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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Toxiques sans frontiers:
European coastal contamination from the sky
by metal and organic substances
Kevin Barrett
Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchCenter for Ecological Economics
Postboks 100, NO-2027-Kjeller, [email protected]
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
1: Rivers
Contaminant transport to coastal waters
2: Direct Discharge
4: Atmosphere
3: Groundwater
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
How big are atmospheric sources compared to rivers?
Just some examples:
1. Results of Eloise2. Results from OSPAR
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to seaAtmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Examples from ELOISE (1): POPCYCLING-BALTIC project
% of supply Atmosphere Rivers
Baltic Proper
88 12
Kattegat 89 11
Skagerrak 91 9
supply of lindane to the Baltic(low solubility/restricted freshwater pathways)
(Breivik & Wania, 2002)
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to seaAtmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Examples from ELOISE (2): TOROS project
supplies of metals to the SW Mediterranean:a major mining region (very high freshwater loads)
tonnes Zn Cd
Rio Tinto 6300 100
other rivers 130 3
atmosphere 3200-5100
35-60
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to seaAtmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Example from OSPAR:
Percentages of nitrogen entering OSPAR waters via atmosphere:
• Reduced nitrogen : 32%• Oxidised nitrogen : 37%
NHx: very soluble, predominantly freshwater source
NOx: soluble, important atmospheric discharge
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Supply of anthropogenic contaminants from the sky is frequently substantial.
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Where does it come from?
Can we target sources?
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004 S.Larssen: EIONET-WS-May-01.ppt Slide 9
The Baltic Watershed
The Baltic Airshed for N
Source regions for contaminants: an example for nitrogen
....and 40%+ of anthropogenic nitrogen entering the Baltic comes from the skies......
The actual ’50%’ source region
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Source regions – airsheds – can be large. -) component-specific-) receptor is also large scale -) definition may be geographical, sectoral, etc.-) management scale defined by physical and political features. Often BIG. EU?
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
So what are our current objectives, and how well are we achieving them?
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
The Hazardous Substances Strategy sets the objective of preventing pollution of the maritime area........... .........making every endeavour to move towards the target of the cessation of discharges, emissions and losses of hazardous substances by the year 2020.
1: Emission Control
OSPAR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES STRATEGY
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
European Marine Strategy
”....to progressively reduce discharges, emissions and losses of substances hazardous to the marine environment...”
Van de Wetering, 15/11/04
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2: Environmental Quality
” The (OSPAR) Hazardous Substances Strategy sets the objective of preventing pollution of the maritime area ..... the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the marine environment near background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances.”
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European Environment Agency Factsheets
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
....and for air inputs...???Draft, January 30, 2004
Indicator Fact Sheet AP16 January 2004
Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs – lindane, PCB7) to coastal and marine waters, 1990-2002
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ind
ex
(1
99
0=
10
0)
cadmium lindanelead PCB7mercury
Why? Because (in part) the information available for such policy statements is not there.
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Cadmium deposited to coastal waters1995-2001
in precipitation
% change
Issues:
a) Coverage
Mediterranean, Arctic Sea, Black Sea, Atlantic coast
b) Quality
e.g. Netherlands-Belgium-UK
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
Reporting to OSPAR, autumn 2004
information due September
Iceland 2 stationsNorway 1 stationSweden 2 stationsDenmark 2 stationsNetherlands 2 stationsBelgium nothing yetFrance 0 stationsUK nothing yetIreland 2 stationsSpain 1 stationPortugal 3 stations
Deadline two weeks from now
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
......and quality
Annual mean precipitation weighted concentrations/depositions of PCB’s: Year 2000
no. mnths
PCB's
28 31 52 101 105 118 138 153 156 180
ng/l
???? 10
1.4311.431 2.142
2.169 1.978 1.978
1.648
???? 12 0.074 0.068 0.029 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.015 0.017 0.004 0.012
ng/m2
???? 10
2728 4084
4136 3772 3772
3142
???? 12 45.6 41.7 17.7 6.4 5.7 5.6 9.0 10.2 2.4 7.4
Values underlined were all BDL (flag 781)
Factor of 100 –
1000 !!!!
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
From science to implementation:
We know broadly the situation, but noone appears interested.......
How do we get such messages across???
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Summary Pollutants from the air frequently exceed or equal
those from rivers
Source regions are transboundary ”..implementation without neighbours will fail...” Rotterdam Stakeholders Conference 10-12/11/04
Receptor region is not local scale
The scales of cause and effect do not match either other pollutant routes, or each other – how to identify your stakeholder groups etc.
If we identify desirable objectives, can we assess their achievement – ’review and adjustment of monitoring’.
Getting the message across......
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ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ind
ex
(1
99
0=
10
0)
cadmium lindanelead PCB7mercury
To finish on a positive note....
Depositions to coastal waters from the air, 1990-2002