3.2 Geometry 3
6.3.2.1 GENERAL 3
6.3.2.2 APPROXIMATE METHODS 4
6.3.2.3 REFINED METHODS 5
6.3.3 Modeling Boundary Conditions 5
6.4 STATIC ANALYSIS 6
6.4.1 The Influence of Plan Geometry 6
6.4.2 Approximate Methods for Load Distribution 7
6.4.2.1 DECK SLABS AND SLAB-TYPE BRIDGES 7
6.4.2.2 BEAM SLAB BRIDGES 76.4.2.2.1 General 7
6.4.2:2.2 Influence of Truck Configuration 11
6.4.2.2.3 Findings 12
Level 3 Methods: Detailed Bridge Deck Analysis 12
Level 2 Methods: Graphical and Simple Computer-
Based Analysis 12
Level 1 Methods: Simplified formulas 13
6.4.2.2.3a Simplified Formulas for Beam-and-Slab
Bridges 13
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Moment Distribution to Interior Girders, Multi-Lane
Loading 16
Moment Distribution to Exterior Girders, Multi-Lane
Loading 17
Moment Distribution to Interior Girders, Single-Lane
Loading 18
Moment Distribution to Exterior Girders 19
Shear Distribution 19
Correction for Skew Effects 20
6.4.2.2.3b Simplified Formulas for Box Girder
Bridges 22
Moment Distribution to Interior Girders 22
Moment Distribution to Exterior Girders 23
Shear Distribution 23
Correction for Skew Effects 24
6.4.2.2.3c Simplified Formulas for Slab Bridges 24
Moment Distribution, Multi-Lane Loading 25
Moment Distribution, Single-Lane Loading 25Correction for Skew Effects 25
6.4.2.2.3d Simplified Formulas for Multi-Beam
Decks which are Sufficiently Interconnected to
Act as a Unit 25
Moment Distribution to Interior Girders, Mufti-Lane
Loading 26
Moment Distribution to Interior Girders, Single-Lane
Loading 27
Moment Distribution to Exterior Girders 27
Shear Distribution 28
Correction for Skew Effects 28
6.4.2.2.3e Simplified Formulas for Multi-Beam
Decks which are not Sufficiently
Interconnected to Act as a Unit 29
6.4.2.2.3f Simplified Formulas for Spread Box Beam
Bridges 30
Moment Distribution to Interior Beams, Multi-Lane
Loading 30
Moment Distribution to Interior Beams, Single-Lane
Loading 31
Moment Distribution to Exterior Girders 31
Shear Distribution 31
Correction for Skew Effects 32
6.4.2.2.3g Response of Continuous Bridges 32
6.4.2.3 TRUSS AND ARCH BRIDGES 33
6.4.2.3.1 General 33
6.5 REFINED METHODS 34
6.5.1 Deck Slabs 34
6.5.2 Beam Slab Bridges 34
6.5.3 Example of Modeling Errors 35
6.5.4 Other Types of Bridges 40
REFERENCES 42
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
7.1 MULTI-GIRDER BRIDGE 1
7.2 LIVE LOAD DISTRIBUTION FACTOR FOR A TRUSS 12
8.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON 1
8.2 EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR 1
8.3 EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH 3
8.4 OVERVIEW OF EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS 3
8.4.1 Background Information on the Development of the Seismic
Specifications 3
8.4.2 General Provisions 4
8.4.2.1 OBJECTIVE AND PRINCIPLES 4
8.4.2.2 APPLICABILITY 5
8.4.2.3 PRELIMINARY PLANNING AND DESIGN 58.4.2.4 FLOW CHART FOR SEISMIC DESIGN 5
8.4.3 Earthquake Design Loads (Article 3.10) 6
8.4.3.1 ELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENT 6
8.4.3.2 FACTORS AFFECTING SEISMIC LOADS 8
8.4.3.2.1 Acceleration Coefficient 8
8.4.3.2.2 Seismic Performance Zones
8.4.3.2.3 Bridge Importance Categories 9
8.4.3.2.4 Site Effects 10
8.4.3.2.4a Site Coefficient 10
