Overview of the Japan Spatial Data Overview of the Japan Spatial Data

InfrastructureInfrastructure

June 8, 2009

Atsushi Ono

Counsellor, National and Regional Planning Bureau,

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

(MLIT)

Sept. 1995: “Liaison Council for Geographic Information System (GIS) related Ministries and Agencies” established

Dec. 1996: “Long-term plan for development of national land spatial data infrastructure and promotion of dissemination of GIS”determined by the council� Basic policy of government efforts (development and dissemination of infrastructure) confirmed

Mar. 1999: “Plan for standardization and development of national land spatial data infrastructure” determined by the council� Foundation map data items set as the standard and development plan determined

Feb. 2002: “GIS Action Program 2002-2005” determined� Minimal electronic maps covered whole country. Demands for more advanced foundation map data grew.

Sept. 2005: “Council for promotion of positioning and geographic information system” established

Mar. 2007: “GIS Action Program 2010” determined� Aiming to set the foundation map information as a suitable position standard for development.

May 2007: Enactment of Basic Act on the advanced of utilizing geospatial information � Members of “Council for promotion of positioning and geographic information system” changed

Aug. 2007: Enforcement of Basic Act on the advanced of utilizing geospatial information

Enforcement of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Ordinance (fundamental geospatial data items and standard)

Enforcement of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Notification (standard for technologies related to development of fundamental geospatial data)

Apr. 2008: “Basic plan for the advanced of utilizing geospatial information” approved by the cabinet

June 2008: Name of promotion council changed to “Council for promotion of geospatial information utilization”

History of GIS efforts of the government

Basic Act on the Advancement of Utilizing

Geospatial Information

Basic Act on the Advancement of Utilizing Basic Act on the Advancement of Utilizing

Geospatial Information Geospatial Information

Geospatial information such as fundamental geospatial data, statistical information and image

information related to measurement is a requirement for improvement of people's lives and sound

development of national economy

Overview of Basic Act on the advanced of utilizing geospatial information (Law No. 63 of 2007)

Ch. 1 General provisions

Purpose, definition, basic concept, responsibilities of government and local public organization, efforts of

businesses, enforcement of cooperation and law-based measures, etc.

Ch. 2 Development of basic plan for the advancement of utilizing geospatial information

Development of basic plan etc, arrangement of cooperation system between concerned administrative

agencies etc.

Ch. 3 Basic measures

Section 1 General rule

Investigative research, explaining to the public, development of human resources, government's utilization of geospatial information, personal information protection, etc.

Section 2 Measures related to geographic information system (GIS)

Development of fundamental geospatial data (FGD), mutual exploitation of FGD in map related operations, logistics of FDG etc., research and development related to GIS, etc.

Section 3 Measures related to positioning, navigation and timing (PNT)

Communication and coordination associated with PNT, research and development associated with PNT, demonstration of technologies, promotion of usage demonstration, etc.

Supplementary provision

Basic principles of Basic Act on the advanced of utilizing geospatial information

1. Development and provision of geospatial information (information indicating position

including time information of the information), promotion of use of geospatial

information system and PNT, development of human resources and execution of

overall and systematic measures by means of reinforcement of cooperation with

concerned agencies

[Formation of NSDI (National Spatial Data Infrastructure)]

2. Execution of related measures in order to generate a synergistic effect with of other

measures to promote utilization of geospatial information

3. Ensuring a stable environment for people to benefit from services with reliable PNT

4. Efficient and effective management of public facilities, promotion of disaster control

measures; use, development and maintenance of national land ; and protection of

people's lives, bodies and property

5. Improved efficiency and advancement of administrative operations

6. Provision of various services

7. Creation and development of various businesses and harmony with the environment

8. Technical promotion from private businesses and the best use of inventiveness

9. Attention to infringement of personal rights and benefits and securing national safety

Main terms of the Basic Act on the advanced of utilizing geospatial information

What is "geospatial information?"

Information that indicates specific spatial position (including point-of-time information associated with the concerned

information) and information associated with it.

Information that indicates specific spatial position and information associated with it are also geographic information in

water areas and airspaces.

