PARAPHRASING USING NOMINALS by A. Suzan Öniz

PARAPHRASING USING NOMINALSPARAPHRASING USING NOMINALS

byby

A. Suzan ÖnizA. Suzan Öniz

PARAPHRASING USING PARAPHRASING USING NOMINALSNOMINALS

ParaphrasingParaphrasing

is a necessary skill in academic writing when you want to refer to or borrow other people’s ideas.

expresses what you understand from what you read & involves changing someone else’s ideas into your own words.

is NOT copying the exact words or quoting a person directly.

Prepared by A. Suzan Öniz, PhD

THREE STEPS IN PARAPHRASING: THREE STEPS IN PARAPHRASING:

Original Sentence:Original Sentence:

Reading about a topic and taking part in discussions are

two ways that can help students to produce ideas.

VERB VERB NOMINAL: USING A NOMINAL INSTEAD OF THE VERB FORMNOMINAL: USING A NOMINAL INSTEAD OF THE VERB FORM

1. Replace the verb with a nominal, if possible:

production of ideas.

production

Reading about a topic and taking part in discussions are two ways that can help studentswith the

2.2. Find synonyms and change the order of the Find synonyms and change the order of the ideas:ideas:

for learners if

be easier

of ideas

will a. The production

they have read

about a theme and

discussed it.

b. The production of ideas is ...generally the resultof reading about the subject

andhaving

discussions about it.

c. Producing ideas is

easier for learners

afterreading about a subject

anddiscussing it.

Original Sentence:Original Sentence:Reading about a topic and taking part in

discussions are two ways that can help students to produce ideas.

d. When learners read about

e. Learners can easily

f. Learners can produce ideas by

g. Reading about and

h. Reading about a theme

a topic and

participatein discussions, then

theycan easily produce ideas.

produce ideas when they

discussing an issue enable learners

and discussing it make it

read about a topic and participate in discussions.

reading abouta subject and participating in

discussions.

to produce ideas.

easy for learners to find ideas.



3.3. Now dNow decide which sentence is betterecide which sentence is better.. What’s the focus in What’s the focus in each? each?

a. will be easier for learners if they have read about a theme and discussed it.

b. is generally the result of reading about the subject and having discussions about it.

c. is easier for learners after reading about a subject and discussing it.

d. When read about a topic and participate in discussions, then they can easily produce ideas.

e. can easily produce ideas when they read about a topic and participate in discussions.

f. can produce ideas by reading about a subject and participating in discussions.

g. an issue enable learners to produce ideas.

h. about a theme and it make it easy for learners to find ideas.

The production of ideas

Producing ideas

learners

Learners

Learners

Reading about and discussing Reading

discussing

The production of ideas

Which sentence is better???

All sentences are fine but the focus is different in some.

The focus in the original sentence: “reading … & taking part …”

The focus of Paraphrases a, b, c: “the production of ideas” “producing ideas”

The focus of Paraphrases d, e,f: “ learners”

The focus of Paraphrases g, h: “reading & discussing”

So???



Paraphrases g & h and the original

sentence are closest

because they have the same focus.


The selection of a suitable topic sentence can be done after carefully thinking about

the message of the paragraph.

NOMINAL NOMINAL VERBVERB : USING THE VERB FORM INSTEAD OF A NOMINAL : USING THE VERB FORM INSTEAD OF A NOMINAL

1.1. Replace the nominal with the verb, if possible:

To select or selecting

To select OR Selecting a suitable topic sentence can be done after

carefully thinking about the message of the paragraph.

What are some synonyms

for the underlined words in the original sentence?


The of a topic sentence can be done

after carefully the message

of the paragraph.

2.2. Find synonyms and change the order of the Find synonyms and change the order of the ideas:ideas:

selection

suitablethinking about

What are some verbs that you can use with the following??

The selection can be done

Selecting ???

Choosing ???

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Selecting

Choosing

An appropriate topic sentence

Learners

Students

that they

first consider the message

an appropriate topic sentence

is easier when want to

express/

on the contents of the paragraph.

consideration

generally follows

reflection


writersstate/give

in the paragraph.

after careful

can be written

the contents of the paragraph.

about

careful

can

following the

produce an appropriate topic sentence careful consideration of the paragraph

contents. can

write

an appropriate topic sentence considered the contents of the

paragraph.

when they have

CHANGING THE FOCUS: Can you start each paraphrase in a different way?


