Oct 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 1 GIS and Geologic Mapping Day 2 Tools and methods to get started using GIS geologic mapping USGS Astrogeology

Oct 2008Oct 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic MappersGIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 11

GIS and Geologic MappingGIS and Geologic MappingDay 2Day 2

Tools and methods to get started using Tools and methods to get started using GIS geologic mapping GIS geologic mapping

USGS AstrogeologyUSGS Astrogeology


IntroductionIntroduction

Goals Goals – Data ModelsData Models– ProjectionsProjections– Simple Lon, Lat DisplaySimple Lon, Lat Display– Data RegistrationData Registration– Loading DataLoading Data– Querying and Spatial StatisticsQuerying and Spatial Statistics


Some important notes Some important notes (cont’d)(cont’d)

Though this presentation is geared toward Though this presentation is geared toward geologic mappers, the information is geologic mappers, the information is relevant to all GIS usersrelevant to all GIS users

Screen-shots are likely to differ from Screen-shots are likely to differ from individual viewsindividual views

GIS skills are developed through software GIS skills are developed through software interaction … be patient and try new things!interaction … be patient and try new things!

Tip icon will point out helpful hints throughout the presentationTip icon will point out helpful hints throughout the presentation


GIS SupportGIS Support

ESRI online portal to technical informationESRI online portal to technical information– http://support.esri.comhttp://support.esri.com

ESRI ArcScriptsESRI ArcScripts– http://arcscripts.esri.com/http://arcscripts.esri.com/

ESRI Educational ServicesESRI Educational Services– Instructor-led trainingInstructor-led training– Virtual Campus coursesVirtual Campus courses– Web workshopsWeb workshops

BooksBooks


GIS Support NodesGIS Support Nodes

Planet-specific information Planet-specific information ((e.g.e.g., data, discussion, , data, discussion, tutorials)tutorials)

– http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/

USGS discussion board (login required)USGS discussion board (login required)– http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/ … navigate to http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/ … navigate to

“Support” “Support” “Planetary GIS Discussions” “Planetary GIS Discussions”

“Plugging keywords into a internet search engine is a great way to search for GIS-related assistance!”


TransitionTransition

Data models – quick overviewData models – quick overview


Vector and Raster - two main familiesVector and Raster - two main families Representation of geographic information:Representation of geographic information:

– Raster: location controlled, attribute measuredRaster: location controlled, attribute measured values are stored in ordered array, so that position in values are stored in ordered array, so that position in

the array defines geographic locationthe array defines geographic location

– Vector: attribute controlled, location measuredVector: attribute controlled, location measured geographic coordinates are stored separately from geographic coordinates are stored separately from

attributes, connected with Identifiersattributes, connected with Identifiers

Geographic Data ModelsGeographic Data ModelsGeographic Data ModelsGeographic Data Models

V(v1,v2)

3 43 12 3 45

15 40 2 15 24

21 3 5 10 64


Rasters and VectorsRasters and Vectors

Vector-based line

Raster-based line

4753456 6234124753436 6234244753462 6234784753432 6234824753405 6234294753401 6235084753462 6235554753398 623634

00000000000000000001100000100000101010000101000011001000010100000000100010001000000010001000010000010001000000100010000100000001011100100000000100001110000000000000000000000000

Flat File

Flat File


RastersRasters

Each cell can be owned by only one feature.Each cell can be owned by only one feature. Rasters are easy to understand, easy to read and Rasters are easy to understand, easy to read and

write, and easy to draw on the screen. A grid or raster write, and easy to draw on the screen. A grid or raster maps directly onto an array.maps directly onto an array.

Grids are poor at representing points, lines and areas, Grids are poor at representing points, lines and areas, but good at surfaces.but good at surfaces.

Grids are a natural representation for scanned or Grids are a natural representation for scanned or remotely sensed data.remotely sensed data.

Grids suffer from the mixed pixel problem.Grids suffer from the mixed pixel problem.


The mixed pixel problemThe mixed pixel problem

W GW

W W G

W W G

W GG

W W G

W G G

W GE

W E G

E E G

Water dominates Winner takes all Edges separate


Methods of Grid EncodingMethods of Grid EncodingMethods of Grid EncodingMethods of Grid Encoding

point-basedpoint-based– center point (regular grid) -DEMs, center point (regular grid) -DEMs, - but what if periodicity - but what if periodicity

in landscape?; what if pop. density?in landscape?; what if pop. density?

– systematic unaligned (random in a cell)systematic unaligned (random in a cell) area-basedarea-based (have to integrate info...)(have to integrate info...)

– extreme value (max or min)extreme value (max or min)– total (sum, like reflected light)total (sum, like reflected light)– predominant type (most common)predominant type (most common)– presence/absence (binary result)presence/absence (binary result)– percent cover (% covered by single category)percent cover (% covered by single category)– precedence of types (highest ranking)precedence of types (highest ranking)


Legend

Mixed conifer

Douglas fir

Oak savannah

Grassland

Raster representation. Each color represents a different value of a nominal-

scale field denoting land cover class.

Discrete (categorical)Discrete (categorical)


Next Next Projections Projections


Map projectionsMap projections

Define the spatial relationship between Define the spatial relationship between locations on earth and their relative locations on earth and their relative locations on a flat maplocations on a flat map

Are mathematical expressions Are mathematical expressions Cause the distortion of one or more map Cause the distortion of one or more map

properties (scale, distance, direction, shape)properties (scale, distance, direction, shape)


A map projection is a A map projection is a set of rulesset of rules for for transforming featurestransforming features from the from the threethree-dimensional earth onto a -dimensional earth onto a twotwo-dimensional display. No flat -dimensional display. No flat representation of the earth can be completely accurate, so many representation of the earth can be completely accurate, so many different projections have been developed, each suited to a different projections have been developed, each suited to a particular purpose. Map projections differ in the way they handle particular purpose. Map projections differ in the way they handle four propertiesfour properties::

AreaArea, , AnglesAngles, , DistanceDistance and and DirectionDirection. .