8.4.3.2.4b Soil Profile Types 10
8.4.3.3 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTORS 11
8.4.3.3.1 General 11
8.4.3.3.2 Values 12
8.4.3.3.3 Application 13
8.4.3.4 COMBINATION OF SEISMIC FORCE EFFECTS 13
8.4.3.5 CALCULATION OF DESIGN FORCES 14
8.4.3.5.1 General 14
8.4.3.5.2 Requirements for Seismic Zone 1 15
8.4.3.5.3 Seismic Zone 2 16
8.4.3.5.4 Seismic Zones 3 and 4 16
8.4.3.5.5 Longitudinal Restrainers 17
8.4.3.5.6 Hold-Down Devices 17
8.4.4 Analysis of Earthquake Loads (Specification
Article 4.7.4) 18
8.4.4.1 MINIMUM ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS 18
8.4.4.2 ANALYSIS METHODS FOR MULTI-SPAN BRIDGES 20
8.4.4.2.1 Single Mode Elastic Methods of Analysis 208.4.4.2.2 Multi-Mode Spectral Method 23
8.4.4.2.3 Time-History Method 24
8.4.4.3 MINIMUM DISPLACEMENT REQUIREMENTS 24
APPENDIX A
Acceleration Coefficient Maps
9.1 OBJECTIVE 1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
9.2 INTRODUCTION 1
9.3 LIMIT STATES 1
9.3.1 Service Limit State 1
9.3.2 Fatigue Limit State 2
9.3.3 Strength Limit State 4
9.3.4 Extreme Event Limit State 5
9.4 FLEXURE 5
9.4.1 Limits of Reinforcement 5
9.4.1.1 MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT 5
9.4.1.2 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT 6
9.4.2 Stress in Prestressing Steel at Nominal Flexural Resistance 7
9.4.2.1 COMPONENTS WITH BONDED TENDONS 7
9.4.2.2 COMPONENTS WITH UNBONDED TENDONS 8
9.4.3 Flexural Resistance 9
9.4.4 Crack Control 11
9.5 STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL 11
9.5.1 Structural Modeling 11
9.5.2 Proportioning Compressive Struts 12
9.5.2.1 STRENGTH OF STRUTS 12
9.5.2.2 EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF STRUTS 12
9.5.2.3 LIMITING COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN STRUTS 13
9.5.3 Proportioning Tension Ties 14
9.5.3.1 STRENGTH OF TIES 14
9.5.3.2 ANCHORAGE OF TIES 15
9.5.4 Proportioning Node Regions 15
9.5.5 Crack Control Reinforcement 16
9.6 PRESTRESSING 16
9.6.1 Introduction 16
9.6.2 Stress Limitations for Prestressing Tendons 17
9.6.3 Stress Limitations for Concrete 19
9.6.4 Loss of Prestress 19
9.6.4.1 GENERAL 19
9.6.4.2 INSTANTANEOUS LOSSES 21
9.6.4.2.1 Anchorage Set 21
9.6.4.2.2 Friction 21
9.6.4.2.3 Elastic Shortening 24
9.6.4.3 TIME-DEPENDENT LOSSES 25
9.6.4.3.1 Simplified Lump Sum Estimate 25
9.6.4.3.2 Refined Itemized Estimate 26
9.6.4.3.2a Shrinkage 26
9.6.4.3.2b Creep 279.6.4.3.2c Relaxation 28
9.6.4.3.3 Rigorous Analysis 29
9.7 SHEAR AND TORSION 29
9.7.1 Introduction 29
9.7.2 Sectional Model 30
9.7.2.1 MODIFIED COMPRESSION FIELD THEORY 30
9.7.2.2 NOMINAL SHEAR RESISTANCE 31
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
9.7.2.2.1 General 31
9.7.2.2.2 Simplified Procedure for Non-prestressed
Sections 32
9.7.2.2.3 General Procedure 33
9.7.2.3 LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT 37
9.8 DURABILITY 37
9.9 DESIGN EXAMPLE - PRESTRESS CONCRETE 12BEAM 38
10.1 OBJECTIVE 1
10.2 SPECIFIC PROVISIONS FOR VARIOUS TYPE OF STRUCTURES 1
10.2.1 Beams and Girders 1
10.2.2 Segmental Construction 7
10.2.3 Arches 21
10.2.4 Slab Superstructures 23
10.2.4.1 CAST-IN-PLACE SOLID SLAB SUPERSTRUCTURES 24
10.2.4.2 CAST-IN-PLACE VOIDED SLAB SUPERSTRUCTURE 24
10.2.4.3 PRECAST DECK BRIDGES 2710.2.5 Culverts 29