What is "fundamental geospatial data (FGD)?"

This is the computerized information as a standard for setting of geospatial information on digital/electronic maps.This may

be used as marks like roads and railways or as a standard for map creation like triangulation points.

The items and standards are defined in Enforcement of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,Transport and Tourism Ordinance

referred to in item 78.In addition, technical standards associated with its development are defined in Enforcement of

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Notification referred to in 1144.

What is "geographic information system (GIS)?"

This is an information system to process the geographic information integrally on electronic maps.

Even if it deals with a massive amount of geographic information or complex verification with other information is required,

this system still allows for quick and accurate decisions etc. by expressing visual analysis of results.

Responsibility to comprehensively develop and

execute the measures to promote utilization of

geographic information (Article 4)

The government shall take legal and financial

measures as well as other measures (Article 8)

Measures required to reinforce cooperation

shall be taken (Article 7)

Mutual

cooperation

Based on appropriate division of roles

with the national government,

responsibility to develop and execute

measures to promote utilization of

geospatial information corresponding

to the situation of concerned areas

(Article 5)

In compliance with the basic principle,

���� Attempt to provide high quality geographic information

���� Attempt to cooperate with measures taken by national and

local public organizations (Article 6)

Nationl government Local government

Concerned businesses

Research institute such as university

Roles of National and Local public organization, etc. defined by basic act

Promotion of utilization of

geographic information

corresponding to the

situation of concerned

areas

Measures taken by Local goernment

Items executed by private bodies

Arrangement, utilization and updating of FGD

Development of basic plan on the

advancement of utilizing geospatial

information

Establishment of cooperation

system between concerned

administrative agencies

Environmental arrangement for

promotion of utilization of

geographic information

Provision of high quality

geospatial information

Cooperation with

measuresAdministrative utilization of geospatial information

Promotion of measures to promote utilization of geospatial information

Measures taken by national government

Distribution of FGD and geospatial information

Outline of the Basic Plan

for the Advancement of

Utilizing Geospatial Information

Outline of the Basic Plan

for the Advancement of

Utilizing Geospatial Information

An advanced geospatial information society is to be established

to ensure that necessary geospatial information is always

accessible to everyone and proper information based on

advanced analysis can be obtained to facilitate actions.

Objectives of Advancement of Utilizing Geospatial Information

lot number

roadbuilding

residence indication

car navigation

Signals sent from satellites are used to obtain position and clock time data that serve to assist traveling and show routes

satellite PNT

GIS

Geographic Information System

(GIS)Positioning, Navigation and

Timing (PNT)

GIS and satellite positioning serves to:

���� link position and clock time data with

information on various events,

���� obtain, manage, analyze and represent the

data using information and communication

technology, and

���� provide proper information useful in

making decisions for behavior selection.

A massive amount of data

makes it difficult to find actually

necessary information.

１

pedestrian navigation

This information system performs integrated processing of digitized geospatial information on electronic maps for visual representation and advanced analysis.

Distribution of disaster-prevention facilities

Distribution of old wooden houses

Distribution of elderly people living alone

Impassable points for automobiles due to a disaster

Fundamental data serving as positional references for geospatial information (reference points, coastlines, roads, rivers, administrative boundaries)

Positional data (longitude,

latitude, lot number, etc.) are

used as keys to link

geospatial framework

information with statistical or

register data for superposed

representation.

Sta

tistical and

re

gis

ter

da

ta

Geo

spa

tial

fram

ew

ork

in

form

atio

n

GPS

satellite

The massive amount

of data should be

managed efficiently by

linking them with

position and clock time

data.

Goal: Establishment of an Advanced Geospatial Information Society

T (

tim

e)

X (position)

Y (position)

地番

道路建物

住居表示

More efficient, advanced public administration

Development and expansion of new industries and services

Cellular phones with GPS function

Safe and anxiety-free living of citizens and enhanced convenience

Promoting use, improvement and protection of national land

平常時

避難所A

避難所B

水位計

雨量計

豪雨1時間後

水位計

雨量計

避難所A

避難所B

豪雨2時間後

水位計

雨量計

避難所A

避難所B

Simulation of flood caused by torrential rain

� Increased business chances resulting from expansion of environment for distribution of contents.

� Expectations for development of services that combine the functions of cellular phones and satellite PNT

� One-stop service to provide information on public facilities and public administration

� Advanced private-sector services such as assistance for movement of elderly people, etc.

� Cost reduction by sharing FGD.� Labor reduction in data collection, inquiry, etc.� Advanced efforts for collection of opinions and information on

community planning through combined use of GIS and electronic meeting systems.

� GIS is used for development of national spatial plans and environmental plans, and maintenance and management of public facilities.

� Satellite PNT is used for management and protection of isolate islands

� In the field of disaster protection, in particular, the coordinated use of GIS and satellite PNT is expected to serve to investigate the disaster situation and assist the recovery.

Red: tax

Gray: city planning

Blue: road management

Online search for

public facilities

Preparion of

superposed maps

Assistance for movement for

elderly people, etc.

Routing

assistance

Spot weather

forecasts

Sidewalks are

narrow

Cars tend to

travel fast.

Pinpoint

advertizing

of shops

normal conditionsafter 1 hour of

torrential rain

after 2 hours of

torrential rain

� Positional data are developed from different

background maps, and are not

consistent with each other.

→→→→ Base maps that give positional references

for geospatial information are necessary.

Priority Measures against Problems at Present

� It is important to carry out measures based on needs of the society and promote technical development and various services.

→→→→ Cooperation among industry, government and academia is necessary.

Superposition of geospatial information and development, updating and provision of geospatial framework information

Establishment of guidelines on

development, provision and

distribution of geospatial information

Implementation of development and provision of FGD (fundamental geospatial data)

Implementation of establishment of close liaison and coordination with the U.S. government and advanced technical bases for satellite PNT

Strengthening cooperation among industry, government and academiaand promoting effective use of geospatial information

� Application of satellite PNT depends on GPS of U.S.

→→→→ Reliable and stabile supply services are necessary

� Limited availability of methods for digitization

and provision of geospatial information

� Consideration of personal data, intellectual

property rights, security of nation, etc. also necessary

→→→→ Rules are necessary for smooth improvement,

provision and distribution of geospatial information

developed by different organizations.

Major measures included in the plan

Strengthening cooperation among industry, government and academia

３

Implementation of development, provision and distribution of geospatial information

Red: tax

Gray: city planning

Blue: road management

Implementation of research and development, technical demonstration and feasibility demonstration for satellite PNT

boundary of public

facilities (road boundary)

slo

pe

boundary of town or smaller administrative division and

representative point

字字字字□□□□□□□□

○○○○○○○○二丁目二丁目二丁目二丁目△△△△△△△△番番番番

outer boundary of building

geodetic control point

boundary of public facilities (river

boundary)

edge of road water

boundary

lakeboundary of block and representative

point

normal line of top of slope of

river bank

center line of track

spot elevation

spot elevation

geodetic control point

boundary of administrative division and representative

point

coastline

Establishment of Implementation Structure of Organizations Concerned and Strengthened Coordination among Them

An organizational structure and measures for continuously promoting effective use of geospatial information are necessary.

Development of strong coalition among

administrative organs concernedEffective, efficient development and provision of geospatial information; realization of quasi-zenith satellite system

Study on strategic implementation structure and management skills

Study on business modelbased on effective use of geospatial information

Coordinated implementation of measures among different government offices is necessary.

Close coordination with other

measures concerned

ＩＴ

Innovation

ocean

space development

and utilization

Studies including review of basic

ideas of the basic act

Efforts based on close coordination between the national and local governments are necessary.

���� Implementation of measures based on social needs.

���� Technical development and promotion of various services are

necessary.

� Establishment of Council of Industry, Government and Academia

Cooperation for geospatial information

� Effective use of private sector’s technical capabilities to ensure

promotion of the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System Plan

� Technical development through cooperation between public and

private sectors with the aim of creation of industries

For planning and promotion of national measures, the national government should coordinate and cooperate with local governments in performing studies and implementing measures.

