Ondřej Svoboda

Ondřej Svoboda

• Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic• Department of Nuclear Reactors, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague

Cross-section measurements of the (n,xn) threshold reactions

1.6 GeV deuteron irradiation of the Energy plus Transmutation setup

OutlineOutline

• Motivation for Motivation for measurements measurements• Requirements Requirements ffoorr measurements measurements• TSL Uppsala experimentTSL Uppsala experiment• Experiments on Cyclotron in ŘežExperiments on Cyclotron in Řež• Cross-section conclusionCross-section conclusion• 1.6 GeV deuteron E+T experiment1.6 GeV deuteron E+T experiment• Simulations and comparisonsSimulations and comparisons of Exp of Exp ×× Sim Sim• Data share spaceData share space• E+T conclusionE+T conclusion

- Motivation for measurements

- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Motivation for Motivation for measurement – E+T measurement – E+T

)()(

)(

11

1

)(

0

irrreal tirr

t

t

foillive

real

areaP

irrabspyield e

t

e

e

mt

t

CCoiEI

CCSN

- Motivation for measurements • Energy plus Transmutation

• Yield to neutron flux

- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

We want to measureWe want to measure

Yield to neutron flux problemYield to neutron flux problem

Solving a Fredholm equation we can find Φ(E):Solving a Fredholm equation we can find Φ(E):

dEEENbeam

thresh

E

E

yield )()(

We would like to find! We would like to find! (Up to know only MCNPX simulation)(Up to know only MCNPX simulation)

Poor knowledge of Poor knowledge of

MeasuredMeasured in E+T in E+T

197Au(n,2n)196Au

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 10 20 30 40 50Neutron energy [MeV]

Cro

ss-s

ectio

n [b

arn]

EXFORENDF

197Au(n,4n)194Au

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

0 10 20 30 40 50Neutron energy [MeV]

EXFORENDF

- Motivation for measurements • Energy plus Transmutation

• Yield to neutron flux

- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Requirements for Requirements for -measurements by activation method: -measurements by activation method:

- high energy neutron source with good intensityhigh energy neutron source with good intensity

- (quasi)monoenergetic neutrons with well known spectrum (quasi)monoenergetic neutrons with well known spectrum

- pure monoisotopic samples pure monoisotopic samples

- good spectroscopic equipment – good spectroscopic equipment – and X-rays spectrometersand X-rays spectrometers

- knowledge about the corrections on beam fluctuation, knowledge about the corrections on beam fluctuation, self- absorption, non-point like emitters… self- absorption, non-point like emitters…

Requirements Requirements ffoorr measurements measurements

An

yield

NN

ASN

Evaluation process:Evaluation process:

Irradiation HPGe Spectra evaluation Corrections NIrradiation HPGe Spectra evaluation Corrections NYieldYield


- Requirements • Equipment • Materials

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Measured materialsMeasured materials

ReactionReactionEE threshthresh

[MeV][MeV]Half-lifeHalf-life

197197Au (n,2n) Au (n,2n) 196196AuAu 8.18.1 6.183 d6.183 d

197197Au (n,3n) Au (n,3n) 195195AuAu 14.814.8 186.1 d186.1 d

197197Au (n,4n) Au (n,4n) 194194AuAu 23.223.2 38.02 h38.02 h

197197Au (n,5n) Au (n,5n) 193193AuAu 30.230.2 17.65 h17.65 h

197197Au (n,6n) Au (n,6n) 192192AuAu 38.938.9 4.94 h4.94 h

197197Au (n,7n) Au (n,7n) 191191AuAu 45.745.7 3.18 h3.18 h

In Řež also In Řež also measured:measured:

Mg, Ni, Fe, ZnMg, Ni, Fe, Zn

iodine iodine (KIO(KIO44))


- Requirements • Equipment • Materials

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

TSL UppsalaTSL Uppsala- Protons on Li target or spallation sourceProtons on Li target or spallation source