10.3 SPECIFIC MEMBERS 30
10.3.1 Deep Members 30
General 30
Diaphragms 30
Brackets and Corbels 31
Beam Ledges 31
10.3.2 Footings 37
10.3.3 Piles 40
10.3.4 Provisions for Structure Types 42
Beam and Girder Bridges 42
11.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON 1
11.2 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 1
11.2.1 Interface Action 1
11.2.2 Deck Drainage 2
11.2.3 Concrete Appurtenances 2
11.2.4 Edge Supports 2
11.2.5 Stay-in-Place Formwork for Overhangs 3
11.3 LIMIT STATES 3
11.3.1 Service Limit State 3
11.3.2 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State 3
11.3.3 Strength Limit States 4
11.3.4 Extreme Event Limit States 4
11.4 ANALYSIS 4
11.4.1 Approximate Methods of Analysis 4
11.4.2 Refined Methods of Analysis 12
11.4.3 Analysis of Cantilever Slabs 12
11.5 DESIGN OF CONCRETE DECK SLABS 13
11.5.1 General Design Requirements 13
11.5.2 Design of Stay-in-Place Formwork 14
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
11.5.3 Provisions for Precast Deck Slabs 16
11.5.4 Cast-In-Place Concrete Deck Design Example Conventional
Design 16
11.5.5 Cast-in-Place Concrete Deck Design Example - Empirical Method 40
11.6 OVERVIEW OF METAL DECKS 41
11.6.1 Metal Grid Decks 41
11.6.2 Orthotropic Steel Decks 43
11.7 OVERVIEW OF WOOD DECKS AND DECK SYSTEMS 44
11.7.1 Design requirements 44
11.7.2 Glued-Laminated Decks 45
11.7.3 Stress-Laminated Decks 46
11.7.4 Spike-Laminated Decks 48
11.7.5 Plank Decks 50
11.7.6 Wearing Surfaces for Wood Decks 50
VOLUME II
12.1 OBJECTIVE 1
12.2 NEW PROVISIONS IN LRFD SPECIFICATION NOT CONTAINED IN LFD SPECIFICATION 1
12.2.1 Deflection Limitations 1
12.2.2 Fatigue 2
12.2.2.1 GENERAL 2
12.2.2.2 FATIGUE LOAD 3
12.2.2.3 FATIGUE RESISTANCE 6
12.2.2.4 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR GIRDER WEBS 7
12.2.3 Resistance Factors 9
12.2.4 Diaphragm Spacing 10
12.2.5 Pins 10
12.3 TENSILE RESISTANCE 10
12.4 COMPRESSIVE RESISTANCE 14
12.5 NON-COMPOSITE COMPRESSION MEMBERS 15
12.6 COMPOSITE COMPRESSION MEMBERS 18
12.7 I-SECTIONS IN FLEXURE 18
12.7.1 General 18
12.7.2 Compact Composite Sections 22
12.7.3 Non-Compact Composite Sections 29
Hybrid Factor 31Load Shedding Factors, Rb for Compression Flanges 34
Lateral-Torsional Buckling 36
12.7.4 Compact Non-Composite Sections 38
12.7.5 Non-Compact Non-Composite Sections 39
12.7.6 Shear Resistance 41
12.7.6.1 GENERAL 41
12.7.6.2 UNSTIFFENED WEBS 42
12.7.6.3 STIFFENED WEBS 43
12.7.7 Stiffeners 48
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
12.7.7.1 TRANSVERSE INTERMEDIATE STIFFENERS 48
12.7.7.2 BEARING STIFFENERS 51
12.7.7.3 LONGITUDINAL STIFFENERS 53
12.7.8 Constructibility 55
12.7.9 Inelastic Analysis Procedures 55
12.7.10 Steel Plate Girder Design Example 55
12.7.10.1 BRIDGE DESCRIPTION 55
12.7.10.2 ASSUMPTIONS 57
12.7.10.3 LIVE LOAD VEHICLES 57
12.7.10.4 PLATE SIZES 57
12.7.10.5 SECTION PROPERTIES 59
12.7.10.6 DISTRIBUTION FACTORS 60
12.7.10.7 GENERAL LOAD FACTORS,' (Articles S1.3.3, 51.3.4,
S1.3.5) 61
12.7.10.8 LOAD CALCULATIONS (Permanent and Live) 61
12.7.10.9 LIVE LOAD DEFLECTION (Article 52.5.2.6) 65
12.7.10.10 SPECIFICATION CHECKS 6612.7.10.10.1 Specification Check: Flexure 66
12.7.10.10.2 Specification Check: Shear 81
12.7.10.10.3 Specification Check: Fatigue 86
