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OSLO Manual 2005

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    051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451401fffd9}}}}}\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\par\pard\ql \li1048\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1048\sb0\sl-276\slmult0\par\pard\ql\li1048\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1048\sb184\sl-276\slmult0\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities \par\pard\ql \li2764\sb0\sl-644\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2764\sb0\sl-644\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2764\sb292\sl-644\slmult0 \up0\expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs56 Oslo Manual \par\pard\ql \li2456\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2456\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2456\sb158\sl-322\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs28 GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTING \par\pard\ql \li1789\sb18\sl-322\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 AND INTERPRETING INNOVATION DATA \par\pard\ql \li3637\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3637\sb0\sl-322\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3637\sb94\sl-322\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex118 Third edition \par\pard\ql \li2500\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2500\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2500\sb0\sl

    -230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2500\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2500\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2500\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2500\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2500\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2500\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2500\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2500\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2500\sb104\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs20 A joint publication of OECD and Eurostat \par\pard\qj \li1141\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1141\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1141\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1141\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1141\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1141\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1141\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1141\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1141\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1141\ri987\sb122\sl-240\slmult0\tx1798 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs20 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 STATISTICAL OFFIC

    E OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9080\paperh13040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg2}{\bkmkend Pg2}\par\pard\ql \li1618\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1618\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1618\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1618\sb184\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs24 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION \par\pard\ql \li3301\sb84\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 AND DEVELOPMENT \par\pard\qj \li1048\sb0\sl-248\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1048\ri919\sb80\sl-248\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 The OECD is a unique forumwhere the governments of 30 democracies work \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex120 The OECD is also at the forefront ofefforts to understand and to help governments \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex127 respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the \l

    ine \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex114 provides asetting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to \line\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 common problems, identify good practice and work toco-ordinate domestic and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 international policies. \par\pard\qj \li1048\ri921\sb72\sl-248\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex124 The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex122 Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1

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    16 Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 the United Kingdom and the United States. TheCommission of the European \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Communities takes partin the work of the OECD. \par\pard\qj \li1048\ri924\sb71\sl-250\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation\u8217?s statistics \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex119 conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. \par\pard\qj \li1814\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1814\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1814\ri1635\sb139\sl-240\slmult0\fi169 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex75 \ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs16 This manual has been endorsed by the OECD Committeefor Scientific \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex72 and Technological Policy (CSTP), the OECD Committee on Statistics (CSTAT) \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex76 and the Eurostat Working Party on Science, Technology and Innovation \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex72 Statistics (WPSTI). \par\pard\qj \li3566\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3566\sb0\sl-240\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li3566\ri3406\sb220\sl-240\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex60 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs14 Publi en franais sous le titre :\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex61 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 Manuel d\u8217?Oslo 3\ul0\super\cf9\f10\fs16 e\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 dition \par\pard\ql \li3104\sb46\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 PRINCIPES DIRECTEURS POURLE RECUEIL \par\pard\ql \li2582\sb79\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ET L\u8217?INTERPRTATION DES DONNES SUR L\u8217?INNOVATION \par\pard\ql \li1048\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1048\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1048\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1048\sb0\sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1048\sb0

    \sl-184\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1048\sb20\sl-184\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex101 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs16 OECD 2005 \par\pard\qj \li1048\ri906\sb160\sl-180\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex129 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs12 No reproduction, copy, transmission or translation of this publication may be made without written permission. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Applications should be sentto OECD Publishing: \ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs12 [email protected]\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs12 or by fax (33 1) 45 24 13 91. Permission to photocopy a \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex121 portion of this work should be addressed to the Centre franais d'exploitation du droit de copie, 20, rue des \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France (\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs12 [email protected]\ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs12 ).

