Organelles of the Cell

Three Sections of the Cell

• All cells take in food, rid waste, reproduce

• 3 main sections

• 1) Plasma membrane• 2) Nucleus• 3) Cytoplasm

cytoplasm

Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material inside of the cell

• Most organelles float within– Nucleus– Ribosomes– Vacuoles– Mitochondria– Chloroplasts– ER– Golgi Body– Lysosomes

Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material inside of the cell

• Most organelles float within– Nucleus– Ribosomes– Vacuoles– Mitochondria– Chloroplasts– ER– Golgi Body– Lysosomes

Department of General Instrumentation (KUN) (E.S. Pierson, B. van der Linden) Cytoplasmic

streaming!

Cytoplasm • Jelly-like material inside of the cell

• Most organelles float within– Nucleus– Ribosomes– Vacuoles– Mitochondria– Chloroplasts– ER– Golgi Body– Lysosomes

• Job: Help dissolve solutes & move materials around

• Aka: Cell Membrane• Composition: Bilayer of lipids & proteins• Job: Allow materials to enter/exit• Semi-Permeable: only specific materials may

enter and exit through pores & protein channels – NOT EVERYTHING can pass through.

lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid

lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid lipid

Protein channel

glucose

glucose

glucose

glucose

lipid

lipid

• Job: Controls cell activity

• Inside:

1) Chromatin• long strands of

DNA• holds info to

make proteins

2) Nucleolus: makes ribosomes

nucleolus

nucleolus

Endoplasmic Reticulumnucleolus

chromatin

nuclear envelope

• Rough ER– Receives ribosomes from the

nucleoulus– Job: Tunnel system that transports

protein making ribosomes

• Rough ER– Receives ribosomes from the

nucleus– Job: Tunnel system that transports

protein making ribosomes

• Smooth ER:– makes fats &

breaks down toxins (no ribosomes)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Created by nucleolus• Transported by the rough ER• Job: make proteins

Ribosomes

ribosome

Amino acid

Amino acid

Amino acid

Amino acid

Amino acid

Amino acid

Amino acid

protein

ribosomeribosomeribosomeribosomeribosomeribosome

Golgi Body

• Job: Modifies, sorts, & packages proteins• Proteins released inside a protective vesicle

1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes2) Ribosome travels through rough ER making proteins

Nucleus

nucleolus

vesicle

protein

ribosome

vesicle

protein

ribosome

protein

protein

1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes2) Ribosome travels through rough ER making proteins3) Golgi Body sorts & packages the protein4) Vesicle releases the protein from the cell

vesicle

vesicle

protein

protein

1) Nucleolus makes ribosomes2) Ribosome travels through rough ER making proteins3) Golgi Body sorts & packages the protein4) Vesicle releases the protein from the cell

1 minute: Discuss with your neighbor

1) Which organelle builds proteins? ____________

2) Stores DNA? ____________

3) Produces ribosomes? ___________

4) Creates fats and breaks down toxins? ___________

5) Packages and releases proteins from a cell? __________

6) Allows material to enter/exit a cell? ______________

7) Links chains of amino acids together? ______________

Ribosome

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Smooth ER

Golgi body

Cell membrane

Ribosome

1 minute: Discuss with your neighboor

Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish….

A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle

B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins

C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes

D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus

The Answer is….

Place the following steps of protein creation in order from start to finish….

C: Nucleolus makes ribosomes

D: Ribosomes exit the nucleus

B: Ribosomes travel along the rough ER and create proteins

A: Golgi body packages and exports the finished proteins in a vesicle

Mitochondria• Job: Create ATP

(energy molecule) in a process called cellular respiration

• Endosymbiosis theory: once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells– Evidence:

• Own DNA & ribosomes

• Make proteins

• Replicate

Mitochondria ancestor

A large predator cell devours the mitochondria ancestor

Mitochondria survive and divide

The predator cell divides, splitting apart the mitochondria

The process continues. Overtime, the two are dependent on each other.

Lysosome

cell

p r ot ein

protein

Lysosome(with enzymes inside)

• Contain digestive enzymes

• Jobs:

1) Break down food

White blood cell

Lysosome

Lysosome(with enzymes inside)

• Contain digestive enzymes

• Jobs:

1) Break down food

2) Kill pathogens

Lysosome• Contain digestive

enzymes• Jobs:

1) Break down food

2) Kill pathogens

3) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell

• Job: movement

• Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

• Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

Sperm cells swim with their flagellum

flagellum

• Job: movement

• Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

• Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

Fertilized egg grows into a fetus

• Job: movement

• Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

• Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

9 months later…

• Job: movement

• Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

• Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

14 years later…

• Job: movement

• Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

• Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

4 years later…

• Job: movement

• Cilia = short hair-like extensions (numerous)

• Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

• Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells

plants fungi bacteria

• Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells

• Job: Adds support for growth

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

• Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells

• Job: Adds support for growth

• Made of tough cellulose– Hard to

digest• Witnessed by

Robert Hooke in 1665

• Job: Perform photosynthesis

Several dozen plant cells… lets zoom inchloroplasts

• Job: Perform photosynthesis

Look for them flowing in the cytoplasm during our lab activity!

• Job: Perform photosynthesis

• Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars

• Job: Perform photosynthesis

• Chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight & convert water and CO2 into sugars

• Endosymbiosis theory: were once free living organisms that became parts of modern cells

• Evidence:– Own DNA and ribosomes– Make proteins– Replicate Chloroplast ancestor

• Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments

• Plant cells: Large central vacuole

vacuole

• Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments

• Plant cells: Large central vacuole

CentralVacuole

Cytoplasmic streaming

• Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments

• Plant cells: Large central vacuole

• Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles

vacuoles

• Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments

• Plant cells: Large central vacuole

• Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles

Kobe Kuiz1) Pick an organelle…any organelle. Describe its function.2) Name 7 organelles that can be found within the cytoplasm.3) Describe the pathway that proteins travel from creation to

exportation.4) List various reasons to help support the theory of

endosymbiosis.5) Name two organelles that plant cells have and animal cells

do not.6) Which organelle creates ATP energy for cells?7) Which organelle converts sunlight into sugar?8) Which organelle creates ribosomes?9) Which organelle fuses with the cell membrane to release

proteins?10)Which molecule holds the information to make a protein?