- Neutrons with energies 11-174 MeVNeutrons with energies 11-174 MeV

- Well known beam and neutron spectrumWell known beam and neutron spectrum


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala • Introduction • Blue hall • Experiment • Measurements

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

1E0

1E2

1E4

1E6

1E8

1E-7 1E-5 1E-3 1E-1 1E+1 1E+3Neutron Energy [MeV]

Neu

tro

n f

lux

den

sity

[1/

(cm

2.s)

]

spallation source at JINR

quasi-monoenergetic source at TSL102

104

108

106

0 10-7 10-3 10-5

10-1 101 103

TSL Uppsala – Blue hallTSL Uppsala – Blue hall- Motivation for measurements

- Requirements


- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Experimental setup Experimental setup in the Blue hallin the Blue hall

Neutron spectraNeutron spectra

TSL Uppsala - irradiationsTSL Uppsala - irradiations

- 3 irradiations on the Li target – 25- 3 irradiations on the Li target – 25,, 50 50,, and and 100100 MeV p+ MeV p+- Motivation for measurements

- Requirements


- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

June 2008, supported by June 2008, supported by EFNUDAT programEFNUDAT program

- one irradiation on the ANITA - one irradiation on the ANITA spallation target – 1spallation target – 1880 MeV p+0 MeV p+

Proton beam energy [MeV] 24.68 ± 0.04 49.5 ± 0.2 97.9 ± 0.3

Li-target thickness [mm] 2 4 8.5

Proton beam current [A] 10 10 5

Average energy of peak neutrons [MeV] 21.8 46.5 94.7

Fraction of neutrons in the peak [%] 50 39 41

Peak neutron flux density [105 cm-2 s-1] 1.3 2.9 4.6

TSL Uppsala TSL Uppsala – spectroscopic measurements– spectroscopic measurements

- 8 hours 8 hours each irradiationeach irradiation

- one day of spectroscopic measurementsone day of spectroscopic measurements after each irradiation after each irradiation

Au, Al, Bi, In, Ta, I samplesAu, Al, Bi, In, Ta, I samples

Present status:Present status:

Finished yields evaluation, waiting Finished yields evaluation, waiting forfor the beam data... the beam data...to be to be completecompletedd soonsoon


- Requirements


- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Cyclotron ŘežCyclotron Řež

- Protons on Li targetProtons on Li target

- Neutrons with energies 10-37 MeVNeutrons with energies 10-37 MeV

- Good intensities: 10Good intensities: 1088 n cm n cm-2 -2 ss-1-1

- Well equipped spectroscopic Well equipped spectroscopic laboratory (NSD-NPI)laboratory (NSD-NPI)


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež • Introduction • Experiments • Preliminary results

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

BeamBeam-line-line

Li-targetLi-target

GraphiteGraphite stopper stopper

SamplesSamples

Cyclotron Řež – experimentsCyclotron Řež – experiments

- Up to now 2 experiments: 20 and 25 MeVUp to now 2 experiments: 20 and 25 MeV

- Au, Al, Bi, In, Ta, I, Ni, Fe, Mg, ZnAu, Al, Bi, In, Ta, I, Ni, Fe, Mg, Zn

- next irradiationnext irradiationss plan plannned on October 2008ed on October 2008

0E+00

4E+14

8E+14

1E+15

2E+15

0 10 20 30 40Neutron energy [MeV]

20 MeV25 MeV30 MeV35 MeV40 MeV

.1014

.1014

0

n [

1/s

r M

eV

C]

.1015

.1015


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala


- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1

1.25

1.5

20 25 30 35 40Energy [MeV]

Cro

ss-s

ecti

on

[b

arn

]

EXFOR dataOur value - Řež

Cyclotron Řež – experimental resultsCyclotron Řež – experimental results

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 10 20 30 40Energy [MeV]

Cro

ss-s

ecti

on

[b

arn

]EXFOR dataOur value - ŘežTentative data!Tentative data!