    {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1056\shptop10979\shpright8022\shpbottom11119\shpfhdr0\s

    hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz167\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 6966}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 140}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(6966,140);(0,140);(0,0);(6966,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 16777215}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}

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    {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1056\shptop11788\shpright8022\shpbottom11921\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz224\shplid2{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 6966}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 133}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(6966,133);(0,133);(0,0);(6966,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 16777215}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}

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    {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft1584\shptop8395\shpright7486\shpbottom8415\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz285\shplid7{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 5902}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(5902,20);(5902,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9080\paperh13040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg3}{\bkmkend Pg3}\par\pard\ql \li2241\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2241\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2241\sb65\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 OSLO MANUAL: GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTING AND INTERPRETING INNOVATION DATA \par\pard\ql \li3877\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3877\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3877\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3877\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3877\sb316\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex71 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs32 Foreword\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw1514\colsr40\colno2\colw7386\colsr160\ql \li1303\sb58\sl-552\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs48 I\par\pard\column \ql \li1554\sb0\sl-195\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb158\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex63 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs17 t has been long understood thatthe generation, exploitation and diffusion of knowledge \par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \qj \li1303\ri1113\sb3\sl-249\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex63 are funda

    mental to economic growth, development and the well being of nations. Central \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 to this is the need for better measures of innovation. Over time the nature and landscape \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex63 of innovation have changed, and so has the need for indicators to capture those changes \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 and provide policy makers with appropriatetools of analysis. A considerable body of work \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex76 was undertaken during the 1980s and 1990s to develop models and analytical\line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex70 frameworks for the study of innovation. Experimentation with early surveys and their \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex61 results, along with the need for a coherent set of concepts and tools led to the firstedition \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex71 of the Oslo Manual in 1992, which focused on technological product and process (TPP) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex64 innovation in manufacturing. This became the reference for various large scal

    e surveys \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex72 examining the nature and impacts ofinnovation in the business sector, such as the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 European Community Innovation Survey (CIS), currently in its fourth round. Results from \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex63 such surveys have driven further refinements in the Oslo Manual framework in terms of \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex61 concepts, definitions and methodology leading to a second edition publishedin 1997 which, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex61 among other things, expanded coverage to service sectors. \par\pard\qj \li1303\ri1117\sb52\sl-248\slmult0\fi397\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex64 Since then, the analysis of results from surveys and changing policy needs led to \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex71 the launchingof another revision of the manual, the result of which can be found in \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 this third edition. As there has been a growing sense that much of innovation in service \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex72 sectors is

    not adequately captured by the TPP concept, it was decided to address the \line\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex63 question of non technological innovation in this revision. As a result, the scope of what \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex77 is considered an innovation has now been expanded to include two new types: \line \up0\expndtw-7\charscalex72 marketing and organisational innovation. These are certainly new concepts, but they \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex72 have already beentested in several OECD countries, with promising results. \par\pard\qj \li1303\ri1118\sb71\sl-250\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex77 New to this edition is also an effort to address the systemic dimension of \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex73 innovation, through a chapter focusing on innovation linkages. Lessons dra

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    wn from \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex74 results of previous surveys have also beenincorporated in order to refine existing \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex74 concepts and methodological issues, such as the measurement of innovation inputs \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex70 and outcomes, as well as the improvement of data collectionmethods. \par\pard\qj \li1303\ri1117\sb49\sl-252\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex72 Innovation also occurs outside the OECD region: a growing number ofcountries \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex72 in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa have begun undertaking surveys \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex72based on the Oslo Manual. Although the design of those surveys was usually intended \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex73 to comply with such standards, many of them have adapted the Oslo methodology to \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex71 takeinto account specific user needs and the characteristics of statistical systemsin \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex71 these countries with different economic and social backgrounds. National adaptations \par\pard\li824\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li824\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li824\sb37\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx8158 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs11 ISBN 92-64-01308-3 - OECD/EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 2005\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs20 3

    {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft793\shptop789\shpright8277\shpbottom809\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz16\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 7484}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(7484,20);(7484,0);(0,0)}}