Rules:Rules:

1.1. No projection can preserve all four simultaneously, although some combinations No projection can preserve all four simultaneously, although some combinations can be preserved, such ascan be preserved, such as AreaArea and and DirectionDirection

2.2. No projection can preserve both No projection can preserve both AreaArea and and AnglesAngles, however. The map-maker, however. The map-maker must decide which property is must decide which property is most importantmost important and choose a projection and choose a projection based on based on

that.that.





Normal or Polar Oblique Transverse orEquatorial

Different Plane Locations and Different Plane Locations and ViewpointsViewpoints


Different families of projectionsDifferent families of projections

coniccylindricalazimuthal


ConformalConformal – local shapes are preserved – local shapes are preserved

Equal-AreaEqual-Area – areas are preserved – areas are preserved

EquidistantEquidistant – distance from a single location to all – distance from a single location to all other locations are preservedother locations are preserved

AzimuthalAzimuthal – directions from a single location to all – directions from a single location to all other locations are preservedother locations are preserved

Classification of map projectionsClassification of map projections


Standard projectionsStandard projections

Standard projections in planetaryStandard projections in planetary– Simple Cylindrical (Equidistance Cylindrical, Equirectangular)Simple Cylindrical (Equidistance Cylindrical, Equirectangular)

rectangular global (decimal degrees or meters), simple rectangular global (decimal degrees or meters), simple “database” projection.“database” projection.

– SinusoidalSinusoidal Used for global and many tiled data releases, equal area Used for global and many tiled data releases, equal area

projection.projection.– MercatorMercator

Conformal, only use for equatorial areas, used in the Mars 1:5M Conformal, only use for equatorial areas, used in the Mars 1:5M series.series.

– Transverse MercatorTransverse Mercator Good for local areas “large” scale maps. A Good for local areas “large” scale maps. A Small scale mapSmall scale map

shows more land area, but with smaller representations and, shows more land area, but with smaller representations and, therefore, lesser detail.therefore, lesser detail.


Standard projections – Standard projections – cont’dcont’d

Standard projections in planetaryStandard projections in planetary– Polar StereographicPolar Stereographic

Good for polar, error increases away from central latitude Good for polar, error increases away from central latitude (usually 90 or -90). Scale should be based on polar radius, can (usually 90 or -90). Scale should be based on polar radius, can use polar radius.use polar radius.

– Lambert ConformalLambert Conformal Good for mid latitudes. Error increases away from both Good for mid latitudes. Error increases away from both

standard parallels. standard parallels. – OrthographicOrthographic

Globe view, not good for mapping as the limb falls away, Globe view, not good for mapping as the limb falls away, makes for pretty figures but you need 3 globes to portray an makes for pretty figures but you need 3 globes to portray an entire planet. ISIS uses a spherical equationentire planet. ISIS uses a spherical equation

– MollweideMollweide Coming of age projection, globalComing of age projection, global


Standard projections – Standard projections – cont’dcont’d

Other projections in planetaryOther projections in planetary– Lambert AzimuthalLambert Azimuthal

Good for mid latitude and polar, equal area, Good for mid latitude and polar, equal area, VICAR/HRSC team uses it for polar areas.VICAR/HRSC team uses it for polar areas.

– RobinsonRobinson Good for figures (similar to Mollweide)Good for figures (similar to Mollweide)


Geographic – Geocentric IssuesGeographic – Geocentric Issues

Planetographic vs Planetocentric - issuesPlanetographic vs Planetocentric - issues– Mars is basically the only problem Mars is basically the only problem – Most commercial commonly don’t use ocentric - Most commercial commonly don’t use ocentric -

ArcMap can.ArcMap can.– Work around … use Work around … use spheresphere definition for Mars. definition for Mars.– For commercial applications, For commercial applications, don’t use ellipticaldon’t use elliptical

definitions and ocentric latitudes. Using elliptical definitions and ocentric latitudes. Using elliptical and ographic is okay.and ographic is okay.


East-West LongitudeEast-West Longitude

Positive East vs. Positive WestPositive East vs. Positive West– Not much to say because commercial GIS/RS Not much to say because commercial GIS/RS

systems use positive East. You should always systems use positive East. You should always save your files using positive East. save your files using positive East.

– To use West, you either fake out the system (by To use West, you either fake out the system (by using your own code) or you switch software. It using your own code) or you switch software. It is just a shift, so no errors are incurred. is just a shift, so no errors are incurred.

– Luckily, if you are working in meters there is no Luckily, if you are working in meters there is no East/West system, only Cartesian (X,Y). East/West system, only Cartesian (X,Y).


Use toolbox under ArcCatalog to set dataset’s projectionUse toolbox under ArcCatalog to set dataset’s projection– Toolbox:Toolbox:

– ArcCatalog (data properties)ArcCatalog (data properties)

To set many files, under toolbox samples – use batch define projectionTo set many files, under toolbox samples – use batch define projection

Setting Projections in ArcSetting Projections in Arc



Setting planetary bodies Setting planetary bodies in ArcMapin ArcMap– Example for Example for decimal degreedecimal degree

(lat/lon)(lat/lon)– Okay to set Okay to set ”Mars 2000.prj””Mars 2000.prj”

ellipse. ellipse. (find under “Coordinate (find under “Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Geographic Coordinate Systems\Solar System\Mars 2000.prj”) Systems\Solar System\Mars 2000.prj”) (semi-major radius 3396190 m)(semi-major radius 3396190 m)



– Example for the ArcMap dataframe or for Example for the ArcMap dataframe or for MOLA and most raster datasets on the MOLA and most raster datasets on the data DVD.data DVD.