12.7.10.10.4 Specification Check: Shear Connectors 91
12.7.10.10.5 Specification Check: Transverse Stiffener
Details 99
12.7.10.10.6 Specification Check: Wind Loads 104
REFERENCES 109
QUIZ 2
13.1 GENERAL 1
13.2 FACTORED RESISTANCE 2
13.2.1 General 2
13.2.2 Slip Resistance 3
13.2.3 Shear Resistance 7
13.2.4 Bearing Resistance 8
13.2.5 Tensile Resistance 10
13.2.6 Resistance to Combined Shear and Tension 11
13.3 BOLTED SPLICE DESIGN EXAMPLE 12
14.1 OBJECTIVE OF LESSON 1
14.2 SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION DESIGN 114.2.1 General Design Considerations 1
14.2.2 Design Procedure 2
14.2.3 Movement and Bearing Pressure at Service Limit State 4
14.2.3.1 ANALYSIS OF FOOTING MOVEMENTS 4
14.2.3.2 MOVEMENT CRITERIA 6
14.2.4 Bearing and Sliding Resistance at the Strength Limit State 7
14.2.4.1 RESISTANCE FACTORS 7
14.2.4.2 BEARING RESISTANCE 8
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
14.2.4.3 LOAD ECCENTRICITY 16
14.2.4.4 SLIDING RESISTANCE 18
14.3 DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS DESIGN 20
14.3.1 General Design Considerations 20
14.3.2 Design Procedure 20
14.3.3 Movement at the Service Limit State 22
14.3.3.1 ANALYSIS OF PILE DISPLACEMENTS 22
14.3.3.2 TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA 25
14.3.4 Resistance at the Strength Limit State 25
14.3.4.1 RESISTANCE FACTORS 25
14.3.4.2 AXIAL LOADING 26
14.3.4.3 LATERAL LOADING 30
14.3.4.4 BATTER PILES 31
14.3.4.5 GROUP BEHAVIOR 31
14.3.4.6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 33
REFERENCES 35
15.1 OBJECTIVE OF LESSON 1
15.2 CONVENTIONAL RETAINING WALL AND ABUTMENT DESIGN 1
15.2.1 General Design Considerations 1
15.2.2 Design Procedure 1
15.2.3 Movement at the Service Limit State 3
15.2.3.1 ANALYSIS OF WALL DISPLACEMENTS 3
15.2.3.2 TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA 3
15.2.4 Resistance at the Strength Limit State 3
15.2.4.1 RESISTANCE FACTORS 4
15.2.4.2 LOAD FACTORS 5
15.2.4.3 OVERALL STABILITY 6
15.2.4.4 LOCATION OF RESULTANT FORCE 6
15.2.4.5 BEARING RESISTANCE 7
15.2.4.6 SLIDING RESISTANCE 7
15.2.4.7 CONTINUATION OF RETAINING WALL DESIGN
EXAMPLE 7
15.2.4.8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 15
15.3 ANCHORED RETAINING WALL DESIGN 16
15.3.1 General Design Considerations 16
15.3.2 Design Procedure 17
15.3.3 Movement at the Service Limit State 19
15.3.3.1 ANALYSIS OF WALL DISPLACEMENTS 1915.3.3.2 TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA 20
15.3.4 Resistance at the Strength Limit State 20
15.3.4.1 RESISTANCE FACTORS 21
15.3.4.2 ANCHOR PULLOUT 21
15.3.4.3 PASSIVE AND BEARING RESISTANCE 24
15.3.4.4 STRUCTURAL RESISTANCE OF VERTICAL WALL
ELEMENTS 24
15.3.4.5 FACING ELEMENTS 25
15.3.4.6 OVERALL STABILITY 26
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
15.4 MECHANICALLY-STABILIZED EARTH RETAINING WALLS 26
15.4.1 General Design Considerations 26
15.4.2 Design Procedure 28
15.4.3 Movement at the Service Limit State 30
15.4.3.1 ANALYSIS OF WALL DISPLACEMENTS 30
15.4.3.2 TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA 30
15.4.4 Resistance at the Strength Limit State 31
15.4.4.1 RESISTANCE FACTORS 31
15.4.4.2 SAFETY AGAINST SOIL FAILURE 32
15.4.4.3 INTERNAL STABILITY OF REINFORCEMENTS 34
Inextensible Reinforcements 34