    {\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9080\paperh13040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg4}{\bkmkend Pg4}\par\pard\ql \li793\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li793\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li793\sb65\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 OSLO MANUAL: GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTING AND INTERPRETING INNOVATION DATA \par\pard\qj \li1303\sb0\sl-252\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1303\ri1116\sb172\sl-252\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex72 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs17 were developed by each country and followed different approaches. For example, it is \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex74 widely accepted that diffusion and inc

    remental changes to innovation account for \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex64 much of the innovation occurring in non OECD countries. Using these rich and diverse \up0\expndtw0\charscalex64 experiences, an annex has been added to this edition ofthe Oslo Manual that draws on \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex75 some of the lessons learned, and provides further guidance for future innovation \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex71 surveys in non OECD countries. \par\pard\qj \li1303\ri1118\sb29\sl-252\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex77 The Oslo Manual, developed jointly byEurostat and the OECD, is part of a \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex82 continuously evolving family of manuals devoted to the measurement and \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex73 interpretation of data relating to science, technology and innovation. This includes \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex75 manuals, guidelines and handbooks covering R&D (Frascati Manual), globalisation \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex76 indicators, patents, the information society, human resources in S&T (Canberra \up0 \expn

    dtw-7\charscalex72 Manual), and biotechnology statistics. \par\pard\qj \li1303\ri1117\sb30\sl-250\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex77 Prepared under thejoint aegis of the OECD and the European Commission \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex79 (Eurostat), this third edition of the Oslo Manual is the result of a three year \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex74 collaborative process that has involved the OECD Working Party of National Experts \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex75on Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI) and the Eurostat Working Party on \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex71 Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics(WPSTI) as well as a number of outside \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex73 experts. This manual provides guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation \l

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    ine \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex75 data in an internationally comparable manner. Finding consensus has sometimes \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex79 meant reachingcompromises and agreeing to conventions. As with other such \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex79 guidelines, there are known limitations, but each edition of theOslo Manual \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex71 constitutes a step forward in our understanding of the innovation process. While this \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex64 ongoing, incremental learning incorporates the lessons of earlier studies, the Manual is \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex65 also an ambitious tool in which experimentation and testing are used to challenge the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex65 boundaries of what is understood by innovation. \par\pard\qj \li1303\ri1113\sb52\sl-248\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex75 Many should bethanked for their valuable contributions. A special \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex75 acknowledgement goes to experts from Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom who led the work of six focus groups which \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex61 examined a variety of topics and expressed valuable recommendations for the revision. The \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 drafting of the revised OsloManual was undertaken by Dr. Peter Mortensen and Dr. Carter \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex71 Bloch from the Danish Centre for Studies in Research and ResearchPolicy, under the \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex73 guidance of the OECD and Eurostat. The annex on innovation surveys in developing \line \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex71 countries was drafted by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, based ona proposal and \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 draft paper by the \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 Red Iberoamericana de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnologa \line

    \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex63 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs17 (RICYT) and followinga broad process of consultation with many national experts.\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw3404\colsr110\colno2\colw5426\colsr160\ql \li1303\sb0\sl-195\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1303\sb49\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 Nobuo Tanaka,\par\pard\ql \li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex111 Director for Science,\par\pard\ql \li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Technology and Industry,\par\pard\ql \li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 OECD\par\pard\ql \li793\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li793\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li793\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li793\sb0\sl-230\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li793\sb155\sl-230\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs204\par\pard\column \ql \li3514\sb0\sl-195\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb49\sl-195\slmult0\tx1952 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 Michel G

    laude,\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 Fred Gault,\par\pard\ql \li21\sb55\sl-195\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex109 Director, Directorate F Chair of NESTI;\par\pard\qj \li20\ri1141\sb10\sl-250\slmult0\tx1949 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 (Social Statistics and Director, Science, Innovation \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex115 Information Society), and Electronic Information \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Eurostat \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex113 Division, Statistics Canada\par\pard\ql \li4899\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4899\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4899\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4899\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4899\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li4899\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1405\sb86\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs11 ISBN 92-64-01308-3 - OECD/EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 2005

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    age\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz16\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 7484}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(7484,20);(7484,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9080\paperh13040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg

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    5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\ql \li2241\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2241\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2241\sb65\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 OSLO MANUAL: GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTING AND INTERPRETING INNOVATION DATA \par\pard\ql \li3309\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3309\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3309\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3309\sb0\sl-368\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3309\sb316\sl-368\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex67 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs32 Table of Contents \par\pard\li1303\sb0\sl-195\slmult0\par\pard\li1303\sb158\sl-195\slmult0\fi0\tx7672 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs17 Chapter 1.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17Objectives and Scope of the Manual . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 9\par\pard\li1303\sb95\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1171.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Introduction . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 10\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Factors influencing the scope of the Manual . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 14\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2.1. What is measurable? . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 15\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2.2. What is it of value to measure?. . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 15\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7578 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 3.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Scope of the Manual. . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 16\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 3.1. Sector coverage . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 16\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 3.2. Innovation at the level of th

    e firm . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 16\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7578 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 3.3. Types of innovations . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 16\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 3.4. Diffusion and the degree of novelty . ..\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 17\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Providing data on the key issues . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 18\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.1. Innovation activities and expenditures . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 18\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.2. Factors influencing innovation . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 19\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.3.The innovating firm and the impact of innovation . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsc

    alex117 19\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.4. Linkages in the innovation process. . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 20\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Some survey issues . . .\tab\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 20\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7575\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.1. Approach to data collection . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 20\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 6.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 The relationship between the\ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs17 Oslo Manual\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 and other international\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 standards and related concepts . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 22\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 6.1. Manuals for the measurement of science and technology\par\pard\li1303\

    sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi794\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 activities . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 22\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 6.2. Other standards and classifications . ..\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 23\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 6.3. Other related concepts and surveys . ..\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 24\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7578 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 7.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Final remark . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 25\par\pard\li1303\sb116\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Notes . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 25\par\pard\li1303\sb0\sl-195\slmult0\par\pard\li1303\sb42\sl

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    -195\slmult0\fi0\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs17 Chapter 2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 Innovation Theory and Measurement Needs . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 27\par\pard\li1303\sb95\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1. Introduction . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 28\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2. Economics of innovation . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 28\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 3. A measurement framework . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 33\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.Sectoral and regional aspects of innovation . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 37\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.1. Innovation in services . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 38\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7579 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.2.Innovation in low- and medium-technology industries . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 38\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.3. Innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 39\par\pard\li824\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li824\sb0\sl-218\slmult0\par\pard\li824\sb129\sl-218\slmult0\fi0\tx8158 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs11 ISBN 92-64-01308-3 - OECD/EUROPEANCOMMUNITIES 2005\tab \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs20 5

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    scalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 4.4. Regional innovation. . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 39\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.5. Globalisation . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 39\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5. Areas for investigation . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 40\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.1. What can be measured? . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 40\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.2. Inputs to innovation . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 41\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.3. Linkages and the role of diffusion . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 41\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.4. The impact of innovation .. .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 42\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi3

    97\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.5. Incentives and obstacles to innovation . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 42\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.6. Demand . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 43\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.7. Other . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 43\par\pard\li1303\sb0\sl-195\slmult0\par\pard\li1303\sb1\sl-195\slmult0\fi0\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs17 Chapter 3.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 Basic Definitions . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 45\par\pard\li1303\sb97\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Introduction . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscale

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    x117 46\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7578 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Innovation . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 46\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7577 \up0\expndtw0\charscalex117 3.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Main type of innovation . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 47\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Distinguishing between types of innovations . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 53\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7578 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.1. Distinguishing between product and process innovations . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 53\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.2. Distinguishing between product innovations and marketing\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi794\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 innovations . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 54\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.3. Distinguishing betweenservice (product) innovations and\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi794\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 marketing innovations . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 54\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7578 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.4. Distinguishing between process and marketing innovations ..\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 55\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.5. Distinguishing between process and organisational innovations\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 55\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 4.6. Distinguishing betweenmarketing and organisational\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi794\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 innovations . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 56

