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One World Trade Center

One World Trade Center

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the supertall skyscraper in New York City. For the building complex destroyed in

the September 11 attacks, see World Trade Center.

One World Trade Center (1 World Trade Center, 1

WTC, or Freedom Tower) is the primary building of

the new World Trade Center complex in Lower

Manhattan, New York City, New York. The 104-storysupertall skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of

the 16 acres (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site,

occupying the location of what used to be the original

6 World Trade Center. The building is bordered to the

west by West Street, to the north by Vesey Street, to

the south by Fulton Street, and to the east by

Washington Street. Construction on below-ground utility

relocations, footings, and foundations for the buildingbegan on April 27, 2006.[9] The tower's steel structure

topped out on August 30, 2012.[3][10]

On May 10, 2013, the final component of the antenna

was installed atop the skyscraper, making One World

Trade Center tentatively the tallest building in the

Western Hemisphere and the third-tallest building in the

Coordinates: 404246.8N 74048.6W

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Appearance as of June 1, 2013

Alternative name s 1 WTC

pre-2009 "Freedom Tower"

Gener al information

Status Topped out, full tow er

structure completed. Interior

furnishing and exterior under

construction. Antennacompleted

Type Office, observation,

communication

Architectural style Contemporary modern

Location New York City, New York,

USA

Coordinates 404246.8N 74048.6W

world by pinnacle height, with its antenna reaching a

symbolic 1,776 feet (541 m) in reference to the year of

the United States Declaration of Independence.[11][12][13]

It has been the tallest building in New York City since

April 30, 2012, when its height surpassed the Empire

State Building.[14][15] On March 30, 2009, the Port

Authority of New York and New Jersey confirmed that

the building will be known by its legal name, One World

Trade Center, rather than the colloquial name, Freedom

Tower. The new World Trade Center complex will also

feature three other high-rise office buildings, located

along Greenwich Street, and the National September 11

Memorial & Museum, located just south of One World

Trade Center, where the Twin Towers once stood. The

construction is part of an effort to memorialize and

rebuild following the destruction of the original World

Trade Center complex during the terrorist attacks of

September 11, 2001.

Contents [hide]

1 His tory

1.1 Construction history

1.2 Estimated cost and funding

2 Architecture and des ign

2.1 Layout

2.2 Sustainability

2.3 Safety and security

2.4 Design evolution

2.5 Height

3 Owners and tenants

Dansk

Deutsch

Espaol

Esperanto

Euskara

Franais

Frysk

Bahasa Indonesia

Italiano

LietuviMagyar

Bahasa Melayu

Nederlands

Norsk bokml

Occitan

Ozbekcha

Polski

Portugus

Romn

Simple English

Slovenina
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Construction s tarted April 27, 2006[1]

Opening 2014 [2][3]

Cost $3.9 billion (May 2013

estimate)[4]

Height

Architectural 1,776 ft (541.3 m)[2][5]

Tip 1,792 ft (546.2 m)[2]

Roof 1,368 ft (417.0 m)

Top floor 1,268 ft (386.5 m)[2]

Observatory 1,254 ft (382.2 m)[2]

Technical details

Floor count 104 (+5 basement f loors)[2][6]

Floor area 3,501,274 sq ft

(325,279 m2)[2]

Lifts/elevators 73[2]

Design and construction

Architect David Childs (Skidmore,

Owings & Merrill)[7]

Developer Port Authority of New York

and New Jersey[2]

Structural engineer WSP Cantor SeinukMain contractor Tishman Construction

References

[2][8]

Planned rebuilding of the

World Trade Center

3.1 Government tenants

3.2 Vantone China Center

3.3 Cond Nast

3.4 Proposed tenants

4 Key figures

4.1 Larry Silverstein

4.2 David Childs

4.3 Daniel Libeskind

4.4 Daniel Tishman

4.5 Douglas and Jody Durst

4.6 Port Authority construction workers

5 America's Response Monument

6 See also

7 References

8 External l inks

History [edit]

Following the destruction of the original World Trade

Center on September 11, 2001, there was much debate

regarding the future of the World Trade Center site.

