Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy: study of structure of parts of the body and their relationships to one another

• Physiology: study of function of the body• Principle of complimentarity

– Anatomy and physiology are inseparable– What a structure can do depends on its form

– Bones support and protect body organs– Blood flows in one direction due to valves

BIOL 105 Lab 1 1

Anatomical Position• Standard anatomical body position:

– Body erect– Feet slightly apart– Palms facing forward

This position is used as reference point whenever the human body is described.

BIOL 105 Ana Position-Lab 1 2

Table 1.1

The head is superior to the abdomen.

The leg is inferior to the chin.

The breastbone is anterior to the spine.

The heart is posterior to the sternum.

Table 1.1

The heart is medial to the arm.

The arm is lateral to the chest.

Table 1.1

The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

The knee is distal to the thigh.

Table 1.1

The skin is superficial to the skeletal muxcles.

The lungs are deep to the skin.

In relation to the trunk or origin of a limb, 1. The hands are _______________ to the shoulders.2.The nose is _____________ to the ears.3.The knee is _________ to the hip.4.The hip is __________ to the knees.5.The shoulder is __________to the elbow.6.The feet are __________ to the knee.7.The fingers are __________ to the wrist.8.The wrist is _________________ to the fingers.9.The eyes are _________ to the ears.10.The ears are ________ to the nose.11.The elbow is _____________ to the shoulder.12.The feet are ________ to the hip.13.The elbow is ________ to the hand.

7BIOL 102 Lab 1

Body PlanesDefinition: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study•Sagittal plane

– Divides body vertically into right and left parts• Midsagittal (median) plane• Parasagittal plane

•Frontal (coronal) plane– Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior

parts•Transverse (horizontal) plane

– Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts (upper and lower halves)


Body Cavities

Dorsal cavity– Protects nervous system

•2 subdivisions:– Cranial cavity--encases brain– Vertebral cavity--encases spinal cord


Ventral cavity– Houses internal organs (viscera)– Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):

• Thoracic cavity• Abdominopelvic cavity


• Thoracic cavity subdivisions:– Two pleural cavities– Mediastinum

• Contains pericardial cavity• Surrounds other structures in this area

– Pericardial cavity--encloses heart• Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:

– Abdominal cavity• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

– Pelvic cavity• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and

rectum


Serous Membrane (Serosa)

• Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid– Parietal serosa lines internal body walls– Visceral serosa covers the internal organs


Organization of the Body

• Cell – smallest structure that shows all characteristics of life

• Tissue –similar types of cells• Organ –different types of tissues• Organ system –different organs working closely

together• Organism –organ systems

BIOL 105 Lab 1 13

Lecture 1-Intro 14

Organ Systems of the Body

• Integumentary system– Forms external body covering– Composed of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails– Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin

D• Skeletal system

– Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments– Protects and supports body organs– Provides framework for muscles– Site of blood cell formation– Stores minerals

Lecture 1-Intro 15


• Muscular system– Composed of muscles and tendons– Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion,

and facial expression– Maintains posture– Produces heat

• Nervous system– Composed of brain, spinal column, nerves– Fast-acting control system of body– Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and

glands

• Endocrine System– Produces hormones that regulate many body

functions– Works with nervous system to communicate

information throughout body• Cardiovascular system

– Composed of heart and blood vessels– heart pumps blood– blood vessels transport blood throughout body

Lecture 1-Intro 16

Lecture 1-Intro 17


• Lymphatic system– Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph

nodes, and lymphatic vessels– Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to

blood– Disposes of debris from lymphatic stream– Houses white blood cells involved with immunity

• Respiratory system– Composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

trachea, bronchi, and lungs– Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes

carbon dioxide

Lecture 1-Intro 18

• Digestive system– Composed of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach,

small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver

– Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood

– Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces• Urinary system

– Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

– Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body– Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of

blood

Lecture 1-Intro 19

• Male reproductive system– Composed of penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland, and

ductus (vas) deferens– Main function is production of offspring– Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones– Ducts and glands deliver sperm to female reproductive

tract• Female reproductive system

– Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

– Main function is the production of offspring– Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones– Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and

development of fetus– Mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborn

LAB EXPERIMENTS1. Observe torso models

• identify the major body cavities and the organs located within

• state the organ system to which the organs belong

2. Have a basic understanding of the body’s organ systems (see Table 2.1).

3. Describe the body cavities and the major organs each contains. (Ch 1 Activity 4; Ch 2 Activity 5).

4. Explain the body planes and directional terms.

BIOL 105 Lab 1 20

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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology