How To Write,

Paragraph Formation and MLA Parenthetical Citation

How to Write, Cite, and Publish!Youve already been given an outline of the paragraphs needed in your research paper:English Literature Research Paper:The World and Works of _______________

The PoetThe Poets Life (1 paragraph)Biographical InformationThe Poets World Historical Period What important historical events occurred in England during the poets life? (1 paragraph)Literary Period In what literary period did the poet write? What are the general characteristics of literature during that period? (1 paragraph)

The PoemsThe Poets WordsThemes/Subjects/Types of Poems (1 paragraph)Word Choice, Syntax, Tone, and Mood (1 paragraph)Meter, rhythm, rhyme scheme, stanza length (1 paragraph)Figurative language comparative literary devices (metaphor, simile, symbolism, imagery, personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy) (1 paragraph)Figurative language poetic sound devices (repetition, alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, parallelism) (1 paragraph)Rhetorical language irony, hyperbole, allusion, paradox, oxymoron (1 paragraph)

The Poets VoiceParaphrase one of your poets poems (include a coy of the poem remember minimum 20 lines; however, the completed poem is required (1 paragraph)

Now its time towritethe paragraphsthemselves

Paragraph SetupA topic sentenceSentences of your ownQuotations and/or paraphrases from your sources that support the ideas in your own sentencesA concluding or transitional sentenceWhen writing a paragraph for a research paper, it is important to have the following:How do you set up a paragraph?

Here is a basic paragraph plan:Topic Sentence:

Sentence #1: (can be more than one sentence of your own!)

Quotation #1:

Sentence #2:(can be more than one sentence of your own!)

Quotation #2:

Sentence #3: (can be more than one sentence of your own!)

Quotation #3:

Ending/Transitional Sentence:(can be more than one sentence of your own!)

Lets say youre writing your research paper on Geoffrey Chaucer.According to your outline, your first paragraph is on the poets life. Start your paragraph with a topic sentence.Topic Sentence:

Geoffrey Chaucer is considered to be the most important writer of the Medieval Period.

Next, write a sentence of your own about an idea that relates directly to the topic sentence. (You can use more than one sentence.)Sentence #1:Chaucer was born in 1340.

Now you need to insert a quotation or a paraphrase that supports Sentence #1 or adds information to your paragraph.Quotation #1: He was the son of a merchant whose apparent success at this trade gave him contacts with the royal court which improved the familys standing (Geoffrey Chaucer Encyclopedia of World Biography 68). What is the information in the parentheses at the end of the sentence?

Its PARENTHETICAL CITATION!Parenthetical citation contains selected details from your bibliography cards. In order to use the information that you have taken from your sources, you have to acknowledge where you obtained that information. Parenthetical citation gives the reader enough information so that he/she can look at your Works Cited page (your bibliographic listing of sources used) and figure out where the quotation or paraphrase came from.

Here is the notecard where your quotation was originally written:

Poets Life Ason of a merchant whose apparent success at this trade gave him contacts with the royal court which improved the familys standing 68Here is the bibliography card for the quotation:

Geoffrey Chaucer. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Paula K. Byers. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. 67-70ATo cite the quotation in your paper, take the first entry from your bibliography card and the page number from your notecard and put it in parentheses.

(Note: If two or more sources have the same first entry, add the second entry as well.)

Poets Life Ason of a merchant whose apparent success at this trade gave him contacts with the royal court which improved the familys standing 68AGeoffrey Chaucer. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Paula K. Byers. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. 67-70.(Geoffrey Chaucer, Encyclopedia of World Biography 68)After your first quotation, write your second original sentence. Sentence #2:

Chaucer fought in France and was captured there.

Add your next quotation or paraphrase.Quotation #2:

Poets LifeBKing Edward of England paid his ransom 76Whitford, Sam. The Big Book of Chaucer. New York: Random House, 2001.BKing Edward of England paid his ransom (Whitford 76).

Fill in the rest of the plan and you have a paragraph!Sentence #3: (can be more than one sentence of your own!)

He later worked for King Edward as a messenger. Chaucer later worked in import and export.

Quotation #3: Chaucer then worked for King Richard II but asked for a new job when his position took him to places where he kept being robbed and beaten up (English Literature 83).

Ending/Transitional Sentence:(can be more than one sentence of your own!)

His last years were spent in Kent. Chaucer died in 1400.

Now, lets type it up!Check to make sure your margins are 1 all around!Use only Times New Roman, 12 point.Start with your heading in MLA format.Be sure to center your title.Dont forget to indent at the beginning of your paragraph!Type Your Heading:John JonesMs. DaleEnglish Literature/Composition27 March 2007

Type your title. Dont forget to center it!John JonesMs. DaleBritish Literature and Composition3 December 2007The World and Works of Geoffrey Chaucer

Then type your paragraph!John JonesMs. DaleEnglish Literature and Composition3 December 2007The World and Works of Geoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer is considered to be the most important writer of the Medieval Period. Chaucer was born in 1340. He was the son of a merchant whose apparent success at this trade gave him contacts with the royal court which improved the familys standing (Geoffrey Chaucer, Encyclopedia of World Biography 68). Chaucer fought in France and was captured there. King Edward of England paid his ransom (Whitford 76). He later worked for King Edward as a messenger. Chaucer later worked in import and export. Chaucer then worked for King Richard II but asked for a new job when his position took him to places where he kept being robbed and beaten up (English Literature 83). His last years were spent in Kent. Chaucer died in 1400.

Paragraph Checklist!

Be sure your topic sentence is general enough to cover all the ideas youll be including in your paragraph.

Make sure quotations/paraphrases are separated by sentences of your own.Have some type of conclusion or transition at the end of each paragraph.John JonesMs. DaleEnglish Literature and Composition27 March 2007The World and Works of Geoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer is considered to be the most important writer of the Medieval Period. Chaucer was born in 1340. He was the son of a merchant whose apparent success at this trade gave him contacts with the royal court which improved the familys standing (Geoffrey Chaucer Encyclopedia of World Biography 68). Chaucer fought in France and was captured there. King Edward of England paid his ransom (Whitford 76). He later worked for King Edward as a messenger. Chaucer later worked in import and export. Robert C. Carlsen, editor of English Literature A Chronological Approach, writes that Chaucer then worked for King Richard II but asked for a new job when his position took him to places where he kept being robbed and beaten up (83). His last years were spent in Kent. Chaucer died in 1400.After you type your paper, include a Works Cited Page.Works CitedCarlsen, Robert C., and Ruth Christoffer Carlsen eds. English Literature A Chronological Approach. Treasury Edition. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1985. Print.Geoffrey Chaucer. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Paula K. Byers. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale Research, 1998. Print. Geoffrey Chaucer. The Medieval Page. 20 October 2008. Web. 6 February 2013. .Whitford, Sam. The Big Book of Chaucer. New York: Random House, 2001. Print.Congratulations! Youve written and typed your senior research paper!