Proposals began almost immediately, and by 2003, the

Lower Manhattan Development Corporation organized a

competition to determine how to use the site. Public

rejection of the first round of designs, the "Preliminary

Design Concepts," led to a second, more open

competition in December 2002, in which a design by

Daniel Libeskind was selected. This went through many

revisions,[16] largely because of disagreements with

developer Larry Silverstein, who held the lease to the

Slovenina

Suomi

Svenska

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Ting Vit

Winaray

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Towers

One World Trade Center (Tower 1)

2 World Trade Center (Tower 2)

Three World Trade Center (Tower 3)

4 World Trade Center (Tower 4)

Five World Trade Center (Tower 5)

Seven World Trade Center (Tower 7)

Memorial and museum

National September 11 Memorial & Museum

Transit

Transportation Hub

World Trade Center site on September 11, 2001.

Criticism was leveled at the limited number of floors that

were designated for office space and other amenities in

an early plan. Only 82 floors would have been habitable,

and the overall office space of the entire rebuilt World

Trade Center would have been reduced by more than

3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m

2

) in comparison withthe original complex. The floor limit was imposed by

Silverstein, who expressed concern that higher floors

would be a liability in the event of a future terrorist attack

or other incident. Much of the building's height would

have consisted of a large, open-air steel lattice structure

above the roof of the tower, containing wind turbines and "sky gardens". In a subsequent design, the

highest space that could be occupied became comparable to the original World Trade Center, and the

open-air lattice was removed from the plans.[5]

In 2002, former New York GovernorGeorge Pataki facedaccusations of cronyism for supposedly using his influence to get the winning architect's bid picked as a

personal favor for his friend and campaign contributor, Ron Lauder. [17]

A final design for the "Freedom Tower" was formally unveiled on June 28, 2005. To satisfy security issues

raised by the New York City Police Department, a 187-foot (57 m) concrete base was added in April of that

year. The design originally included plans to clad the base in glass prisms to address criticism that it

looked uninviting and resembled a "concrete bunker". However, this later proved unworkable, as preliminary

testing revealed that the prismatic glass easily shattered into large and dangerous shards. As a result, it

was replaced by a simpler facade consisting of stainless steel panels and blast-resistant glass. [18]

Contrasting with Libeskind's original plan, the tower's final design tapers octagonally as it rises. Its

designers stated that the tower would be a "monolithic glass structure reflecting the sky and topped by a

sculpted antenna." Larry Silverstein commented in 2006 on a planned completion date: "By 2012 we should

have a completely rebuilt World Trade Center, more magnificent, more spectacular than it ever was." [19] On

April 26, 2006, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a conceptual framework that

enabled foundation construction to begin, and a formal agreement was drafted on the following day, the 75th
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anniversary of the 1931 opening of the Empire State Building. The tower's construction began in May with a

formal ceremony that took place when the first construction team arrived.[20] The building's topping out

occurred on August 31, 2012, and was completed on May 2, 2013. [18]

In 2009, the Port Authority changed the official title of the building from "Freedom Tower" to "One World

Trade Center," stating that this name was the "easiest for people to identify with." [21][22] In May 2011,

detailed floor plans of the tower were displayed on New York City's Department of Finance website,

resulting in an uproar from the media and citizens of the surrounding area, who warned that the plans could

potentially be used for a future terrorist attack.[23] In April 2012, with the tower's structure nearing

completion, the owners of 1 WTC began a public marketing campaign for the building, seeking to draw in

visitors and additional tenants.[24] The spire of the building was completed on May 10, 2013, and work is

commencing on the permanent base for the spire as well as the interior of the structure.