The selection of a suitable topic sentence can be done after carefully thinking about the message of the

paragraph.

3.3. Decide which sentence is better:Decide which sentence is better:

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Selecting that

they

first consider the message


is easier when want to

express/

writersstate/give

in the paragraph.

Choosing

consideration

generally follows

an appropriate topic sentence the contents of the

paragraph. abo

ut

careful

An appropriate topic sentenceon the contents of the

paragraph.reflectio

n

after careful

can be written

Learners

can

following the

produce an appropriate topic sentence careful consideration of the paragraph

contents. Studen

tscan

write

an appropriate topic sentence considered the contents of the

paragraph.

when they have

Find the focus in each & decide.


of a suitable topic sentence can be done after carefully thinking about the message of the

paragraph.

The selection

Decide which sentence is better:

All of the sentences are fine but again there are differences in focus.

The focus in the original sentence: “to select/selecting …”

The focus of Paraphrases a, b: “choosing” “the selection…”

The focus of Paraphrase c: “an appropriate topic sentence”

The focus of Paraphrases d, e: “learners/students”

So????So????Paraphrases a & b and the original sentence have the same focus.

PARAPHRASING PRACTICEPARAPHRASING PRACTICE

byby

A. Suzan ÖnizA. Suzan Öniz

IN BRIEF:IN BRIEF:

CHANGE THE SENTENCECHANGE THE SENTENCE..

Chop it up into two sentences or totally change the form.

Reverse the word order.

Use synonyms and other forms of the same word.

BUTBUT Keep technical or jargon words!

Don’t change the meaning!

Check the focus:

Does the paraphrase have a new focus?

Is this OK? Look at the context (the other sentences around this sentence) and try to match the focus.

EXERCISE: EXERCISE: PARAPHRASINGPARAPHRASING

OLR 1 Unit 5 Reading 4OLR 1 Unit 5 Reading 4

The boomerang The boomerang two curved two curved wingswings

What are synonyms for the underlined words?

looks looks likelike

connected connected together.together.

Now paraphrase it.

The boomerang looks like two curved wings connected The boomerang looks like two curved wings connected together.together.

Possible Paraphrases:Possible Paraphrases:

The boomerang __________ two curved wings ________ attached.

is similar to resembles

which arewhich are joined together.

resembles two curved and attached wings.

The shape of the boomerangis similar to two curved wings

that have

been joined together.

It It in the curved or turning flight of the boomerang.in the curved or turning flight of the boomerang.

What are some alternatives that signal result?

How do you need to change this sentence

when you replace ‘results’ ???

resultresultss


As a result, the boomerang flies in a curved or turning way.

Therefore,

This leads to a curved or turning flight of the boomerang.

This causes the boomerang to fly in a curved or turning manner.

The boomerang, therefore, flies

The flight pattern of the boomerang then is curved or turned.

It It results results in the curved or turning flight of the in the curved or turning flight of the boomerang.boomerang.


A study done with university students found that, after A study done with university students found that, after listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart rates.rates.

For which words do you know synonyms?

Can you replace the folowing?

to do a study

after doing sth

to have an increased heart rate


A study done with university students found that, after A study done with university students found that, after listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart rates.rates.


Research conducted with university students showed that

carried out illustrated

performed demonstratedstudents’ heart beats increased after they listened to loud rock music. went up when climbed rose

Research conducted with university students demonstrated that loud rock musiccaused students’ heart rate to rise. led to a rise in heart beats. resulted in

Playing music at home, in the office, or in school Playing music at home, in the office, or in school

can help a person to focus.can help a person to focus.

Find alternative expressions for the following:

playing music

can help a person to do sth

to focus on sth

Playing music at home, in the office, or in school Playing music at home, in the office, or in school

can help a person to focus.can help a person to focus.


Listening to music in your house, at work, or in school mayenable a person

The ___________ of people who play music in their houses, at work, or in school

to concentrate.

concentrationschool may improve.

increase.

get better.

Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients.Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients.

Find synonyms for as many words as possible.

Can you also find an alternative grammatical structure?

Paraphrase this sentence starting with

These days/Currently/...

Headphones

Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients.Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients.


These days, patients are frequently offered headphones in their dentist’s office.

Headphones

These days, it Presently, Currently,

is common for (dental) patients to be offered headphones widespread

in their dentist’s office.

are commonly used in dentists’ offices these days.