– To define a new projection click on New, To define a new projection click on New, “Projected”“Projected”


Mars Polar projectionMars Polar projection– Note the Note the

“D_Mars_2000_Sphere_Polar“D_Mars_2000_Sphere_Polar” definition ” definition (semi-minor radius 3376200.0 m )(semi-minor radius 3376200.0 m )



Projecting datasets using toolboxProjecting datasets using toolbox

Projecting vectorProjecting vector

Projecting raster datasetsProjecting raster datasets



Hands-on Hands-on (lon/lat display and data frame projections)(lon/lat display and data frame projections)


Display Lon, Lat TableDisplay Lon, Lat Table

Create comma delimited text file (MSL.csv)Create comma delimited text file (MSL.csv)

Name, Lat, LonName, Lat, Lon

Eberswalde, -23.86, 326.73Eberswalde, -23.86, 326.73

Holden, -26.37, 325.10Holden, -26.37, 325.10

Gale, -4.49, 137.42Gale, -4.49, 137.42

Mawrth, 24.65, 340.09Mawrth, 24.65, 340.09

Nili Fossae, 21.01, 74.45Nili Fossae, 21.01, 74.45


Load TableLoad Table

1.

2.


4.

Display X,Y Data (lat,lon)Display X,Y Data (lat,lon)

Right click table

1.

2.

3.


Save to PermanentSave to Permanent

Right click points


Landing Site Error “Ellipse”Landing Site Error “Ellipse”

Open ToolboxAdd Data if needed



Simple Image RegistrationSimple Image Registration


WorldfileWorldfile

Most simple image registrationMost simple image registration

5.05.0 (size of pixel in x direction) – A(size of pixel in x direction) – A

0.00.0 (rotation term for row) - D(rotation term for row) - D

0.00.0 (rotation term for column) - B(rotation term for column) - B

-5.0 -5.0 (size of pixel in y direction) - E(size of pixel in y direction) - E

492169.690 492169.690 (x coordinate of center of upper left pixel in map units) - C(x coordinate of center of upper left pixel in map units) - C

54523.318054523.3180 (y coordinate of center of upper left pixel in map units) - F(y coordinate of center of upper left pixel in map units) - F

*


WorldfileWorldfile Algebraic Form (six parameter affine transformation)Algebraic Form (six parameter affine transformation) x’ = Ax + By + Cx’ = Ax + By + C y’ = Dx + Ey + Fy’ = Dx + Ey + F

where where

x’ = x’ = calculated x-coordinate of the pixel on the mapcalculated x-coordinate of the pixel on the map y’ = calculated y-coordinate of the pixel on the mapy’ = calculated y-coordinate of the pixel on the map x = column number of a pixel in the imagex = column number of a pixel in the image y = row number of a pixel in the imagey = row number of a pixel in the image A = x-scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionA = x-scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x direction B,D = rotation terms (assumed to be zero)B,D = rotation terms (assumed to be zero) C,F = translation terms; x,y map coordinates of the center of the upper-left pixelC,F = translation terms; x,y map coordinates of the center of the upper-left pixel E = negative of y-scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in y directionE = negative of y-scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction


PDS WorldfilePDS Worldfile

PDS uses same PDS uses same – but X,Y are in “pixel” space– but X,Y are in “pixel” space

WorldfileWorldfile (MOLA 4ppd megt90n000cb.lbl) (MOLA 4ppd megt90n000cb.lbl)OBJECT = IMAGE_MAP_PROJECTION ^DATA_SET_MAP_PROJECTION = "DSMAP.CAT" MAP_PROJECTION_TYPE = "SIMPLE CYLINDRICAL" A_AXIS_RADIUS = 3396.0 <KM> B_AXIS_RADIUS = 3396.0 <KM> C_AXIS_RADIUS = 3396.0 <KM> FIRST_STANDARD_PARALLEL = "N/A" SECOND_STANDARD_PARALLEL = "N/A" POSITIVE_LONGITUDE_DIRECTION = "EAST" CENTER_LATITUDE = 0.0 <DEGREE> CENTER_LONGITUDE = 180.0 <DEGREE> REFERENCE_LATITUDE = "N/A" REFERENCE_LONGITUDE = "N/A" LINE_FIRST_PIXEL = 1 LINE_LAST_PIXEL = 720 SAMPLE_FIRST_PIXEL = 1 SAMPLE_LAST_PIXEL = 1440 MAP_PROJECTION_ROTATION = 0.0 MAP_RESOLUTION = 4.0 <PIXEL/DEGREE> MAP_SCALE = 14.818 <KM/PIXEL> MAXIMUM_LATITUDE = 90.0 <DEGREE> MINIMUM_LATITUDE = -90.0 <DEGREE> WESTERNMOST_LONGITUDE = 0.0 <DEGREE> EASTERNMOST_LONGITUDE = 360.0 <DEGREE> LINE_PROJECTION_OFFSET = 360.5 SAMPLE_PROJECTION_OFFSET = 720.5 COORDINATE_SYSTEM_TYPE = "BODY-FIXED ROTATING" COORDINATE_SYSTEM_NAME = "PLANETOCENTRIC"END_OBJECT = IMAGE_MAP_PROJECTION

14818.0 (meters)0.00.0-14818.0-10676369.0 X = SAMPLE_PROJ_OFFSET * MAP_SCALE * -1

5341889.0 Y = LINE_PROJ_OFFSET * MAP_SCALE

http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/mgs/megdr.html



Loading PDS and ISIS2,3 ImagesLoading PDS and ISIS2,3 Images


Low-level PDS image is basically “raw” – no map Low-level PDS image is basically “raw” – no map projection – you should projection – you should notnot bring it into a GIS bring it into a GIS

– Okay how do you map project raw PDS imageOkay how do you map project raw PDS image ISIS - Integrated Software for Imagers and ISIS - Integrated Software for Imagers and