Construction history [edit]

Main article: Construction of One World Trade Center

The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center waslaid in a ceremony on July 4, 2004, [25] but further

construction work was stalled until 2006 due to

acrimonious disputes over money, security and design. The

last major issues were resolved on April 26, 2006, when a

deal was struck between developer Larry Silverstein and the

Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. For two

months during the summer of 2006, explosives were

detonated at the World Trade Center construct ion site,

testing the use of charges to clear bedrock for the building's

foundations. On November 18, 2006, 400 cubic yards (310

cubic meters) of concrete were poured onto the

foundations, carried by as many as 40 trucks. On

December 17, 2006, a ceremony was held in Battery Park

City, with members of the public invited to sign a 30-foot
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Preliminary site plans for the World Trade

Center's reconstruction.

1 WTC under construction, as seen from a

(9.1 m) steel beam.[26] This beam, the first to be installed,

was welded onto the building's base on December 19,

2006.[27] Afterwards, construction of the foundation and

further steel installation commenced, and by the end of

2007, the tower's footings and foundations were nearly

complete.[28]

In January 2008, two construction cranes were moved onto the construction site. The tower's concrete corebegan rising in the first months of 2008,[28] and had reached street level by May 17. Construction of the

base continued through 2009 and was completed by January 2010. That same month, construction of the

office floors began, then afterwards the installation of the first glass windows. In May 2010, the Port

Authority stated that they were building nearly one floor of the tower per week, and it was projected that 1

WTC would reach 55 stories by the end of 2010.[29] An advanced "cocoon" scaffolding system was installed

to protect workers from falling, marking the first time that such a safety system had been installed on a

steel structure in the city.[30]

On December 16, 2010, the Port Authority announced thatthe tower's construction had reached the 52nd floor, rising

to over 600 feet (180 m) and marking the halfway point for

the tower's steel frame.[31][32] By September 11, 2011, ten

years after the destruction of the original World Trade

Center, the tower's steel had reached the 82nd floor, while

its concrete flooring had reached the 72nd floor, and glass

cladding had reached the 56th floor.[33]
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helicopter on April 30, 2012.

The tow er during the pow er outages

caused by Hurricane Sandy.

construction, the

tower was

specially illuminated on several occasions.[6] On the weekend of

July 4, 2011, it was lit up in the colors of the American flag to

commemorate Independence Day, and it was lit up in the same

colors on September 10 to mark the 10th anniversary of the

September 11 terrorist attacks.[34]

On October 27, it wasilluminated in pink in honor of Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

On December 11, the Port Authority illuminated the tower in

multicolored lights to celebrate the holiday season. On February

24, 2012, the building was lit up in red in honor of Archbishop of

New YorkTimothy Dolan, who became a cardinal on February 18. On June 14, 2012, it was illuminated in

red, white, and blue to honor Flag Day. In August, it was illuminated in red in honor of the Armed Forces.

On September 8, 2012, it was again illuminated in red, white, and blue to honor the 11th anniversary of the

September 11 attacks.

On January 31, 2012, the Port Authority stated that the tower's loading dock would not be finished in time

to move equipment into the completed building, and that five temporary loading bays would be added

instead, at a cost of millions. The temporary Trans Hudson station will not be removed until its replacement

is completed, preventing access to the planned loading area.[35] By March 2012, One World Trade Center's

steel had reached the 93rd floor,[3] and on March 30, the 100th floor was reached at a height of 1,240 feet

(380 m).[36] Though this floor was numbered as floor 100, it was in fact the 94th floor constructed the

intervening space was occupied by the high-ceilinged mechanical floors 91. [36] The incomplete tower

became New York City's tallest building by roof height, superseding the 1,250-foot (380 m) roof height of the

Empire State Building, on April 30, 2012. [14] However, the Empire State Building's total spire height of 1,454

feet (443 m) remained unsurpassed until March or April 2013.

On June 2, 2012, a fire broke out on the 89th floor of the tower, but was extinguished by New York City

firefighters before causing any injuries or serious structural damage. However, firefighting efforts were

delayed because the tower's emergency standpipes were found to be dry. [37] On June 14, 2012, President

Barack Obama visited the construction site and signed a steel beam that would be hoisted to the top of the
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tower. Obama wrote, "We remember, we rebuild, we come back stronger!"[38]

In August 2012, One World Trade Center's steel officially topped out at the nominal 105th floor, at a total

height of 1,368 feet (417 m). As of May 18, 2013, the tower's concrete construction is largely complete, and

its glass panels are now being installed above the 102th floor. [3] Construction of the observation deck and

installation of the podium's lower glass curtain wall continues. Roof and parapet steel are being finalized.