Review of implementation structure for measures relating to satellite PNT is necessary.

Planning and promotion

implementation

Coordination between the national

and local governments

Cooperation among industry, government and academia

Coordinated implementation of measures among different government

offices, and establishment of implementation structure

Development, updating and provision of geospatial framework information through coordination in sharing survey results and adjusting survey work

Survey results of City BDevelopment of

maps by Ministry A

Shortage of human resources for effective use of

geospatial information in public (national, local)

offices and private-sector firms

Geospatial information including maps, statistics and

registers can be used effectively in many work fields.

Analog data management is inefficient

because it requires massive work.

Use of GIS for data management is

highly efficient and effective.

� Do not know what GIS can do.

� Do not know what type of GIS should be introduced.

� Do not know what techniques are required for data

development and system design.

Spread of Knowledge and Fostering of Human Resources

Diverse human resources should be

developed.

community

planning

welfare environment

conservation

customer

management

vehicle’s traffic management

market research

However, public offices and firms are lacking in

human resources for introduction and effective

use of GIS.

<What human resources are

necessary?>

�Workers who have techniques

for effective use of geospatial

information

� Workers who can give spatial

ideas.

� Workers who can plan effective

use of geospatial information.

� Seminars and workshops on effectiveness

of using geospatial information and

techniques for GIS and surveys

� Provision of curriculums and production of

textbooks through coordination with

colleges

� Fostering of core organizations to allow

local colleges and private sector firms with

expertise to act in coordination

� Study for construct portal sites for

comprehensive provision of information on

public-private partnership

Seminars, workshops, textbook production, portal

sites based on public-private partnership, etc.

road

management

co

llege

s

info

rma

tio

n

techn

olo

gy

firm

s

su

rve

y

co

ntr

acto

rs

etc

.

Local core organization

Assistance given to public

offices, firms and NPOs for

effective use of geospatial

information

Data in different formats are

difficult to share among

different systems.

Geospatial information is not

distributed smoothly, preventing

their widespread use.

Standards for Development and Provision of Geospatial Information

� Compliance with ISO

StandardsISO 19100 series (geographic information)

JIS X7100 series (geographic information)

Ministerial ordinance and enforcement notification for the Basic Act

Standardization of geospatial

information

Standards for FGD

(fundamental geospatial data)

• Spread of model

procedures for

survey work

• Spread of standards

for geospatial

framework

information

Items of FGD and standards to be met

Standards for collectionGeospatial framework information

should meet certain standards and

have a certain level of quality to

promote their widespread use.

Development of standards for

geographic informationStandardization is

necessary.

Standards for FGD is

necessary.

Xx town

��town

△ town

� Promotion of developing JIS

Standards

Regulations for public survey work rules

Development and Updating of Various Sources of Geospatial Information

national

government

Development and updating should be performed by the national and local

governments and useful data for citizens should be digitized.

thematic map

Geospatial information

topographic map

local governments

statistic data

register data

aerial photograph*(*periodic photographing of territory including islands)

technical assistance for

development and updating

city planning map

satellite image

geographic name data etc.

Systematic development and updating of these sources of geospatial information

Development and Updating of FGD (fundamental geospatial data)

FGD

National and local governments etc.

Reference positions in

electronic maps

Development and updating of data

of a certain level of quality should

be conducted according to

ordinances and enforcement

notifications of Land, Infrastructure

and Transportation Ministry.

Quick development, timely updating

and smooth provision are necessary.

Basic maps for city planning, etc.Drawings of roads etc.

××町

_ _ Town

△町

＋

Geographical Survey Institute

Arrangement and formattingProvision of high-accuracy, latest

geospatial framework information

1/25,000 level topographic map data cadastral maps, maps stored at registry*

* Surveys at points on public-private boundaries should be conducted steadily because they serve for management of proper public

properties and promotion of cadastral surveys.

Development and updating of geographic data in different fields of public sector

Provision and Distribution of Geospatial Information

Provision and distribution of various

geospatial information

Provision of FGD

Provision of information on development and updating

of FGD

Geospatial information

private sector

� Positive provision by national government

� Promotion of provision by local governments

National government systematically provides its

geographic data through, in principle, Internet (free

of charge, or at low price).