SpectrometersSpectrometers– Suse Linux, Solaris UNIX, Mac OSXSuse Linux, Solaris UNIX, Mac OSX

http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/

VICAR - Video Image Communication And RetrievalVICAR - Video Image Communication And Retrieval http://www-mipl.jpl.nasa.gov/ also maintained at DLRhttp://www-mipl.jpl.nasa.gov/ also maintained at DLR

How to use low-level PDS How to use low-level PDS

http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/


Why:Why:In short,In short, these programs radiometrically correct the image (level 1) and then these programs radiometrically correct the image (level 1) and then

geometrically project it through the MOLA DEM to the surface via the geometrically project it through the MOLA DEM to the surface via the spacecraft pointing parameters (SPICE). Again, this is the only way to spacecraft pointing parameters (SPICE). Again, this is the only way to accurately position the images to the surface for ArcMap or other GIS/RS accurately position the images to the surface for ArcMap or other GIS/RS software. So without “orthorectification” you should not use as a GIS base.software. So without “orthorectification” you should not use as a GIS base.

Once a level2 ISIS image is generated, you can use the included ISIS tools or Once a level2 ISIS image is generated, you can use the included ISIS tools or standalone PERL scripts to make them ArcMap compatible as described here: standalone PERL scripts to make them ArcMap compatible as described here: http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=357 http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=357

or or http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=358 http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=358

The ERDAS raw format works well in ArcMap for multi-band 32bit images like The ERDAS raw format works well in ArcMap for multi-band 32bit images like THEMIS. However, when possible it is still a good idea to convert to 8 bit.THEMIS. However, when possible it is still a good idea to convert to 8 bit.

How to use low-level PDS How to use low-level PDS http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=423


PERL script to add GIS header:PERL script to add GIS header: > pds2world.pl -e -prj pdsimage.img> pds2world.pl -e -prj pdsimage.imgOutputs ERDAS raw header. The “-prj” flag supports creation of a Outputs ERDAS raw header. The “-prj” flag supports creation of a ProjectionProjection file. file.

for image with detached PDS labelsfor image with detached PDS labels> pds2world.pl -e -prj pdsimage.lbl> pds2world.pl -e -prj pdsimage.lblOutputs ERDAS raw header. The “-prj” flag supports creation of a Outputs ERDAS raw header. The “-prj” flag supports creation of a ProjectionProjection file. file.

http://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/pigwad/tutorials/scripts/perl.htmhttp://webgis.wr.usgs.gov/pigwad/tutorials/scripts/perl.htm

Using High-level PDS filesUsing High-level PDS files


Using High-level PDS filesUsing High-level PDS filesMore on pds2world.pl (pds2world.exe also available for Windows)More on pds2world.pl (pds2world.exe also available for Windows)

Command line:Command line: pds2world.pl [-bit=8|16] [-r|-g|-t|-c|-j|-p] [-prj] input.imgpds2world.pl [-bit=8|16] [-r|-g|-t|-c|-j|-p] [-prj] input.img -r = output raw header and worldfile-r = output raw header and worldfile -e = output ERDAS raw header and worldfile (8, 16, 32 bit)-e = output ERDAS raw header and worldfile (8, 16, 32 bit) -g = output gif worldfile-g = output gif worldfile -t = output tif worldfile-t = output tif worldfile -j = output jpeg worldfile-j = output jpeg worldfile -J = output jpeg2000 worldfile-J = output jpeg2000 worldfile -P = output png worldfile-P = output png worldfile -p = output PCI Aux header (8, 16, 32 bit)-p = output PCI Aux header (8, 16, 32 bit) -c = output img header and worldfile (default)-c = output img header and worldfile (default)

-prj = create ESRI Well Known Text projection file *.prj-prj = create ESRI Well Known Text projection file *.prj

Examples:Examples: Create files for 32 bit ERDAS: pds2world.pl -e input.img ---- (good for ERDAS and ArcMap)Create files for 32 bit ERDAS: pds2world.pl -e input.img ---- (good for ERDAS and ArcMap) Create files for 32 bit ERDAS: pds2world.pl -p input.img ---- (good for GDAL and GDAL conversion)Create files for 32 bit ERDAS: pds2world.pl -p input.img ---- (good for GDAL and GDAL conversion) Create worldfile for tif: pds2world.pl -t input.img ---- (needs another application to convert pds to Tiff)Create worldfile for tif: pds2world.pl -t input.img ---- (needs another application to convert pds to Tiff)


Does ISIS2 have any routines to convert to an GIS compatible format?Does ISIS2 have any routines to convert to an GIS compatible format?There exist ISIS PERL scripts that one can run on the ISIS files to extract this information into header and worldfiles. There exist ISIS PERL scripts that one can run on the ISIS files to extract this information into header and worldfiles. These These

ISIS scripts are:ISIS scripts are:

dform.pldform.pl Convert an ISIS image from 32 or 16 bit to an 8 bit GIS raw, tiff, gif, jpeg with detached GIS files. dform will Convert an ISIS image from 32 or 16 bit to an 8 bit GIS raw, tiff, gif, jpeg with detached GIS files. dform will automatically try to choose a stretch pair for conversion to 8 bit. The user can also specify the stretch pair. automatically try to choose a stretch pair for conversion to 8 bit. The user can also specify the stretch pair.

isis2gisworld.plisis2gisworld.pl Creates GIS headers and GIS worldfiles for ISIS images so that they can be read into most GIS Creates GIS headers and GIS worldfiles for ISIS images so that they can be read into most GIS packages. If you are using ArcMap or ERDAS and wish to maintain a 32 bit file use the ERDAS raw switch " -e ". packages. If you are using ArcMap or ERDAS and wish to maintain a 32 bit file use the ERDAS raw switch " -e ".

