Organizing the Diversity of Life Chapter 2 Lecture Outline

Organizing the Diversity of Life

Chapter 2Lecture Outline

© 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 2

Building Evolutionary Trees Systematist

Biologist who studies relationships among groups of organisms

Evolutionary treesSummary of the relationship of groups of

organisms

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Constructing Evolutionary Trees Determine the distance of relationship

Similarity and differences Appearance Function

Tips of branches Different species

Common ancestors Branch points

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Shared Derived Features Common ancestry

Descendants share features

Group of close relatives

Each level has unique shared features


Convergent Features Shared features

Not from common ancestorEvolved independentlyExample:

Opposable thumb Panda versus chimpanzee

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DNA Comparisons DNA is hereditary material

Most accurate means of showing relationships

Appearance and function based on DNA The genetic material serves as a blueprint for the

characteristics


DNA and Characteristics Shared characteristics of DNA show

relatedness between groupsAble to compare groups that have little

apparent similaritiesExample: comparing bacteria, plants, animals

Show evolutionary relationships among many different groups


Predict the Biology of Organisms Evolutionary trees

Can be used to help make predictionsBased on shared derived featuresPrediction of characteristics and behaviors

of related organisms


Prediction of Parental Care A behavior characteristic may be predicted

based on the evolutionary tree

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The Linnaean Hierarchy Classification system

Carolus LinnaeusLevels from smallest to largest

Species is lowest level Species grouped to form genus Scientific name

Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Homo sapiens


Levels of Linnaean Hierarchy

Seven levels


Highest Levels of Classification Two kingdoms

Described by Linnaeus

Plants and animals

Other classifications Five to eight kingdoms

Higher level: Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

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Tree of Life


Evolutionary Relationships Consider the mushroom, a fungus

Is it more like an animal or a plant? How about a yeast cell, also a fungus?

Is it more like a bacteria or an animal? Evolutionary trees

Based on DNA Help us to see less noticeable relationships Important for understanding the nature and

mechanisms of the organisms


Primate Evolutionary Tree Closest relatives to humans


Variations on the Tree of Life Horizontal gene

transferGenes moved

between lineages

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Changes in Evolutionary Trees Changes occur as more information is

gathered Natural process of science

Evolutionary trees serve as a base for hypotheses

More information confirms or refutes ideasEvolutionary trees become more stable as

information is gathered


Concept QuizWhich of the following is the most accurate method of determining relatedness?

A. Common appearance

B. DNA

C. Common behavior


Concept QuizIf two species share a common characteristic, such as a long tongue, does that mean they evolved from common ancestors?

A. Yes

B. No


Concept QuizAccording to this evolutionary tree, which of the following is the least related to the fungi?

A. Bacteria

B. Plants

C. Animals

Biology in the NewsSasquatch Sighting Reported in Yukon Hair found after sighting of Sasquatch

DNA analysis of the hair Perfect match with bison DNA

If Sasquatch is a bipedal ape-man How would it fit with Linnaean hierarchy? With primates?

How could DNA match the bison if it’s a primate?


Terms

Archaea

Bacteria

Class

Convergent features

Domain

Eukarya

Evolutionary tree

Family

Genus

Horizontal gene transfer

Kingdom

Lineage

Linnaean hierarchy


Terms

Most recent common ancester

Order

Phylum

Scientific name

Shared derived features

Systematist

Taxon


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Additional Art from Chapter 2

All art files from the book are available in JPEG and PPT formats on the

Instructor Resource Disc

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Organizing the Diversity of Life Chapter 2 Lecture Outline