Example: provision of digital national land information

(land use, land price, etc.)

FGD

� National government provides positively its geographic data free of charge through, in principle, Internet.

→ Geographical Survey Institute started service in 2008.

� Local governments are encouraged to promote widespread implementation of similar service.

xx town

□□ town

△ town

One-stop service for

provision

location search

In particular, FGD should be used widely by many

people as positional references.Information on map development projects, project

implementation areas, etc. is necessary for effective use of

geospatial framework information

When and where

data are developed

or updated.

It is necessary to data for which needs of the national

and local governments, firms and citizens are

increasing.

○○駅

××町

＊＊川

□□町

△町

xx town

�� town

△ town

local government

national government

Promotion of Effective Use of Geographic Information System

○○駅

××町

＊＊川

□□町

△町

� Continued efforts for development and effective use of earthquake disaster prevention system, biodiversity information system, etc.

� Efforts for provision and improvement of web mapping systems required for various geographic information provision services

National government should conduct technical assistance and

complementary financial measures required to promote the

use of integrated GIS by local governments etc.

Effective use of geographic information system

In developing new geospatial information, the national and local

governments should actively use existing geospatial framework

information for the areas covered.

Effective use by national government

Effective use of geospatial framework

information in map-related activities

Effective use by local governments

xx town

□□town

△town

coordination and integration

National and local governments should use GIS positively to ensure more efficient and advanced public administration and higher-quality services for citizens.

separate GIS

integrated GIS

community

planning

welfare

tax

management

FGDcommunity

planning maps drawings for agricultural

management

Considerations to be Taken into Account in Using Geospatial Information

(Establishment of rules for providing data)

Geospatial information may

include personal data, and

therefore due consideration

should be given to compliance

with the Act on the Protection of

Personal Information.

� Establishment of guidelines

for handling personal data� Criteria to specify data that require protective

measures� Appropriate procedures for providing data that are

accessible under act� Measures for processing personal data for

protection and measures for limiting their provision� Appropriate information management techniques to

promote provision of useful information

It is necessary to set up specific

procedures for using data

protected under intellectual

property rights such as for

permission of secondary use of

data, etc.

� Establishment of guidelines for

handling of data protected under

intellectual property rights, etc.

National security, which is essential

for living of citizens and

development and prosperity of the

nation, should not be threatened as

a result of distribution of geospatial

information.

�Appropriate framework for items to

be taken into consideration from

the viewpoit of national security

should be set up based on its balance

with promotion of effective use of

geospatial information

Protection of personal data

Handling of data protected

under intellectual property right

Influence on national security

Effective use of geospatial

information

Cases where personal

data are contained

Cases where intellectual

property rights including

copyright are involved.

Cases where

disclosure of data can

influence the

national security

� Handling of original data protected under intellectual property rights, conclusion of contracts with contractors, etc.

� Permission and limiting of secondary use, agreements for use of data, etc.

Based on the needs of domestic users, studies should be

carried out to show an ideal system that allows information on

the operation of GPS in U.S. etc. to spread properly among

users who require such information.

Stable operation of GPS in Japan

Satellite PNT in Japan depends largely on overseas

satellite PNT systems.

Periodical holding of

Japan-US General Meeting

Liaison, Coordination, etc., with Overseas Organizations for Satellite PNT

car navigation

survey

ships, aircraft

personal navigation

In Japan, satellite PNT is used widely in

common activities.

An environment where services based on highly reliable satellite

PNT are provided stably should be maintained effectively.

An environment where services based on highly reliable satellite

PNT are provided stably should be maintained effectively.

Information should be provided to ensure an improved

environment that serves to promote the use of satellite PNT.

Liaison and coordination with system managing

organizations concerning global satellite PNT.

���� Use of satellite PNT in Japan depends largely on

the GPS in U.S.

���� Studies on trends of satellite PNT systems in

different nations (U.S. GPS, EU Galileo, Russian

GLONASS, etc.)