Examples:Examples: Converting to an 8bit Tiff with GIS headers: Converting to an 8bit Tiff with GIS headers:

> dform.pl -t -bit=8 -gis=yes isis2image.cub > dform.pl -t -bit=8 -gis=yes isis2image.cub You will end up with two files - the Tiff image, and a Tiff worldfile. You will end up with two files - the Tiff image, and a Tiff worldfile.

Converting to an 8bit Jpeg with GIS headers: Converting to an 8bit Jpeg with GIS headers: > dform.pl -j=75 -bit=8 -gis=yes isis2image.cub > dform.pl -j=75 -bit=8 -gis=yes isis2image.cub "-j=75" is the Jpeg compression quality (100 is the best). Here, you will end up with two files - the Jpeg image, "-j=75" is the Jpeg compression quality (100 is the best). Here, you will end up with two files - the Jpeg image, and a Jpeg worldfile. and a Jpeg worldfile.

Creating GIS headers for a 32bit ISIS cub:Creating GIS headers for a 32bit ISIS cub: > isis2gisworld.pl -e isis2image.cub> isis2gisworld.pl -e isis2image.cub You will end up with three files - the ISIS image, a header file "*.raw", and a worldfile "*.rww". This is called an You will end up with three files - the ISIS image, a header file "*.raw", and a worldfile "*.rww". This is called an ERDAS raw format. In your GIS you will need to set the NULL ISIS value (more below).ERDAS raw format. In your GIS you will need to set the NULL ISIS value (more below).

How to use high-level ISIS2 How to use high-level ISIS2 http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=357


High-level ISIS2 files w/o ISIS2High-level ISIS2 files w/o ISIS2

PERL script to add GIS header:PERL script to add GIS header: > isis2world.pl -e –prj isis2image.cub> isis2world.pl -e –prj isis2image.cubOutputs ERDAS raw header. The “-prj” flag supports creation of a Outputs ERDAS raw header. The “-prj” flag supports creation of a ProjectionProjection file. file.


Converting a 16, 32bit ISIS cub to an ESRI ASCII format:Converting a 16, 32bit ISIS cub to an ESRI ASCII format: > isis2arc myinput.lev2.cub myoutput.asc> isis2arc myinput.lev2.cub myoutput.asc Free stand-alone C applicaiton (link)Free stand-alone C applicaiton (link)


Using High-level ISIS2 filesUsing High-level ISIS2 filesMore on isis2world.pl (isis2world.exe also available for Windows)More on isis2world.pl (isis2world.exe also available for Windows)

Command line:Command line: isis2world.pl [-bit=8|16] [-r|-g|-t|-c|-j|-J|-p|-P|-w] [-prj] input.cubisis2world.pl [-bit=8|16] [-r|-g|-t|-c|-j|-J|-p|-P|-w] [-prj] input.cub -r = output raw header w/ georefencing (8, 16 bit)-r = output raw header w/ georefencing (8, 16 bit) -e = output ERDAS raw header and worldfile (8, 16, 32 bit)-e = output ERDAS raw header and worldfile (8, 16, 32 bit) -g = output gif worldfile-g = output gif worldfile -t = output tif worldfile-t = output tif worldfile -w = output generic *.wld worldfile-w = output generic *.wld worldfile -J = output jpeg2000 worldfile-J = output jpeg2000 worldfile -j = output jpeg worldfile-j = output jpeg worldfile -P = output a png worldfile-P = output a png worldfile -p = output PCI Aux header w/ georefencing (8, 16, 32 bit)-p = output PCI Aux header w/ georefencing (8, 16, 32 bit) -c = output cub header w/ georef (default) (8, 16 bit)-c = output cub header w/ georef (default) (8, 16 bit)


Examples:Examples: Create files for 32 bit ERDAS w/ Projection: isis2world.pl -e -prj input.cub ----- (good for ERDAS and ArcMap)Create files for 32 bit ERDAS w/ Projection: isis2world.pl -e -prj input.cub ----- (good for ERDAS and ArcMap) Create header for 32 bit PCI Aux: isis2world.pl -p input.cub ----- (good for GDAL conversion)Create header for 32 bit PCI Aux: isis2world.pl -p input.cub ----- (good for GDAL conversion) Create worldfile for tif: isis2world.pl -t input.cub ----- (needs program to convert ISIS file to Tiff)Create worldfile for tif: isis2world.pl -t input.cub ----- (needs program to convert ISIS file to Tiff)


ISIS3 can convert images to GIS compatible formatISIS3 can convert images to GIS compatible formatIsis2std – Isis2std – creates creates 8bit only8bit only JPEG, PNG (TIFF) with automatic worldfile JPEG, PNG (TIFF) with automatic worldfile

Examples:Examples:

Converting to an 8bit Tiff with GIS headers: Converting to an 8bit Tiff with GIS headers: > Isis2std > Isis2std format=PNG from=format=PNG from=myinput.lev2.cub to=myoutput.pngmyinput.lev2.cub to=myoutput.png

You will end up with two files - the png image, and a png worldfile. You will end up with two files - the png image, and a png worldfile.

How to use high-level ISIS3 How to use high-level ISIS3

http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?t=357


High-level ISIS3 files w/o ISIS3High-level ISIS3 files w/o ISIS3

PERL script to add GIS header:PERL script to add GIS header: > isis3world.pl -e –prj isis3image.cub> isis3world.pl -e –prj isis3image.cubOutputs ERDAS raw header. The “-prj” flag supports creation of a Outputs ERDAS raw header. The “-prj” flag supports creation of a ProjectionProjection file. file.