It is not uncommon It is not uncommon

to see patients listening to soft music while having an to see patients listening to soft music while having an operation.operation.

Can you change the focus?

In how many different ways can you start this sentence?

It is not uncommon to see patients listening to soft music It is not uncommon to see patients listening to soft music

while having an operation.while having an operation.


Soft musicfor patients during surgery is quite common.

It is not

It is quite common

unusual to see people under medical treatment listening to gentle music

during surgery.

Listening to soft music

for surgery patients to listen to gentle music

during the operation.

during surgery is quite common for patients.

to see patients listening to gentle music during surgery.

It is possible

By slowing the tempo of the music you are By slowing the tempo of the music you are listening to, listening to,

you can contribute to your own calmness.you can contribute to your own calmness.

Reword this sentence by using double comparatives:

The ...er, the ...er.




The slower the speed of the music you are listening to, the more your calmness.

If you the music you are listening to, you can your calmness.

decrease the speed ofincreas

e

Decreasing



the tempo of the music you are listening to can

calm down.

help

enable

you to become more calm.


Generalizations from these would befindings

premature.

Find synonyms for the underlined words.


Generalizations from these findings would be Generalizations from these findings would be premature.premature.


Generalizations

It would

from these results would be possible later.

be too early

to generalize from these results.

More research is needed.More research is needed.

What are synonyms for

more

to be needed

More research is needed.

Possible Paraphrases:

Additional

necessary.

essential.

Further

conducted.

research should

be

is

needs to bemust be

has to be

carried out.

performed.


Jazz is a of music that was

by the African slaves

kind sung or played

on the plantations.

Can you replace the highlighted words?

Jazz is a ______ of music that was _________

by the African slaves _____ fields.

Jazz is a kind of music that was sung or played Jazz is a kind of music that was sung or played

by the African slaves on the plantations.by the African slaves on the plantations.


in the

sort

which African slaves

type

performed

sang or played

in the fields.

Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from

a combination of African folk music and dance a combination of African folk music and dance rhythms.rhythms.

Now you try on your own.

Remember

to find synonyms,

to change the word order, and then

to decide which is the best in terms of matching focus.

Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from a combination of Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from a combination of

African folk music and dance rhythms.African folk music and dance rhythms.


Therefore, the jazz music of 200 years ago developed from a

________ , the jazz music of the 1800s developed when

mixture of

African folk music and dance rhythms.

evolved

Consequently,

African folk music

was combined with dance rhythms.

Therefore, As a result,

For this reason,

As African-Americans migrated north, As African-Americans migrated north,

they brought jazz and the blues with them.they brought jazz and the blues with them.

Find synonymous structures and reword this sentence.

Hints:

when...

during

starting with the nominal for ‘to migrate’

As African-Americans migrated north, As African-Americans migrated north,

they brought jazz and the blues with them.they brought jazz and the blues with them.


When African-Americans moved north, they introduced jazz and the blues there.

The migration of African-Americans

During

to the north took jazz and the blues there.

was taken to that region.

the migration of African-Americans to the north,

jazz and the blues

spread there.

Due to

People People were buying jazz records were buying jazz records

faster than they could be recorded.faster than they could be recorded.

A more specific word for ‘people’

Instead of ‘buying’ & ‘faster’ ????

People were buying jazz records faster People were buying jazz records faster

than they could be recorded.than they could be recorded.


Jazz records were

People were

The recording of jazz records could not keep up

sold more quickly thancould record

them.

the artists

purchasing jazz records more rapidly thanCustome

rs

they could be recorded.

with their sales.

Fans

The boomerang looks like two curved wings connected together.

It results in the curved or turning flight of the boomerang.

A study done with university students found that, after listening to loud rock music, students had increased heart rates.

Playing music at home, in the office, or in school can help a person to focus.

Nowadays, dentists often offer headphones to their patients.

It is not uncommon to see patients listening to soft music while having an operation.

By slowing the tempo of the music you are listening to, you can contribute to your own calmness.

Generalizations from these findings would be premature.

More research is needed.

Jazz is a kind of music that was sung or played by the African slaves on the plantations.

Jazz music in the 1800s thus grew from a combination of African folk music and dance rhythms.

As African-Americans migrated north, they brought jazz and the blues with them.

People were buying jazz records faster than they could be recorded.

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PARAPHRASING USING NOMINALS by A. Suzan Öniz