    \par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Changes which are not considered innovations . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 56\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.1. Ceasing to use a process, a marketing method or an organisation\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi794\tx7575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 method, or to market a product. . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 56\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.2. Simple capital replacement or extension. . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 56\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.3. Changes resulting purely from changes in factor prices . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 56\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.4. Customisation . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 56\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0

    \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.5. Regular seasonal and other cyclical changes . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 57\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 5.6. Trading of new or significantly improved products . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 57\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7578 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 6.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Novelty and diffusion . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 57\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 7.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 The innovative firm . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 58\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx1700\tx7575 \up0\expndtw0\charscalex117 8.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Collecting data on innovations . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 59\par\pard\li1303\sb117\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 Notes . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 61\par\pard\li1303\sb0\sl-195\slmult0\par\pard\li1303\sb1\sl-

    195\slmult0\fi0\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs17 Chapter 4.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 Institutional Classifications . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 63\par\pard\li1303\sb95\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 1. The approach . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 64\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2. The units . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 64\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2.1. The primary statistical unit . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 65\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 2.2. The secondary statistical unit . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex117 68\par\pard\li793\sb0\sl-

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    230\slmult0\par\pard\li793\sb170\sl-230\slmult0\fi0\tx4899 \dn4 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs20 6\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs11 ISBN 92-64-01308-3 - OECD/EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 2005

    {\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft793\shptop789\shpright8277\shpbottom809\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz16\shplid0{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 7484}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,20);(7484,20);(7484,0);(0,0)}}{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw9080\paperh13040\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\ql \li2241\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2241\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li2241\sb65\sl-161\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs14 OSLO MANUAL: GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTING AND INTERPRETING INNOVATION DATA \par\pard\li1303\sb0\sl-195\slmult0\par\pard\li1303\sb0\sl-195\slmult0\par\pard\li1303\sb98\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 3. Classification by main economic activity . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 68\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 4. Classifications by size . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 71\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7

    577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5. Other classifications . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 72\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7578 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5.1. Type of institution . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 72\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 5.2. Other . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 72\par\pard\li1303\sb117\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Notes . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 73\par\pard\li1303\sb0\sl-195\slmult0\par\pard\li1303\sb40\sl-195\slmult0\fi0\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs17 Chapter 5.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 Linkages in the Innovation Process . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 75\par\pard\li1303\sb97\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 1. Introduction . . .\tab \up0\expndtw0\charscalex116 76\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7577 \up0\expndtw0\charscalex116 2. Inbound diffusion . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscal

    ex116 78\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.1. Types of linkages . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 78\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.2. Collecting data on linkages in the innovation process . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 82\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.3. Other linkage indicators . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 85\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7578 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3. Outbound diffusion . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 86\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 4. Knowledgemanagement . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 87\par\pard\li1303\sb115\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7579 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 Notes . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 88\par\pard\li1303\sb0\sl-195\slmult0\par\pard\li1303\sb41\sl-195\slmult0\fi0\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs

    17 Chapter 6.\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs17 Measuring Innovation Activities . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 89\par\pard\li1303\sb96\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 1. Introduction . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 90\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7576 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2. The components and coverage of innovation activities. . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 91\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.1. Research and experimental development . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 92\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.2. Activities for product and process innovations. . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 93\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmul

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    t0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.3. Activities for marketing andorganisational innovations . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 95\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.4. Design. . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 96\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\

    fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.5. The borderline between R&D and non-R&D innovation activities\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 96\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7578 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 2.6. The development and use of software in innovation activities\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 97\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi85\tx7575 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3. Collecting data on innovation activities . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 97\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7577 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3.1. Qualitative data on innovation activity . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 99\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7482 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3.2. Quantitative data on innovation activity . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 100\par\pard\li1303\sb57\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7482 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3.3. Other measurement issues . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 101\par\pard\li1303\sb55\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7480 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3.4. Breakdown by type of expenditure . . .\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 101\par\pard\li1303\sb56\sl-195\slmult0\fi397\tx7479 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex116 3.5. Breakdown by source of fun


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