Note that ISIS3 uses a raw “tiled” internal format. This makes supporting this as a generic raw Note that ISIS3 uses a raw “tiled” internal format. This makes supporting this as a generic raw format harder. The ERDAS raw format fortunately supports tiled images. Other formats format harder. The ERDAS raw format fortunately supports tiled images. Other formats may require ISIS3 to output a “BSQ” format instead of a “tiled” format. ISIS3 example:may require ISIS3 to output a “BSQ” format instead of a “tiled” format. ISIS3 example:

>crop from=input.cub to=output.cub+bsq>crop from=input.cub to=output.cub+bsq


Using High-level ISIS3 filesUsing High-level ISIS3 filesMore on isis3world.pl (isis3world.exe also available for Windows)More on isis3world.pl (isis3world.exe also available for Windows)

Command line:Command line: isis3world.pl [-bit=8|16] [-r|-g|-t|-c|-j|-J|-p|-P|-w] [-prj] input.cubisis3world.pl [-bit=8|16] [-r|-g|-t|-c|-j|-J|-p|-P|-w] [-prj] input.cub -r = output raw header w/ georefencing (8, 16 bit)-r = output raw header w/ georefencing (8, 16 bit) -e = output ERDAS raw header and worldfile (8, 16, 32 bit)-e = output ERDAS raw header and worldfile (8, 16, 32 bit) -g = output gif worldfile-g = output gif worldfile -t = output tif worldfile-t = output tif worldfile -J = output jpeg2000 worldfile-J = output jpeg2000 worldfile -j = output jpeg worldfile-j = output jpeg worldfile -P = output a png worldfile-P = output a png worldfile -p = output PCI Aux header w/ georefencing (8, 16, 32 bit)-p = output PCI Aux header w/ georefencing (8, 16, 32 bit) -c = output cub header w/ georef (default) (8, 16 bit)-c = output cub header w/ georef (default) (8, 16 bit)


Examples:Examples: Create files for 32 bit ERDAS w/ Projection: isis3world.pl -e -prj input.cub ----- (good for ERDAS and ArcMap)Create files for 32 bit ERDAS w/ Projection: isis3world.pl -e -prj input.cub ----- (good for ERDAS and ArcMap) Create header for 32 bit PCI Aux: isis3world.pl -p input.cub ----- (requires Create header for 32 bit PCI Aux: isis3world.pl -p input.cub ----- (requires “BSQ”“BSQ” isis3 file, for GDAL conversion) isis3 file, for GDAL conversion) Create worldfile for tif: isis3world.pl -t input.cub ----- (needs program to convert ISIS file to Tiff)Create worldfile for tif: isis3world.pl -t input.cub ----- (needs program to convert ISIS file to Tiff)


GDAL for PDS, ISIS2, ISIS3GDAL for PDS, ISIS2, ISIS3

GDAL (binaries available using FWtools and OSGeo4W): GDAL (binaries available using FWtools and OSGeo4W):

> gdal_translate –of GTIFF isis_ver3.cub isis_ver3.tif> gdal_translate –of GTIFF isis_ver3.cub isis_ver3.tif

>gdal_translate -of JP2KAK -co "quality=20" ophir_geo.cub ophir_geo.jp2 >gdal_translate -of JP2KAK -co "quality=20" ophir_geo.cub ophir_geo.jp2

Convert from 32, 16 to 8bit in GDALConvert from 32, 16 to 8bit in GDAL

>gdalinfo -stats input.cub >gdalinfo -stats input.cub

Take min/max output for scale parameters in gdalTake min/max output for scale parameters in gdal

>gdal_translate -of GTIFF -ot Byte -a_nodata 0 -scale 0.21 0.89 1 255 input.cub >gdal_translate -of GTIFF -ot Byte -a_nodata 0 -scale 0.21 0.89 1 255 input.cub output.jp2output.jp2

http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?p=6305http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/IsisSupport/viewtopic.php?p=6305


Batch conversion Tips:Batch conversion Tips:

Unix/Linux Unix/Linux code: code: foreach i (*.cub)foreach i (*.cub)

foreach> perl dform.pl -t -gis=yes $i foreach> perl dform.pl -t -gis=yes $i foreach> end foreach> end

code: code: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------foreach i (*.cub) foreach i (*.cub) foreach> perl isis2gisworld.pl -e $i foreach> perl isis2gisworld.pl -e $i foreach> end foreach> end

Unix/Linux code: Unix/Linux code: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------foreach i (*.cub) foreach i (*.cub) foreach> perl isis2world.pl -e $i foreach> perl isis2world.pl -e $i foreach> end foreach> end

In MsDOS command window loop (for Windows machines) In MsDOS command window loop (for Windows machines) code: code: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------for %i in (*.cub) do isis2world -e %i for %i in (*.cub) do isis2world -e %i

Batch Command Line TipBatch Command Line Tip


LunchLunch

Next Next Querying and Spatial StatisticsQuerying and Spatial Statistics


Querying the dataQuerying the data

GIS empowers the user to perform spatial GIS empowers the user to perform spatial searches across any or all data within a searches across any or all data within a projectproject

A “query” is A “query” is “a request to select features or “a request to select features or records from a database or feature”records from a database or feature”

The query expression is typically Boolean The query expression is typically Boolean (based on yes or no answers)(based on yes or no answers)

Queries are commonly performed using a Queries are commonly performed using a dialog box in ArcMapdialog box in ArcMap


Let’s say that the user wants to find all units that are labeled “plains material”. The user will need to query the data as follows.