The tower's antenna was shipped to New York in November 2012;[39] the first antenna section was hoisted

to the top of the tower on December 12, 2012,[40]

and installed on January 15, 2013.[41]

By March 2013,two sections of the antenna had been installed. The spire was expected to be completed on April 29, 2013,

but weather delayed the delivery of the final pieces.[42] On May 10, the final piece of the antenna was lifted

to the top of One World Trade Center making it 1,776 feet (541 m). tall, the year the United States

Declaration of Independence was signed, and becoming the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere and

the third tallest in the world. [43] The tower will officially open when the installation of podium glass and

interior construction are completed in late 2013 or early 2014.

Estimated cost and funding [edit]A February 2007 estimate put the initial construction cost of One World Trade Center at about US$3 billion,

or $1,150 per square foot ($12,380 per square meter). [44] However, by January 2012 the tower's estimated

cost had risen to $3.8 billion, making it the most expensive single building in the world at the time. [4][45] The

tower's construction was partly funded with approximately $1 billion of insurance money recouped by

Silverstein in connection with the September 11 attacks. [44] The State of New York provided $250 million

toward construction costs, and the Port Authority agreed to finance a further $1 billion through the sale of

bonds.[46] A series of bridge and tunnel toll hikes were also implemented by the Port Authority to raise

funds, with a 56 percent toll increase scheduled between 2011 and 2015; however, the proceeds of these

toll hikes were not ultimately used to pay for the tower's construction. [4][47]

Architecture and design [edit]

Many of Daniel Libeskind's concepts from the 2002 competition were later discarded from the tower's

design. One World Trade Center's final design consisted of simple symmetries and a more traditional
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profile, intended to bear comparison with selected elements of the contemporary New York skyline. The

tower's central spire draws from precedents such as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building,

and is also visually reminiscent of the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, rather than being an

off-center spire intended to echo the Statue of Liberty.

The building's footprint is a 200-foot (61 m) square with an area of 40,000 square feet (3,700 m 2), nearly

identical to the footprints of the original Twin Towers. The tower rises from a 185-foot (56 m) windowless

concrete base, designed to protect it against truck bombs and other ground-level terror threats.[48]

Originally, the base was intended to be clad in decorative prismatic glass, but a simpler glass-and-steel

faade was adopted when this proved unworkable. [18] The current base cladding design consists of angled

glass fins protruding from stainless steel panels, similar to those on 7 World Trade Center. LED lights

behind the panels will illuminate the base at night.[49] Cable-net glass faades on all four sides of the

building for the higher floors, designed by Schlaich Bergermann, will be consistent with the other buildings

in the complex. They measure 60 feet (18 m) high and range in width from 30 feet (9.1 m) on the east and

west sides (for access to the observation deck) to 50 feet (15 m) on the north side, and 70 feet (21 m) on

the south for primary tenant access.[8]

The curtain wall was manufactured and assembled in Portland,Oregon, by Benson Industries, using glass made in Minnesota by Viracon.[50]

From the 20th floor upwards, the square edges of the tower's cubic base are chamfered back, transforming

the building's shape into eight tall isosceles triangles, or an elongated square antiprism.[51] Near its middle,

the tower forms a perfect octagon in-plan, and then culminates in a glass parapet whose shape is a square

oriented 45 degrees from the base. A 408-foot (124 m) sculpted mast containing the broadcasting

antenna designed in a collaboration between SOM, artist Kenneth Snelson (who invented the tensegrity

structure), lighting designers and engineers is secured by a system of cables, and rises from a circular

support ring which will contain additional broadcasting and maintenance equipment. At night, an intensebeam of light will be projected above the spire, being visible over 1,000 feet (300 m) into the air above the

tower.[52]

