Unit One: Colonial Era

English Colonies England developed three types of colonies in

North AmericaRoyal colony – a colony controlled by king or

queen.Proprietary colony – a colony owned by a

person or family.Corporate colony – a colony controlled by a

joint stock company.

GPSSSUSH1 The student will describe

European settlement in North America during the 17th century.

a. Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, and relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery.

Virginia’s DevelopmentJamestown (1607)

King James I granted the Virginia company (also known as the London Company) a charter. Joint stock companies were the forerunners of

corporations. They established Jamestown, the first permanent

English colony in North America.

The colony faced severe hardships Location- was swampy along the James River. They faced Indian attacks, famine, and disease.

Many were gentlemen from England with no skills Law of Primogeniture – only the first son could inherit

their father’s wealth.

Small food supplies causing colonists to nearly starve.

John SmithUnder the leadership of John Smith, the colony

started to survive but John Smith left the colony because of battle injuries in 1609.

Starving timeIn the winter of 1609-10, Jamestown settlers

faced a harsh winter. They eat dogs, cats, and sometimes each other in order to survive. By spring, the settlers were preparing to abandon the colony when supplies and more settlers arrived. Only 63 of the original settlers survived the “starving time.”

Tobacco CultivationTobacco – Cash crop

For two year, the colony barely survived until John Rolfe discovered a way to cure tobacco to make it profitable for the Virginia company.

Parliament and the Commonwealth forbade the colonist for selling their tobacco to anyone but England.

Problems with Tobacco CultivationProblems

Tobacco is labor intensive and there were labor shortages

Solutions Indentured servitude Head right system Slavery

Development of slavery Tobacco required a lot of labor/Problem there

was a labor shortage.

Development of Slavery in JamestownIn 1619, a Dutch ship presented 20 African Americans to Jamestown selling them as indentured servants – people who work for 7 to 10 years in the hopes of receiving a new start or land at the end of the contract.

However, African were slowly placed into slavery.In 1630 – some Africans were enslaved while

others were indentured.By 1640 – African-Americans were not allowed

to carry guns.By 1692 – blacks no longer could own horses

or cattle.By the 1700s – ½ the labor force in Jamestown

was either indentured servants or slaves.

1619 – House of Burgesses Also, the House of

Burgesses was formed in Virginia in 1619. It was the first representative assembly in America.

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676The first stirring of “revolutionary feeling” in

the New World.

William BerkeleySettlers of the western

frontier faced attack from Native Americans and complained to the Governor William Berkeley. Berkeley ordered an investigation, but little was done.

Picture of Nathaniel Bacon

Nathaniel Bacon – a farmer and landowner – was angry with his poor efforts and raised a loose army to attack largely peaceful Native American settlements.

Results of Bacon’s RebellionThe rebellion ended when Bacon died of

fever. This showed the divisions between the

poor and the rich in the colony. Sharp class differences were exposed

between wealthy planters and poor frontiers men or the landless.

Colonial resistance to royal control.Versus

Native Americans and JamestownEngland’s pattern of conquest with the

Native Americans involved their relationship with Ireland. Therefore, they developed a harsh attitude towards the Native Americans.

Relationship with the Native Americans

Jamestown lost its charterIn 1624, the bankrupt Virginia Company lost

its charter and Jamestown became a royal colony.

GPS SSUSH1bDescribe the settlement of New England

including religious reasons, relations with Native Americans including King Philip’s War, the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to colonies such as Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of Massachusetts charter.

Describe the settlement of New England including religious reasons

PuritansPuritans believed they had to purify the

Anglican Church (Church of England) of Catholic practices

Their original colonies were Plymouth and the second was Massachusetts Bay colony.

Puritan were viewed by King James I of England as a threat to his religious and political authority. He ordered many of them jailed.

Plymouth Colony, 1620Those who settled the Plymouth Colony

wanted to do more than purify the Anglican church from within they formed a completely separate church.

Separatists They were also

called Separatists because they separated from the Anglican Church and moved to the Netherlands before establishing Plymouth Colony in what is now Massachusetts.

Voyage of the MayflowerWorried that their children were becoming

“Dutchified” They received permission from the Virginia Company to establish a colony in America.

In 1620, a small group set sail on the Mayflower.

The ship was blown off course and landed not in Virginia but off the Massachusetts coast.

Plymouth Colony, 1621

Mayflower Compact

Mayflower Compact was written when the Pilgrim created and signed a document pledging they would make a decision to follow majority rule.

Separatists AKA Pilgrims. Their first winter was difficult. Native

Americans help them settle at Plymouth.Under the leadership of Miles Standish and

Governor William Bradford, the colony grew slowly.