Selecting by Selecting by feature attributesfeature attributes

Select the layer and Select the layer and field that the query field that the query will be based onwill be based on

““Get Unique Values” Get Unique Values” will give all values in will give all values in that fieldthat field

Build the query and Build the query and click “OK”click “OK”


Selecting by Selecting by feature locationfeature location

Features can be Features can be selected based on selected based on relationships with relationships with other featuresother features

Examine the “Select Examine the “Select by Location” window by Location” window for specificsfor specifics


Calculating Spatial StatisticsCalculating Spatial Statistics

A powerful tool to calculate statistics of a zone A powerful tool to calculate statistics of a zone dataset dataset (e.g., geologic units)(e.g., geologic units) based on values from based on values from a raster dataset a raster dataset (e.g., elevation)(e.g., elevation)

Spatial AnalystSpatial Analyst– Cell statisticsCell statistics– Neighborhood statisticsNeighborhood statistics– Zonal statisticsZonal statistics

Operates out of Spatial AnalystOperates out of Spatial Analyst– Right click empty space on tool bar and select “Spatial Right click empty space on tool bar and select “Spatial

Analyst”Analyst”


Cell StatisticsCell Statistics

““A function that calculates a statistic for each cell A function that calculates a statistic for each cell of an output raster that is based on the values of of an output raster that is based on the values of each cell in the same location of multiple input each cell in the same location of multiple input rasters.”rasters.” - paraphrased from ESRI’s online GIS dictionary - paraphrased from ESRI’s online GIS dictionary

For example, the user could find the range and For example, the user could find the range and maximum value of albedo from multiple maximum value of albedo from multiple overlapping images acquired in different seasonsoverlapping images acquired in different seasons

“Spatial Analyst tools such as cell statistics provide critical analytical components for the interpretation of raster and vector data. Statistics can help improve the quality of geologic maps.”


1. Add and/or Remove the raster layers that are required for the 1. Add and/or Remove the raster layers that are required for the statisticsstatistics

2. Set the statistic that is required (can be minimum, maximum, range, 2. Set the statistic that is required (can be minimum, maximum, range, sum, mean, std dev, variety, majority, minority, median)sum, mean, std dev, variety, majority, minority, median)

3. Type in the output raster name, either as a temporary file (default - 3. Type in the output raster name, either as a temporary file (default - will be erased the next time the project is closed) or as a TIFF, IMG, or will be erased the next time the project is closed) or as a TIFF, IMG, or Arc GRID.Arc GRID.

1

2

3


Neighborhood StatisticsNeighborhood Statistics

A function that calculates a statistic on a raster using a user-A function that calculates a statistic on a raster using a user-specified “neighborhood”, which implies an extent from specified “neighborhood”, which implies an extent from individual cells. The extent can be a annulus, circle, individual cells. The extent can be a annulus, circle, rectangle, or wedge.rectangle, or wedge.

The user specifies statistics type, neighborhood extent The user specifies statistics type, neighborhood extent (e.g., (e.g., circle with a radius of 4 km), circle with a radius of 4 km), and out output cell size and out output cell size (default-input cell size)(default-input cell size)

For example, the user could find the range and maximum For example, the user could find the range and maximum value of albedo from multiple overlapping images acquired value of albedo from multiple overlapping images acquired in different seasonsin different seasons

“Using Neighborhood Statistics, a user could create a range of filter types. For example, a median high pass filter can be produced by using a median neighborhood statistic and then subtracting the raster value.”


1. Determine the input dataset and field that will be the basis of the stats1. Determine the input dataset and field that will be the basis of the stats 2. Set the statistic (minimum, maximum, range, sum, mean, std dev, 2. Set the statistic (minimum, maximum, range, sum, mean, std dev,

variety, majority, minority, median) and the neighborhood (annulus, variety, majority, minority, median) and the neighborhood (annulus, circle, rectangle, wedge)circle, rectangle, wedge)

3. Set the neighborhood size3. Set the neighborhood size Set the output cell size, raster name, and locationSet the output cell size, raster name, and location

1

2

3

4


Zonal StatisticsZonal Statistics

A function that summarizes values in a raster A function that summarizes values in a raster within the zones of another layerwithin the zones of another layer

The user specifies the “zone dataset” (e.g., The user specifies the “zone dataset” (e.g., geologic units) the value raster dataset (e.g., geologic units) the value raster dataset (e.g., slope)slope)

Output is a Table that summarizes zone statisticsOutput is a Table that summarizes zone statistics For example, the user could find the range and For example, the user could find the range and

mean value of slope for geologic unitsmean value of slope for geologic units

“The Zonal Statistics function allows the user to produce a simplified graph of the statistics. Note the check box in the dialog box.”


1. Set the Zone dataset (the feature that contains the region upon 1. Set the Zone dataset (the feature that contains the region upon which statistics need to be created)which statistics need to be created)

2. Set the Value raster (the raster dataset that will be the base of the 2. Set the Value raster (the raster dataset that will be the base of the statistics)statistics)

3. Set the statistic that is required (can be minimum, maximum, range, 3. Set the statistic that is required (can be minimum, maximum, range, sum, mean, std dev, variety, majority, minority, median)sum, mean, std dev, variety, majority, minority, median)

1

2

3


BreakBreak

Hands on (Spatial Statistics)Hands on (Spatial Statistics)

Next: Custom ToolsNext: Custom Tools


Customizing ArcMapCustomizing ArcMap

4 Methods for adding functionality 4 Methods for adding functionality to ArcMapto ArcMap Install downloaded programsInstall downloaded programs Add built in buttons to menusAdd built in buttons to menus Create buttons for custom toolsCreate buttons for custom tools Use Easy Calculate scriptsUse Easy Calculate scripts


Install downloaded programsInstall downloaded programs

Many add-ons available for ArcMap (e.g. Many add-ons available for ArcMap (e.g. X-ToolsX-Tools, Hawth Tools, ArcHydro, etc.), Hawth Tools, ArcHydro, etc.)

