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Parental leave and return to work: evidence from
Growing Up in New Zealand
Assoc. Prof. Susan Morton
Director
Centre for Longitudinal Research – He Ara ki Mua
and Growing Up in New Zealand
University of Auckland
New Zealand
www.growingup.co.nz
Purpose of Growing Up in New Zealand
To provide contemporary population relevant
evidence about the determinants of
developmental trajectories for 21st century New
Zealand children in the context of their families.
“The Ministry of Social Development and the Health
Research Council of New Zealand, in association
with the Families Commission, the Ministries of
Health and Education and the Treasury, wish to
establish a new longitudinal study of New Zealand
children and families, …. to gain a better
understanding of the causal pathways that lead to
particular child outcomes (across the life course)”
…… introduction to RFP in 2004.
Introducing Growing Up in New Zealand
• Providing contemporary and holistic evidence about
growing up in New Zealand in the 21st century
• Following 6844 children born in 2009 and 2010 (and
their families) from before birth until early adulthood
• Cohort reflects diversity of all current NZ births
(ethnicity, SES, rural/urban)
• In particular Maori, Pacific and Asian children
included in appropriate numbers (unique)
• Collecting multidisciplinary evidence to inform
effective cross-sectoral solutions
Information collected to date
NEXT STEPS• 31 month retention contact complete and 45 month underway • Next DCW when children are 54 months (pre-schoolers)• DCWs planned every 2-3 years at key transition points thereafter• Data linkage to routinely collected health, education and other records
Multidisciplinary research framework
Domains of influence on children: not separate, but overlapping and interwoven.
Early information on child development
www.growingup.co.nz
Parental leave (Antenatal and by 9 months)
• Over 95% (n = 3534) of mothers in paid employment
during pregnancy intended to take any leave
• Slightly fewer (89%) partners intended to take leave after
their baby was born
• By the time the cohort babies were 9 months old over
83% (n=3085) of mothers who intended to take any leave
had done so (30% still on leave at 9 months)
• Most common leave taken was Paid Parental Leave (87%)
• 1056 mothers took only Paid Parental Leave
• 37.5% took 2 forms of leave, 21% took 3 or more types
(unpaid, annual, sick leave)
Parental leave intentions (antenatal)
NZDep2006 quintiles n Anticipated leave (months)
Preferred leave (months)
NZDep 1-2 (least deprived) 1100 9.4 17.9
NZDep 3-4 1235 8.6 16.3
NZDep 5-6 1168 7.9 16.7
NZDep 7-8 1426 8.2 16.9
NZDep 9-10 1891 7.2 14.7
Household income groups
<=20K 220 7.2 9.9
>20K <=30K 292 8.6 16.5
>30K <=50K 738 8.0 12.9
>50K <=70K 860 7.8 15.3
>70K <=100K 1198 7.8 17.2
>100K <=150K 915 8.2 17.1
>150K 986 9.1 18.0
Length of leave (by 9 months)
Length of leave for those who had completed leave (n=2460)* Mean (weeks)
Length of total leave (both paid and unpaid) 23.2
Length of paid parental leave plus additional pay from employer 14.8
Length of paid parental leave only 13.6
Length of annual leave 4.5
Length of receiving other type of pay 10.3
Length of not receiving any pay at all 16.0
* Includes multiple response(s) and will total to more than 100%
Paid Parental leave and type of child care (9 months)
Main child care at 9 months(for mothers who took PPL)
n %
Daycare or Early childcare Centre 488 40
Grandparent 378 31
Home based care programme 126 10
Nanny 92 8
Other relative 58 5
Other (friend, neighbour) 31 3
Kohanga Reo 23 2
Pacific islands Childcare Centre 14 1
Other 10 0.9
Child wellbeing - Immunisation rates by deprivation
Parental Leave (type and duration) and likelihood of timely Immunisations
• Completion of immunisations on time was most likely for the group of children whose mothers were still on leave when they were 9 months of age (n=1055)
(6 weeks – 94%, 3mths - 93%, 5mths – 88% or all 3 -86%)
• Completion of immunisations on time was also most likely for the group of children whose mothers took a combination of Paid Parental leave and Other leave
(6 weeks – 94%, 3mths - 93%, 5mths – 89% or all 3 -87%)
• Completion of immunisations on time was least likely for the group of children whose mothers took only Other leave (that is no PPL)
(6 weeks – 89%, 3mths - 86%, 5mths – 77% or all 3 -75%)
Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates in Growing Up
Parental leave and exclusive breastfeeding
Duration of exclusive breastfeeding (months)
Maternal leave group
N+ Minimum Maximum Mean Std Dev Median
Took leave 3420 0.033 11.000 3.816 2.112 4.000
Didn't take leave 664 0.033 9.000 3.892 2.105 4.000
Not eligible for leave (not working)
2022 0.033 12.000 3.890 2.178 4.000
+Of those in each category that ever breastfed
Parental leave type and exclusive breastfeeding
+Of those in each category that ever breastfed
Duration of exclusive breastfeeding (months)
Maternal leave group
N+ Minimum Maximum Mean Std Dev Median
Paid parental leave
1015 0.033 9.000 3.792 2.123 4.000
Paid parental leave plus other
leave(s)
1976 0.033 11.000 3.834 2.102 4.000
Other leave type(s) but not
paid parental leave
425 0.033 9.000 3.773 2.135 4.000
Future plans
• Full analysis of parental leave and return to work when all mothers have completed leave (approximately 30% of those who took leave yet to return to work in first 9 months)
• Further analyses of enablers and barriers to taking parental leave (for those eligible)
• Further analyses on impact of parental leave on environment provided for children and related behaviours
• Relationship between parental leave and return to work on family dynamics and child developmental outcomes and wellbeing.
Acknowledgements
• Participants and their families
• Growing Up team
• University of Auckland
• UniServices
• Ministry of Social Development
• Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Justice, Dept of Labour, Ministry of Pacific Island Affairs, Te Puni Kokiri, Office of Ethnic Affairs, Statistics NZ, Families Commission, Children’s Commission
• Advisory and Stakeholder groups