Plymouth colonyFish, furs, and lumber became the important

parts of its economy.The colony would eventually be overtaken by

Massachusetts Bay colony.

Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630In 1629, a group of English Puritan (not

Separatists) gained a royal charter to establish a colony.

In 1630, they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded Boston and several other towns.

John Winthrop was their leaderUnlike the other colonies, their charter stated

that their government would be in colonies. A Great Migration occurred when the

English Civil War (1642-1649) drove people to Massachusetts Bay Colony

England allowed its American colonies a certain degree of self-rule

Majority rule in PlymouthMayflower CompactTown meeting were encouraged where all white landowning and Protestant males had a voice in politics.

Representative Governments in Massachusetts

Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony merged

Limitations to democracyOnly (white) male property owners could vote.Religious restrictions were in place in many places.Females and those that were landless had

practically no rights. Slaves and Indentured servants had no rights.Governors often ruled with absolute power

answering only to the monarch or those who paid their salary.

There was wide spread misuse of Native Americans.

Salem Witch TrialsIn 1692, several young women claimed that

the devil had possessed them and blamed several elderly women in the community. The trials called the Salem Witch Trials occurred to determine the women’s guilt.

Salem Witch Trials (cont.)Twenty men and women were executed.

After a few months, the people lost their excitement over the trials. However, the damage was done. The Puritan church would suffer because of the

trials.

Half-Way Covenant To be member of the Puritan church, a person had to give a verbal testimony to an “experience of grace.” Even if you were baptized, a person had to have an experience of faith.

Those who were not members of the church, could not vote or baptize their children. Therefore the size of the church remained small. The Half-Way Covenant was offered by some preachers (clergy) to those who professed limited religious commitment.

In other words, people could take part in the church service without formally declaring their total belief in God.

Many hated this practice, but as time passed the strict Puritan ways began to weaken. Also, church size increased.

King Philip’s WarIn (1675-1676), Metacom (aka

King Philip) united a group of Native Americans to fight the New England settlers whose increasing population had been slowly taking their lands.

Thousands on both sides were killed.

The New Englanders won, killed King Philip, and basically ended Native American resistance in New England.

Rhode IslandRoger Williams:Believed one should

not be punished for worshipping or not worshiping.

Help to found Providence, RI

New England: Led to colonies such as Rhode IslandAnne Hutchinson:One does not need a

minister or church to talk to God.

Help to found Rhode Island.

New England Colonies:The loss of the Massachusetts charter.Charter-document granting an area/group

specific rights; laws

Loss of Charter: Cont.The British King took the charter away Massachusetts – losses its independent

colony. Reason: to gain more control over trade.Combined all of New England colonies into one

territory.Colonist did not like the loss of their charter.

c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of Pennsylvania.

Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic coloniesThe Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and

subsequent English takeoverThe Dutch controlled New Netherlands (today

New York) New York City was called New Amsterdam

(Amsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands.)Owners: Dutch, then French, then English aka

British.The Dutch accepted diversity (other religions)

Mid-Atlantic Colonies: PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Founded by William Penn, a wealthy QuakerA Quaker AKA Society of

Friends They were Protestants

who believed that men and women were equal in God’s eyes

Later, many will become abolitionists.

Analyze the impact of location and place for the southern, middle, and New England colonies regarding their colonies settlement, transportation, economic development

Southern coloniesVirginia, 1607Maryland, 1636North Carolina, South Carolina,Georgia, 1733

GeographyLong growing seasonsGood harbors Accessible rivers

EconomyDepended on cash crop/stable

crop

Southern colonies: VirginiaVirginia, 1607

1st permanent English colony in North American

Business venture by Virginia CompanyPoor relations with Native

Americans/PowhatanEconomic

Tobacco

Maryland, 1636

Founded by the two Lord BaltimoresCecilius and George

BaltimoreCreated as a haven for

CatholicsEventually, Act of

Toleration was created to ensure the rights of Catholics because more protestant lived in Maryland than Catholics.

The Act of Toleration (Cont.) The Act of Toleration is a part of the

foundation for religious freedom in the Constitution.

Georgia, 1733Last of the 13 coloniesTrusteeship

James Oglethorpe settled Savannah, GACreated as a buffer colony betw. Spanish

Florida and South CarolinaAt 1st did not allow slaveryAlso used as a debtors’ haven (safe placeGrew slowly

Middle Colonies/Mid-Atlantic Colonies(Bread Basket Colonies)New YorkNew JerseyPennsylvaniaDelaware

GeographyGood harborsDecent growing

seasons

EconomyDiverse agricultureDiverse

economy/business

New England ColoniesNew England ColoniesMassachusettsConnecticutNew HampshireRhode Island

GeographyWater waysMainly rivers, harbors,

bays, and ocean.Subsequent farming

EconomicsFur tradeShipping/tradePoor farming land

PART TWO

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Events that effected the colonies between 1642-1688English Civil War, (1642-1649)

King Charles I was beheaded by ParliamentOliver Cromwell established a Commonwealth

Restoration Period (1660-1680)King Charles II restored to the throne.

