ORGANIC CHEMISTRY || T.A HAYA S ALSUBAIE Pharmaceutical
chemistry department Pharmacy college Princess Nora University
Slide 2 ALDEHYDES AND KETONES Slide 3 OBJECTIVES Write the
functional groups of aldehydes and ketones. Determine chemical and
physical properties of aldehydes and ketones. Perform chemical
tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. Slide 4
INTRODUCTION Aldehydes and ketones are simple compounds which
contain a carbonyl group. (c=o) (R=alkyl or aryl ) Slide 5 Aldehyde
Has at least one hydrogen atom attached directly to carbonyl
carbon. Hydrogen atom makes aldehydes very easy to oxidize. ketone
Has two alkyl(or aryl) groups attached to carbonyl carbon. Ketones
don't have that particular hydrogen atom, resistant to oxidation.
Only very strong oxidizing agents like (potassium permanganate
solution) oxidize ketones. Slide 6 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALDEHYDE
Formaldehyde & Acetaldehyde State Liquid color colorless odor
pungent odor flammability Blue non-smoky flame solubility
completely miscible with water effect on LP neutral structure
formaldehyde acetaldehyde Slide 7 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF KETONES
Acetone State Liquid color colorless Odorcharacteristic odor
FlammabilityBlue non-smoky flame Soloubilitycompletely miscible
with water effect on L.PNeutral Structure Slide 8 Chemical test
General test Oxidation test Tollens test Fehling test Schiffs
reagent Specific test Na- nitroprussid Iodoform test Salicylic acid
test Slide 9 CHEMICAL TESTS OXIDATION TESTS: 1-Tollens silver
mirror test: procedure: 1 ml of ald. or ket. + 1 ml of Tollens
reagent ;then warm in water bath for 2-5 min. General Test:
ALDEHYDE SILVER Mirror KETONE NO Reaction Slide 10 TOLLENS SILVER
MIRROR TEST: Acetone Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Slide 11 CHEMICAL
TESTS General Test: OXIDATION TESTS: 2) Fehling test: procedure: 1
ml of ald. or ket. + 1 ml of Fehling reagent A&B then warm in
water bath for 2-5 min. aldehyde Rapidly change in blue color
Acetone No reaction Slide 12 FEHLING TEST Acetone Acetaldehyde
Formaldehyde Slide 13 CHEMICAL TESTS Schiff test: procedure: 1 ml
of ald. or ket. + 2 drops of Schiff reagent. General Test: Aldehyde
Magenta color Ketone Color slightly appear Slide 14 SCHIFF TEST:
Acetone Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Slide 15 CHEMICAL TESTS 1)
Na-nitroprussid: procedure: 1 ml of ald. or ket. + 1 ml of Na-
nitroprussid + 1 ml of 10% NaOH. Specific tests: Formaldehyde No
reaction Acetaldehyde Red color Acetone Red color Slide 16
NA-NITROPRUSSID: Acetone Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Slide 17
CHEMICAL TESTS: Iodoform test: procedure: 1 ml of ald. or ket. + 3
ml of 30% NaOH+ 1 ml of I2 solution then warm in water bath for 2-5
min.( add more than 1 ml of I2 if you need ) Specific tests:
Formaldehyde No reaction Acetaldehyde Yellow ppt. acetone Yellow
ppt. Slide 18 IODOFORM TEST Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde Acetone Slide
19 Formaldehyde Crimson red color Salicylic acid : procedure: 1 ml
of formaldehyde + few amount of salicylic acid + 2 drops of conc.
H2SO4. Specific tests: CHEMICAL TESTS: Slide 20 SALICYLIC ACID TEST
Formaldehyde Slide 21 PRE-LAB QUESTIONS Give a structure of a
compound that contains the following functional groups: - Aldehyde
- Ketone Why can distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone using
Tollens Reagent ? Slide 22 LAB SAFETY Slide 23 THANK YOU..