Extensible Reinforcements 36
15.4.4.4 PULLOUT OF REINFORCING ELEMENTS 37
15.4.4.5 DESIGN LIFE 39
15.4.4.6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FACE PANEL 41
15.4.5 Example Problem - Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Wall 42
REFERENCES 63
WORK PERIOD #2 - CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS
16.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON 1
16.2 OVERVIEW OF RAILING SYSTEMS 1
16.2.1 Traffic Railing 1
16.2.1.1 RAILING SYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS 1
16.2.1.2 PERFORMANCE LEVEL SELECTION CRITERIA 2
16.2.1.3 RAILING DESIGN 3
16.2.2 Pedestrian Railing 17
16.2.3 Bicycle Railings 18
16.2.4 Combination Railings 18
16.2.5 Curbs and Sidewalks 19
16.2.6 Deck Overhang Requirements 20
Concrete Paraoets 20
Post-Type Railings 22
16.2.7 Design Examples 26
16.3 OVERVIEW OF BRIDGE JOINTS 43
16.3.1 General 43
16.3.2 Selection 45
16.3.3 Design Requirements 46
16.3.4 Joint Types 47
16.4 OVERVIEW OF BEARINGS 48
16.4.1 Load and Movement Capabilities 48
16.4.2 Forces in the Structure Caused by Restraint of Movement 5016.4.3 Overview of Special Design Provisions for Bearings 50
16.4.3.1 METAL ROCKER AND ROLLER BEARINGS 50
16.4.3.2 PTFE SLIDING SURFACES 51
16.4.3.3 BEARINGS WITH CURVED SLIDING SURFACES 53
16.4.3.4 POT BEARINGS 53
16.4.3.5 STEEL REINFORCED ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS 54
16.4.3.6 ELASTOMERIC PADS 61
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
16.4.3.7 BRONZE OR COPPER ALLOY SLIDING SURFACES 62
16.4.3.8 DISC BEARINGS 63
16.4.3.9 GUIDES AND RESTRAINTS 63
16.4.3.10 OTHER BEARING SYSTEMS 63
17A.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON 1
17A.2 STRESS-LAMINATED DECK EXAMPLE 1
17B.1 OVERVIEW OF VESSEL COLLISION PROVISIONS 1
178.1.1 Background Information on the Development of Vessel Collision
Guidelines 1
17B.1.2 Background Information on the Main Factors Affecting the
Vessel Collision Problem 2
17B.1.2.1 VESSEL CHARACTERISTICS 2
17B.1.2.1.1 Ships 2
17B.1.2.1.2 Barges 3
17B.1.2.2 WATERWAY CHARACTERISTICS 417B.1.2.3 BRIDGE CHARACTERISTICS 4
17B.1.3 Initial Planning 4
178.1.4 General Provisions 5
17B.1.4.1 OBJECTIVE OF SPECIFICATIONS 5
17B.1.4.2 FLOW CHART FOR THE DESIGN OF BRIDGE
COMPONENTS FOR VESSEL COLLISION 5
17B.1.4.3 APPLICABILITY OF SPECIFICATIONS 6
17B.1.4.4 DATA COLLECTION 7
17B.1.5 Minimum Impact Requirements 8
17B.1.6 Design Vessel Selection 8
17B.1.6.1 ACCEPTABLE ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF BRIDGE
ELEMENT COLLAPSE 9
17B.1.6.2 ANNUAL FREQUENCIES OF BRIDGE ELEMENT
COLLAPSE 9
17B.1.6.2.1 General Remarks 10
1713.1.6.2.2 Vessel Traffic Distribution, N 10
17B.1.6.2.3 Probability of Aberrancy, PA 11
17B.1.6.2.4 Geometric Probability, PG 15
178.1.6.2.5 Probability of Collapse, PC 17
17B.1.7 Vessel Collision Loads 17
17B.1.7.1 DESIGN VESSEL VELOCITY 17
17B.1.7.2 VESSEL COLLISION ENERGY 18
17B.1.7.3 SHIP COLLISION FORCE ON PIER 18
17B.1.7.4 SHIP BOW DAMAGE LENGTH 19
1713.1.7.5 SHIP COLLISION FORCE ON SUPERSTRUCTURE 19
17B.1.7.6 BARGE COLLISION FORCE ON PIER 20
178.1.7.7 APPLICATION OF IMPACT FORCES 2217B.1.8 Bridge Protection 25
17B.2 EXAMPLE BRIDGE DESCRIPTION 25
APPENDIX A
Typical Ship Characteristics
APPENDIX B
Typical Barge Characteristics