David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the architect of One World Trade Center, said the following

regarding the tower's design:[53]

We really wanted our design to be grounded in something that was very real, not just in
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sculptural sketches. We explored the infrastructural challenges because the proper

solution would have to be compelling, not just beautiful. The design does have great

sculptural implications, and we fully understand the iconic importance of the tower, but it

also has to be a highly efficient building. The discourse about Freedom Tower has often

been limited to the symbolic, formal and aesthetic aspects but we recognize that if this

building doesn't function well, if people don't want to work and visit there, then we will have

failed as architects.

Layout [edit]

One World Trade Center's top floor will be designated as 105. [2] The building will have 86 usable above-

ground floors, of which 78 will be assigned as office space (approximately 2,600,000 square feet or 240,000

square meters).[54][55][56] The base will occupy floors 119, including a 65-ft-high (20 m) public lobby. The

office stories will begin at floor 20, and run through floor 63. There will be a sky lobby on floor 64, and then

office floors will resume between floors 6590. Meanwhile, floors 9199 and 103104 will be designated as

mechanical space.[8] The design also includes a three-story observation deck located on floors 100102, as

well as broadcast and antenna facilities, all supported by both above- and below-ground mechanical

infrastructure for the building and its adjacent public spaces. Below-ground tenant parking and storage,

shopping, and access to the PATH and subway trains and the World Financial Center are also provided.

There will be approximately 55,000 square feet (5,100 m2) of below-ground retail space. A plan to build a

restaurant near the top of the tower, similar to the original World Trade Center's Windows on the World, was

abandoned as logistically impractical. The window-washing tracks are located on a 16-square-foot area

which will be denoted as floor 110, in a symbolic reference to the 110 stories of the original Twin Towers.[57]

Sustainability [edit]

Like the other buildings of the rebuilt World Trade center complex, One World Trade Center includes a

number of sustainable architecture features. Much of the building's structure is made from post-industrial

recycled materials, and about 80 percent of its waste products are also being recycled. [58] Although the

roof area of any tower is comparatively limited, the building will implement a rainwater collection and

recycling scheme for its cooling systems. The building's PureCellphosphoric acid fuel cells will generate

4.8 million watts of power, and waste steam will also help generate electricity. [59] The New York Power
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Authority selected UTC Power to provide the tower's fuel cell system, which will rank as one of the largest

installations of fuel cells in the world once complete.[60] The tower will also make use of off-site

hydroelectric andwind power.[61] The windows are made of an ultra-clear glass which allows maximum

daylight to pass through, while interior lighting is equipped with dimmers that automatically lower the lights

on sunny days, thereby reducing energy costs.[52] Like all of the new facilities at the World Trade Center

site, One World Trade Center will be heated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities located on-

site.[62]

One World Trade Center is expected to receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

Gold Certification, making it one of the most environmentally sustainable buildings of its size in the

world.[63]

Safety and security [edit]

Along with the protection offered by the reinforced concrete base, a number of other safety features were

included in the building's design, in order to better prepare it for a major accident or terrorist attack. These

features include 3-foot (91 cm) thick reinforced concrete walls for all s tairwells, elevator shafts, risers, andsprinkler systems; extra-wide, pressurized stairwells; a dedicated set of stairwells exclusively for the use of

firefighters; and biological and chemical filters throughout its ventilation system. The building is no longer 25

feet (8 m) away from West Street, as the Twin Towers were; at its closest point, West Street is 65 feet

(20 m) away. The windows on the side of the building facing in this direction are equipped with specially

tempered blast-resistant plastic, which looks nearly the same as the glass used in the other sides of the

building.[52] The Port Authority has stated: "Its structure is designed around a strong, redundant steel

moment frame consisting of beams and columns connected by a combination of welding and bolting. Paired

with a concrete-core shear wall, the moment frame lends substantial rigidity and redundancy to the overallbuilding structure while providing column-free interior spans for maximum flexibility."[63]

In addition to optimal safety design, new security measures will also be implemented. All vehicles will be

screened before they enter the site via the underground roadway, including for radioactive materials. Visitors

to the National September 11 Memorial currently undergo airport-style screening as part of the "Interim

Operating Period", which is expected to end on December 31, 2013. [64] 400 closed-circuit surveillance

cameras will be placed in and around the site, with live camera feeds being monitored around the clock by
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Rendering of the tow er and complex

w hen complete.