Glorious Revolution, (1688)King James II peacefully removed from power

and replaced by William and Mary, his Protestant son-in-law and daughter.

GPS: SSUSH2TSWBA: Trace the ways that economy and

society of British North America developed.a. Explain the development of Mercantilism

and the Trans-Atlantic trade.

MercantilismTheory of MercantilismA country should try to get and keep as much

bullion, or gold and silver, as possible.To achieve this, a country’s balance of

trade, or the difference between imports and exports, should show more exports than imports.

Effects on War and Politics• The Navigation Act tightened English control

over colonial trade by requiring the colonies to sell certain goods only to England.

• If colonists wanted to sell goods to other parts of the world, they had to pay a duty, or tax, on it.

Effects on Trade LawsEuropean countries fought over territory and

trade routes.British rulers tightened controls over the

American colonies. King James II tried to take direct control over New York and New England by creating the Dominion of New England.

Anger in the ColoniesColonists resented James’s grab for power

and hated the governor appoint by James II.King James lost in throne in the Glorious

Revolution.

Tradition of Self GovernmentMagna Carta, 1215English Bill of Rights, 1689House of Burgesses, (1619)Town meeting (New England colonies)Colonial assemblies had a lot of power

Often paid governors salariesCreated local laws concerning defense and

taxation.

Salutary NeglectBritain allowed its colonies more freedom to

govern themselves than other European nations did. This British policy, known as salutary neglect, had three causes:England had a long tradition of strong local

government and weak central power.British government lacked the resources to

enforce its wishes.Britain gave the colonies freedom because the

existing economy and politics served the British interests.

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The trans-Atlantic TradeTriangular Trade Explanation

Triangular trade involved several routes including the continents of Africa (slaves), Europe (manufactured goods), and the Americas (raw materials – rum, naval stores, tobacco, etc. )

The routes were varied but essential to the survival of the colonies and mercantilism.

Middle Passage The Middle Passage was one route of the

triangular trade that occurred between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.It also refers to the forced transportation of

slaves.It is believed that between 10 to 40 percent of

the Africans on slave ship typically died in the crossing.

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Describe the Middle PassageMiddle Passage

Growth of African PopulationSlaveryExperience of slaves varied greatly in colonial

timesIt was legal everywhere.In the Northeast the population of slaves was

small/In the South it was high.In South Carolina, slaves made up a majority of the slaves.

In South Carolina and Georgia, slaves had a difficult life because they lived along the coastal areas growing the labor intensive crops of indigo and rice.

SSUSH2cTSWBA: Identify Benjamin Franklin as a

symbol of social mobility and individualism.

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin was a famous printer in

Pennsylvania. He was a famous printer who was known for

Poor Richard’s Almanac – an almanac is a book containing information such as colanders, weather predictions, wise sayings, and advice.

He retired from his career by his early 40s. He then worked in politics, science, and would later work in the cause of the American Revolution.

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Benjamin FranklinHe invented:

BifocalsLightening rodThe Franklin stove

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Social Mobility and Individualism In the colonies wealth meant land.

Most land owners were white males.A small group of elite, landowning men

dominated politics.However, there were more social mobility

(movement from one social class to another) in the colonies than in Europe.

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IndividualismMost colonial households worked to be self-

sufficient – able to make everything they needed.

“Yankee ingenuity” – was important!

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SSUSH2dTSWBA: Explain the significance of the Great

Awakening.

Great AwakeningIn the early 1700s, many ministers, mostly

Congregationalists, believed that the Puritans had become unfaithful to their original beliefs.

Between 1730s to 1740s, there was a series religious rival to renew enthusiasm and commitment.

The movement sought to remind people of the power of God.

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Great Awakening (cont.)Important people – Jonathan Edwards and

George Whitefield.Result

Spread democratic ideals because the new ministers focused on faith and sincerity as oppose to education.

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“Sinners in the hands of an angry God”

New churches grew out of these ministers efforts – Baptists and the Methodists.Baptists and Methodists claimed that

individuals could act on their own faith, w/o relying on preachers (clergy) or other authority, they were indirectly attacking the ideal some people were better than others.

Other denominations split

By the mid 1700sThe colonies’ population was growing and

pushing westward. The problem was the French and Native Americans lived in the area west of the Appalachian Mountains called the Ohio River Valley.

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