Evaluation not yet Evaluation not yet ready…ready…

An

yield

NN

ASN

Number of Number of neutrons in peakneutrons in peak

196196AuAu

194194AuAu- Motivation for measurements

- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala


- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Conclusion – cross-sectionsConclusion – cross-sections

– Uppsala and Řež cross-section measurements Uppsala and Řež cross-section measurements covered wide spectrum of energies (20-100 MeV)covered wide spectrum of energies (20-100 MeV)

– Preliminary results show we are close to known Preliminary results show we are close to known cross-section valuescross-section values

– Near future – finalize experiment analysisNear future – finalize experiment analysis – – next experiments at Řež next experiments at Řež

– Farther future – next experiments at UppsalaFarther future – next experiments at Uppsala – – application of the results application of the results

on the E+T on the E+T experiments experiments – – publish the measured publish the measured

cross-sections cross-sections with respect to be with respect to be involved in the involved in the EXFOR EXFOR library if possiblelibrary if possible


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Energy plus Transmutation - setupEnergy plus Transmutation - setup

Povray code – Povray code – renders pictures from renders pictures from

input files input files


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+ • Setup - videos • Longitudinal results • Radial results • Spectral index • d x p – longitud • d x p - radial

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

1,E-7

1,E-6

1,E-5

1,E-4

1,E-3

1,E-2

-5 5 15 25 35 45Position along the target [cm]

Yie

ld [

1/g

*de

ute

ron

]

116mIn 115mIn 113mIn110In 109In 111In

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

1E-7

1E-6

1E-5

1E-4


Yie

ld [

1/g

*de

ute

ron

]

206Bi 205Bi 204Bi 203Bi 202Bi

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

Longitudinal distributions of isotopes – at 3 cmLongitudinal distributions of isotopes – at 3 cm

• produced in Au, Al, Bi and In foils,produced in Au, Al, Bi and In foils, 1.6 GeV deuterons 1.6 GeV deuterons

1E-7

1E-6

1E-5

1E-4

1E-3

1E-2


Yie

ld [

1/g

*deu

tero

n]

198Au 196Au 194Au 192Au 24Na

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

0+00

0+00

0+00

0+00

0+00


Yie

ld [1

/g*d

eute

ron]

90mY 87Y 86Y 85Y

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-8


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion


- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

1,E-07

1,E-06

1,E-05

1,E-04

1,E-03

1,E-02

2 4 6 8 10 12Radial distance from the target axis [cm]

Yie

ld [

1/g

*deu

tero

n]

116mIn 115mIn 113mIn110In 109In 111In

10-7

10-6

10-2

10-3

10-4

10-5

1E-7

1E-6

1E-5

1E-4


Yie

ld [

1/g

*deu

tero

n]

206Bi 205Bi 204Bi 203Bi 202Bi

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

1E-7

1E-6

1E-5

1E-4

1E-3

1E-2


Yie

ld [

1/g

*deu

tero

n]

198Au 196Au 194Au 192Au 24Na

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

Radial distributions of isotopes – 1st gapRadial distributions of isotopes – 1st gap• produced in Au, Al, Bi and In foils,produced in Au, Al, Bi and In foils, 1.6 GeV deuterons 1.6 GeV deuterons

0+00

0+00

0+00

0+00


Yie

ld [

1/g

*deu

tero

n]

90mY 87Y 86Y 85Y

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion


- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

012

24 36 4810,7 cm

8,5 cm6 cm

3 cm0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

Spectral indexSpectral index - - 192192Au/Au/196196AuAu

Sp

ectr

al i

nd

ex 19

2A

u/19

6A

u

BeamBeam


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion


- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Comparison between experiments - longitudinalComparison between experiments - longitudinal

198Au196Au

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4


Yie

ld [

- ]

2.52 GeV d 1.6 GeV d 0.7 Ge p

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4


Yie

ld [

- ]

2.52 GeV d 1.6 GeV d 0.7 GeV p

Yields normalized to the second foilin each experiment


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion


- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Experiment 198Au yield x104