& Merrill, strongly criticized the move. David Childs, the lead

designer, stated: "Eliminating this integral part of the building's

design and leaving an exposed antenna and equipment is

unfortunate...We stand ready to work with the Port on an

alternate design."[70] After coming onto the project in 2010, the

Durst Organization had proposed eliminating the radome to save

costs, but was rejected by the Port Authority's previous

executive director, Chris Ward.[70] His September 2011replacement, Patrick Foye,[71] later changed the Port Authority's

position. The decision is final, as stated by Douglas Durst: "(the antenna) is going to be mounted on the

building over the summer. There's no way to do anything at this point." [70]

The plaza to the west of the building facing the Hudson River, which is at an elevation to Vesey Street

to the north and West Street to the west, was planned to have stainless steel steps reaching down to

the streets. Instead it will be a terrace, set apart by a blocklong landscaped planter. Durst also removed

a skylight set into the plaza which was designed to allow natural light into the observation deck lobby

below ground.[68]

The Port Authority formally approved all these revisions. Patrick Foye, the executive director of the Port

Authority, stated: "I think they've been few and minor."[68] Douglas Durst said: "We didn't make the

changes to save money... The changes were made in order to construct the building."[68] The contract

negotiated between the Port Authority and the Durst Organization specifies that the Durst Organization

receive a $15 million fee and a percentage of "base building changes that result in net economic benefit to

the project." The specifics of the signed contract give Durst 75 percent of savings up to $24 million, and

further returns stepping down thereafter (to 50 percent, 25 percent and 15 percent as the savingsincrease). [68]

Height [edit]

The roof of the top floor of One World Trade Center is 1,368 feet

(417 m) tall, including a 33 ft 4 in (10.16 m) parapet; this is

identical to the roof height of the North Tower of the original

[72]
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Height comparison of major skyscrapers

in New York City, w ith One World Trade

Center show n at far left.

World Trade Center.[72] The building's antenna/spire complex

brings One World Trade Center to a pinnacle height of 1,776 feet

(541 m),[2][73] a figure symbolic of the 1776 United States

Declaration of Independence.[74] If the antenna is included in the

building's official height, as defined by the Council on Tall

Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), One World Trade Center

surpasses the 1,671-foot (509 m) height of Taipei 101 and is the

world's tallest all-office building, and the third-tallest skyscraperin the world, behind the Burj Khalifa and the Abraj Al Bait.

One World Trade Center is the second-tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere, as its

pinnacle height is exceeded by that of the CN Tower in Toronto by approximately 12 m (39.4 ft). The

Chicago Spire, with a planned height of 2,000 feet (610 m), was expected to exceed the height of One

World Trade Center, but its construction was canceled in 2009 due to financial difficulties.[75]

After the changes in the design of One World Trade Center's spire were revealed in May 2012, questions

have been raised as to whether the 408-foot (124 m) structure will still qualify as a spire and thus beincluded in the building's official architectural height.[76][77] As the building's spire is not enclosed in a

radome as originally planned, it may instead be classified as a simple antenna which, according to the

CTBUH, is not included in a building's official height.[77] Without the inclusion of the antenna mast, One

World Trade Center's official height would be its roof height of 1,368 feet (417 m), making it the third-tallest

building in the United States, behind the Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel & Tower, both located

in Chicago.[78][79] Additionally, while the building is the tallest in New York City now either way, without the

antenna it would be surpassed in 2015 by the under-construction 432 Park Avenue, which is expected to

rise to a height of 1,398 feet (426 m).[80][81] One World Trade Center's developers have disputed the claim

that the spire should be reclassified as an antenna following the redesign, [82] with Port Authority

spokesman Steve Coleman reiterating that "One World Trade Center will be the tallest building in the