Participation in International Committee on Global Navigation

Satellite Systems (ICG) and Providers’ Forum

The trends of development and operation of satellite PNT

systems in different nations should be investigated and the

coordination among providers should be strengthened.

GPS : Global Positioning System

Promotion etc. of Research and Development for Satellite PNT (1)

���� Basic ideas

Satellite PNT data are used widely and commonly in citizens’

living, and it is necessary for the nation to maintain technical

bases for satellite PNT.

(Principles in research and development of satellite PNT system)

� National government is responsible for supplementary techniques

to PNT

� Private sector is responsible for improving PNT techniques

(nation’s assistance and cooperation for those with high R&D risks)

���� Basic and foundational research and development

���� Engineering test satellite VIII (EST-VIII)Accumulation of basic techniques for satellite PNT

���� Research of accurate navigation systems

based on satellite PNT

���� Promotion of quasi-zenith satellite system planAdvanced satellite PNT services free of serious influence of mountains and buildings can be provided by putting a satellite on a quasi-zenith

orbit to allow the satellite to be seen in the direction. For the Quasi-Zenith Orbit Satellite System Project of Japan, the feasibility of techniques

for satellite PNT is demonstrated, and based on its results, the operation of the system is promoted.

2003: start of research

2004: research and development

2006: development

Phase 1 (technical

demonstration, operational

demonstration)

Technical development

by the nation

Phase 2 (system demonstration)

2010: launch of No.1 satellite

(target)

Evaluation of results of

demonstration

Private sectorSatellite Positioning Research

and Application Center*

Coordination and proper sharing among relevant organizations

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System Development and Application Promotion Council(relevant ministries and agencies, relevant research and development organizations,

major firms from private sector)

Technical demonstration by research and development offices of four ministries

Maintenance and operation of the system performed by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Ministry of Education,

Culture, Sports, Science and

TechnologyExperimental techniques for quasi-

zenith high-accuracy positioning

Ministries,

agencies, etc.

Phase 2:

Participation

in feasibility

demonstration

Phase 1: Coordinated by Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

The nation evaluates the results of nation technical demonstration and operational demonstration, and shifts to the stage of

system demonstration (two satellites added) through cooperation with the private sector. The private sector performs studies on

commercial feasibility, and promotes the project by providing appropriate funds based the contents and scale of the project.

Ministry of Education,

Culture, Sports, Science

and Technology

* Established February 5, 2007, under the

cojurisdiction of the four relevant ministries.

Ministry of Internal Affairs

and CommunicationsHigh-accuracy satellite PNT

techniques

Ministry of Economy, Trade

and IndustryTechniques to develop lightweight

long-life satellites

Ministry of Land,

Infrastructure, Transport and

TourismCorrection techniques for high-

accuracy PNT

Ministry of Internal Affairs

and Communications

Ministry of Economy,

Trade and Industry

Ministry of Land,

Infrastructure,

Transport and Tourism

Promotion etc. of Research and Development for Satellite PNT (2)

Use by national

organizations

Provision of information for

use of satellite PNT

� Activities by national government

���� Promotion of application of satellite PNT

Acquisition of data on positions of

investigators and helicopters

Navigation of aircraft and ships of

Self-Defense Forces

Preparation of maps to be stored at

registries

Seismic survey and

research

Research and development for automation of farm field work, research for

behaviors of marine organisms

Provision of GPS corroboration information for security of air and marine traffic

Acquisition and provision of GPS observation data from continuous GPS

observation system

and others

� Use of satellite PNT by local governments and private sector firms

blocked by building

quasiquasi--zenith satellitezenith satellite

direct data reception

from satellite

elevation angle to

geostationary satellite

(about 45°°°°)

elevation angle: 80°°°°

trajectory of quasi-zenith satellite

elevation angle: 70°°°°

This system keeps the satellite visible right above and provides high-accuracy positioning

service over the entire nation without being influenced by mountains and city buildings.

8時間

16

時間

Note: What is a quasi-zenith satellite system?

Primary feature is its function to provide high-accuracy positioning service that covers the entire nation

schematic orbit of satellite

8 hours

16

hours

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