Hva kan Oslo‐OL lære av Rio de Janeiro,

OL‐arrangør i 2016?

Einar Braathen, Norsk institutt for by– og regionforskning (NIBR)

einar.braathen@nibr.no

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013

1. OL-søknadene Lillehammer og Oslo: Hva har forandret seg fra 1981 til i dag?

2. Paradigmeskiftene 1992-1994 (Barcelona-Lillehammer). Hvordan har OL’ene etterpå blitt?

3. OL-forberedelsene i Rio: de viktigste brennpunktene og debattene (akademiske, offentlige)

4. Hvilke tilsvarende utfordringer vil Oslo stå overfor?

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013

1.OL-søknadene Lillehammer og Oslo: Hva har forandret seg fra 1981 til i dag?

• Verden: ny-liberalisert.

• OL: mega-lisert.

• IOC: Profesjonalisert.

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013

IOC: profesjonalisert

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013

It’s business time (Gilmar Mascarenhas)

• 1980 – Juan Samaranch is elected President of the IOC

• 1981 – Amateurism is revoked • 1986 - The impediment of commercially

exploiting the Olympic emblems is abolished: the flag, the symbol, the motto, the anthem etc.. are considered to be "properties" of the Olympic Movement.

• The powerful alliance media-sport-business. • New international corporation.

Impact on the Games’ organization

• A new "Olympic urbanism," which distances itself from the welfare state (social housing and community sport practices)

• Seoul 1988: the large urban project affected 15% of the population, who had to find new places to live - 48 000 buildings were destroyed (Rolnik, 2011).

2.Paradigmeskiftene 1992-1994:

Hvordan har OL’ene etterpå blitt?

Olympic Village– Barcelona Renovation of the Harbor Area

Beijing 2008 : the spectacle

Interventions cover the different areas of the city, mainly north, west and east. Associated to the Games, a great plan to expand the subway network is

developed. On the other hand, it focused on monumentality rather than the real sports legacy.

Beijing 2008

Powerful landmarks, the Bird’s Nest and the Water Cub are very expensive.

Beijing 2008: U$ 40 billion on the“Olympic Make-Up”

• China has 16 of the 20 most polluted cities in the world,

Beijing being one of the worst (World Bank).

• Temporary closure of factories, prohibition on movements of trucks, as well as the suspension of construction works around the city

• Intense political repression during the Games

• Forced displacement: 3 million people were relocated and had no rights

Ongoing trends: 1992 to 2016 • High investment in urban patriotism and stifling dissent; • Construction of monumental architectural icons of

expensive maintenance and low social returns; • Creation of temporary decision-making bodies which are

above the bureaucratic-institutional apparatus and regulatory frameworks

• Little or none civil society participation in the design and management of the mega event;

• Removals and great appreciation of urban land • Investments concentrated in areas of greater private

interest • Rise of the spectacular metropolis

3.Forberedelsene i Rio: de viktigste

brennpunktene og debattene

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

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Maracaná

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Konsekvensene for Rio som storby

• Enorm økning i tomte- og husleiepriser • Gentrifisering • Segregering • Polarisering

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013

“State of Exception” (Agamben)

↓ “City of Exception”

(Vainer).

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013

’O Direito à Cidade’ = Føderal by-lov av

2001.

• Retten til anstendig bolig, • Retten til utdanning og arbeid, • Retten til offentlig transport, • Retten til ’offentlige og grønne rom’. • Retten til deltakelse i beslutningsprosesser

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013

Vila Autódromo

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4.Hvilke tilsvarende utfordringer vil Oslo

stå overfor?

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013

Security

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Sivilsamfunn

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Vision-making

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Demokratisk plan- og beslutningsprosess

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013