Western Hemisphere."[76] The CTBUH announced that it would wait to make its final decision as to whether

or not the redesigned spire would count towards the building's official height. [76]

Owners and tenants [edit]
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One World Trade Center is owned principally by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Around

5 percent equity of the building was sold to the Durst Organization, a private real estate company, in

exchange for an investment of at least US$100 million. The Durst Organization assisted in supervising the

building's construction, and manages the building for the Port Authority, having responsibility for leasing,

property management and tenant installations.[83][84] By September 2012, around 55 percent of the

building's floor space had been leased.[85]

Government tenants [edit]

In 2006, the State of New York agreed to a 15-year lease of 415,000 square feet (38,600 m 2) of space

inside 1 WTC, with an option to extend the term of the lease and occupy up to 1,000,000 square feet

(90,000 m2).[86] The General Services Administration (GSA) initially agreed to lease approximately 645,000

square feet (59,900 m2) of space,[62][86] and New York State's Office of General Services (OGS) planned to

lease approximately 412,000 square feet (38,300 m2) of space. However, in July 2011, the GSA ceded

most of its leased floor space to the Port Authority, and the OGS withdrew from the lease agreement. [87] In

April 2008, the Port Authority announced that it was seeking a bidder to operate an 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m2)

observation deck on the tower's 102nd floor. [88]

Vantone China Center [edit]

The building's first lease was announced on March 28, 2009, as a joint project between the Port Authority

and Beijing-based Vantone Industrial Co. A 190,810 sq ft (17,727 m2) "China Center", combining business

and cultural facilities, is to be located between floors 64 and 69, to represent Chinese business and cultural

links to the United States, and to serve American companies that wish to conduct business in China. [85]

Vantone Industrial's lease is for 20 years and 9 months.[89] In April 2011, a new interior design for the ChinaCenter was unveiled, featuring a vertical "Folding Garden" based on an initial proposal by the Chinese artist

Zhou Wei.[90]

Cond Nast [edit]

On August 3, 2010, Cond Nast Publications signed a tentative agreement to move the headquarters and

offices of its magazines into One World Trade Center, occupying up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2) of

fl [91] O M 17 2011 C d N t h d t ith th P t A th it i 25
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floor space.[91] On May 17, 2011, Cond Nast reached an agreement with the Port Authority, securing a 25-

year lease with an estimated value of $2 billion. [92] On May 25, 2011, Cond Nast finalized the lease

agreement, leasing 1,008,012 square feet (93,647.4 m2) of office space on floors 2041 of the tower. The

lease also covers 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) of usable space in the podium and below grade floors, for

mail, messenger services, and storage use. On January 17, 2012, it was reported that Cond Nast would

be leasing an additional 133,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of space, occupying floors 4244 of the tower.[93]

Proposed tenants [edit]On January 27, 2012, it was announced that Chadbourne & Parke, a Midtown Manhattan law firm, would be

signing a lease to around 300,000 square feet (30,000 m2) of space in One World Trade Center.[94]

However, negotiations broke down and the deal failed abruptly in March 2012. [95]

Key figures [edit]

Larry Silverstein [edit]Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties, the leaseholder and developer of the complex, retains control of

the surrounding buildings, while the Port Authority has full control of the tower itself. Silverstein signed a 99-

year lease for the World Trade Center site in July 2001, and remains actively involved in most aspects of the

site's redevelopment process.[96]

David Childs [edit]

David Childs, one of Silverstein's favorite architects, joined the project

at the urging of Silverstein and developed a proposal for 1 WTC,initially in collaboration with Daniel Libeskind. The tower's design was

revised by Childs in May 2005 to address security concerns. He is the

project architect of the tower, and is responsible for overseeing its day-

to-day design development from inception to completion.[97]

Daniel Libeskind [edit]

Architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop
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Daniel Libeskind w on the 2002

competition to develop a master plan

for the World Trade Center'sredevelopment.