These install like other programs in the These install like other programs in the windows environmentwindows environment

After the program is installed, right click on a After the program is installed, right click on a blank space in the menu and select the blank space in the menu and select the toolbar to addtoolbar to add

Save the projectSave the project


Add buttons for built in functions Add buttons for built in functions

Right click on a blank space in the toolbarsRight click on a blank space in the toolbars Select “Customize” from the drop down Select “Customize” from the drop down

menumenu Click the “Commands” tabClick the “Commands” tab Search for commands or select a CategorySearch for commands or select a Category Drag and drop the command to an existing Drag and drop the command to an existing

toolbar of your choicetoolbar of your choice Save the projectSave the project


Create buttons for custom toolsCreate buttons for custom tools

Download files from the ESRI website: Download files from the ESRI website: (http://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=downloads.gateway)(http://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=downloads.gateway)

Search ArcScripts for the tool of interestSearch ArcScripts for the tool of interest Be sure that the tool is built for your version Be sure that the tool is built for your version

of ArcGISof ArcGIS Download the zip file to your computerDownload the zip file to your computer


Create buttons for custom tools – Create buttons for custom tools – cont’dcont’d

Decompress the Zip-File to a folder with a Decompress the Zip-File to a folder with a descriptive namedescriptive name

Open the “readme.txt” for instructionsOpen the “readme.txt” for instructions The instructions are different for different The instructions are different for different

file-typesfile-types Visual Basic, .DLLs, and PythonVisual Basic, .DLLs, and Python Avoid Avenue (Old) and AML (Older) scriptsAvoid Avenue (Old) and AML (Older) scripts


Use the Easy Calculate ScriptsUse the Easy Calculate Scripts

Easy Calculate is a set of expressions Easy Calculate is a set of expressions (currently 110) for the ArcGIS Field (currently 110) for the ArcGIS Field Calculator. Calculator.

Calculate some spatial characteristics of the Calculate some spatial characteristics of the features, edit the shapes, add records to a features, edit the shapes, add records to a target layer, draw graphics etc. target layer, draw graphics etc.

http://www.ian-ko.com/free/free_arcgis.htmhttp://www.ian-ko.com/free/free_arcgis.htm


3D Visualization3D Visualization

3D Analyst3D Analyst


WorldfileWorldfile

Most simple image registrationMost simple image registration

5.05.0 (size of pixel in x direction) – A(size of pixel in x direction) – A

0.00.0 (rotation term for row) - D(rotation term for row) - D

0.00.0 (rotation term for column) - B(rotation term for column) - B

-5.0 -5.0 (size of pixel in y direction) - E(size of pixel in y direction) - E

492169.690 492169.690 (x coordinate of center of upper left pixel in map units) - C(x coordinate of center of upper left pixel in map units) - C

54523.318054523.3180 (y coordinate of center of upper left pixel in map units) - F(y coordinate of center of upper left pixel in map units) - F

*


WorldfileWorldfile Algebraic Form (six parameter affine transformation)Algebraic Form (six parameter affine transformation) x’ = Ax + By + Cx’ = Ax + By + C y’ = Dx + Ey + Fy’ = Dx + Ey + F

where where

x’ = x’ = calculated x-coordinate of the pixel on the mapcalculated x-coordinate of the pixel on the map y’ = calculated y-coordinate of the pixel on the mapy’ = calculated y-coordinate of the pixel on the map x = column number of a pixel in the imagex = column number of a pixel in the image y = row number of a pixel in the imagey = row number of a pixel in the image A = x-scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x directionA = x-scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in x direction B,D = rotation terms (assumed to be zero)B,D = rotation terms (assumed to be zero) C,F = translation terms; x,y map coordinates of the center of the upper-left pixelC,F = translation terms; x,y map coordinates of the center of the upper-left pixel E = negative of y-scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in y directionE = negative of y-scale; dimension of a pixel in map units in y direction


PDS WorldfilePDS Worldfile

PDS uses same PDS uses same – but X,Y are in “pixel” space– but X,Y are in “pixel” space

WorldfileWorldfile (MOLA 4ppd megt90n000cb.lbl) (MOLA 4ppd megt90n000cb.lbl)OBJECT = IMAGE_MAP_PROJECTION ^DATA_SET_MAP_PROJECTION = "DSMAP.CAT" MAP_PROJECTION_TYPE = "SIMPLE CYLINDRICAL" A_AXIS_RADIUS = 3396.0 <KM> B_AXIS_RADIUS = 3396.0 <KM> C_AXIS_RADIUS = 3396.0 <KM> FIRST_STANDARD_PARALLEL = "N/A" SECOND_STANDARD_PARALLEL = "N/A" POSITIVE_LONGITUDE_DIRECTION = "EAST" CENTER_LATITUDE = 0.0 <DEGREE> CENTER_LONGITUDE = 180.0 <DEGREE> REFERENCE_LATITUDE = "N/A" REFERENCE_LONGITUDE = "N/A" LINE_FIRST_PIXEL = 1 LINE_LAST_PIXEL = 720 SAMPLE_FIRST_PIXEL = 1 SAMPLE_LAST_PIXEL = 1440 MAP_PROJECTION_ROTATION = 0.0 MAP_RESOLUTION = 4.0 <PIXEL/DEGREE> MAP_SCALE = 14.818 <KM/PIXEL> MAXIMUM_LATITUDE = 90.0 <DEGREE> MINIMUM_LATITUDE = -90.0 <DEGREE> WESTERNMOST_LONGITUDE = 0.0 <DEGREE> EASTERNMOST_LONGITUDE = 360.0 <DEGREE> LINE_PROJECTION_OFFSET = 360.5 SAMPLE_PROJECTION_OFFSET = 720.5 COORDINATE_SYSTEM_TYPE = "BODY-FIXED ROTATING" COORDINATE_SYSTEM_NAME = "PLANETOCENTRIC"END_OBJECT = IMAGE_MAP_PROJECTION

14818.0 (meters)0.00.0-14818.0-10676369.0 X = SAMPLE_PROJ_OFFSET * MAP_SCALE * -1

5341889.0 Y = LINE_PROJ_OFFSET * MAP_SCALE

http://pds-geosciences.wustl.edu/missions/mgs/megdr.html


Questions?Questions?

Documents

Oct 2008 GIS for Planetary Geologic Mappers 1 GIS and Geologic Mapping Day 2 Tools and methods to get started using GIS geologic mapping USGS Astrogeology