0.7 GeV p 0.7 ± 0.5

1.6 GeV d 3.3 ± 0.7

2.52 GeV d 3.8 ± 0.3

Comparison between experiments - radialComparison between experiments - radial

198Au

196Au

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4


Yie

ld [

- ]


0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4


Yie

ld [

- ]


Yields normalized to the first foil in each experiment


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion


- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Simulations – MCNPX 2.6.Simulations – MCNPX 2.6.EE

- different INC+evaporation models - different INC+evaporation models availableavailable- only INCL4+ABLA can simulate - only INCL4+ABLA can simulate deuterons deuterons

with E > 2 GeVwith E > 2 GeV


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons • MCNPX 2.6.E

• longitudinal

• radial

- Data share

- E+T conclusion 0

10

20

30

40

0 1000 2000 3000

Beam energy [MeV]

Nu

mb

er o

f n

eutr

on

s p

er

pro

ject

ile a

nd

GeV

proton beam (B+D)

deuteron beam (B+D)

deuteron beam (L+A)

proton beam (L+A)

But INCL4+ABLA needs 10x more timeBut INCL4+ABLA needs 10x more time=> solved thanks CESNET => solved thanks CESNET

METAcentrumMETAcentrum

0,0

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

2,0


Rat

io e

xp/s

im [

- ]

196Au 194Au 192Au 193Au

0,0

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

2,0


Rat

io e

xp/s

im [

- ]

196Au 194Au 193Au 192Au

Exp versus Sim – longitudinalExp versus Sim – longitudinal

- 3 cm - 3 cm over the over the target axis target axis

- 10.7 cm 10.7 cm over the over the target axis target axis


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &


• longitudinal

• radial

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

0,0

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

2,0


Rat

io e

xp/s

im [

- ]

196Au 194Au 193Au 192Au

0,0

0,4

0,8

1,2

1,6

2,0


Rat

io e

xp/s

im [

- ]

196Au 194Au 193Au 192Au

Exp versus Sim - radialExp versus Sim - radial

- first gap

- behind the target


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &


• longitudinal • radial

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Data shareData share

- Exact setup description in - Exact setup description in the codesthe codes- MCNPX, FLUKA, TALYS- MCNPX, FLUKA, TALYS- Huge computing power - - Huge computing power - CESNETCESNET

We can We can simulate simulate various various problemsproblems

We offer help and space for collecting We offer help and space for collecting your E+T results, perform calculations your E+T results, perform calculations and make comparisons within the and make comparisons within the collaboration!!collaboration!!


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

http://ojs.ujf.cas.cz/~mitja/jinr/experimentshttp://ojs.ujf.cas.cz/~mitja/jinr/experiments

Energy plus Transmutation - conclusionEnergy plus Transmutation - conclusion

– Analysis of previous E+T experiments finished, Analysis of previous E+T experiments finished, simulations performedsimulations performed

– Published JINR preprints: E15-2007-81 Published JINR preprints: E15-2007-81 – 1 GeV p– 1 GeV p E15-2007-82 E15-2007-82 – MC – MC

ssimulationsimulations E1-2005-46 E1-2005-46 – 1.5 GeV p – 1.5 GeV p

– Preprints 0.7 & 2 GeV p, 2.52 & 1.6 GeV d will followPreprints 0.7 & 2 GeV p, 2.52 & 1.6 GeV d will follow

– In October – defense of Antonín Krása PhD. thesisIn October – defense of Antonín Krása PhD. thesis

– Future plans: Future plans: • Next E+T experiments – this November?Next E+T experiments – this November?• Further cross-section measurementsFurther cross-section measurements• Application of measured cross-section data to E+T dataApplication of measured cross-section data to E+T data

Thank you for your attention..


- Requirements

- TSL Uppsala

- Cyclotron Řež

- conclusion

- E+T:1.6 GeV d+

- Simulations &

comparisons

- Data share

- E+T conclusion

Documents

Ondřej Svoboda