Architect Daniel Libeskind won the invitational competition to develop

a plan for the World Trade Center's redevelopment in 2002. He

included an initial proposal, "Memory Foundations", for the design of 1

WTC, a building with aerial gardens and windmills with an off-center

spire. Libeskind later denied a request to place the tower in a more

rentable location next to the PATH station and instead placed it a

block west, because in profile it would line up with, and resemble, the

Statue of Liberty.[98] Most of Libeskind's designs were later scrapped,and other architects were chosen to construct the other WTC

buildings. [99] Nonetheless, one element of Libeskind's initial plan was

reflected in the final design the tower's symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m). [100]

Daniel Tishman [edit]

Daniel R. Tishman along with his father John Tishman, builder of the original World Trade Center led the

construction management effort for Tishman Realty & Construction, the selected builder for 1 WTC.[101][102]

Douglas and Jody Durst [edit]

Douglas and Jody Durst, the co-presidents of the Durst Organization, a real estate development company,

won the right to invest at least $100 million in the project on July 7, 2010. The Durst Organisation is a

family-owned company that specializes in the development, managing, leasing, and operation of

sustainable commercial construction space.[103][104][105] Cond Nast, a long-time Durst tenant, also

confirmed a tentative deal to move into 1 World Trade Center in August 2010, [104][105][106] and finalized the

deal on May 26, 2011.[107]

Port Authority construction workers [edit]

A WoodSearch Films short-subject documentary was uploaded to YouTube on August 31, 2010, entitled

How does it feel to work on One World Trade Center?. Nearly all of the construction workers interviewed

praised the unity and work ethic of the new World Trade Center's construction team. Others spoke of the

importance they believed the construction of the tower had to the people of the United States. A deputy

foreman George Collins said "All the men are working in conjunction to put this building up They all know
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New York City portal

Architecture portal

foreman, George Collins, said, All the men are working in conjunction to put this building up. They all know

how important this is to the country and to show the world what us Americans can do and get this

done, union and proud." Another deputy foreman, Scott Williams, commented, "[The] camaraderie of the

crew is very good."[108]

America's Response Monument [edit]

Main article:America's Response Monument

On October 19, 2012, a life-and-a-half scale bronze monument commemorating U.S. Special Operations

Forces in the first few weeks of the War in Afghanistan was rededicated in front of the building.[109] The

base of the sculpture bears its title, "America's Response Monument", and the Latin subtitle De Oppresso

Liber, which is translated "freedom from oppression" (literally "a man free from having been oppressed"), the

motto of the Green Berets.[110] A piece of steel from the original World Trade Center is embedded in the

base.[111] In an uncommon move, the bronze statue was positioned facing so the soldier atop the horse is

keeping a watchful eye as he looks back over his shoulder at the World Trade Center and its tenants. The

monument is dedicated to the act ions of the servicemen and women of America's special forces whoresponded to the 9/11 attacks, including the personnel who helped remove the Afghan Taliban from power. It

is the first publicly accessible monument to American special forces personnel. [112]

The statue was dedicated by Lieutenant GeneralJohn Mulholland, Deputy Commanding General of U.S.

Army Special Forces Command. Soldiers representing the United States Army Special Operations

Command also attended the dedication ceremony.[113] The land for the monument was donated by a private

Wall Street firm.[114] The statue's entire cost of over $750,000 was paid by hundreds of private citizens. [115]

See also [edit]

Buildings and architecture of New York City

List of tallest buildings in New York City

List of buildings with 100 floors or more

List of tallest buildings in the world

List of tallest freestanding structures in the world

List of tenants in One World Trade Center Lists the tenants of the original 1 WTC or North Tower
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List of tenants in One World Trade Center Lists the tenants of the original 1 WTC, or North Tower,

prior to the September 11 attacks

One World Trade Center in popular culture

Tallest buildings in the United States

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