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PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS
• Nouns are namers.
• Nouns name people, places, things, animals and ideas.
• The teacher dashed into the room.
• Scott is a writer.
• The idea is excellent.
COMMON and PROPER NOUNS
• Common nouns name any person, place or thing and are NOT capitalized:
• girl• boy• city• food
• Proper nouns name a specific person, place or thing and ARE capitalized:
• Jennifer• Scott• Livingston• Rice-a-Roni
COMPOUND NOUNS and COLLECTIVE NOUNS
• Compound nouns are two or more nouns that function as a single unit:
• time capsule• great-uncle• homework• basketball
• Collective nouns name groups of people or things:
• audience• family• herd• chorus• crowd
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
Singular nouns name ONE.
• One dog• One child• One deer• One person• One peach• One pony• One monkey• One leaf• One ox
• Plural nouns name MORE than one.
• Three dogs• Six children• Three deer• Four people• Eight peaches• Two ponies• Two monkeys• Three leaves• Two oxen
Articles or Noun Markers
• Articles are also called Noun Markers or Noun Determiners
• A, The and AN are Articles or Noun Markers• They mark that a noun will follow (Sometimes there’s
an adjective before the noun)
• The dog• An apple (use “an” before words that begin with a vowel
sound)
• A student
PRONOUNS
• Pronouns take the place of a noun. Pronouns are substitutes.
• Bob ate the worms. He enjoyed them.
• Sue tried to jump the fence. She fell on it.• The crowd cheered the band. They loved it.• Scott and I saw our friends. We like them.• You fix the bike yourself. • He has only himself to blame.
List Of Pronouns
• I, me, my, mine, myself, she, her, hers, herself, he, him, his, himself, it, its, you, your, yours, our, ours, them, they, their, theirs, themselves, we, us
Pronoun Clarity Rules
• If somebody writes, “Sue and Cassy went to the store. She bought a new skirt” we DON’T know who bought the skirt. The use of the pronoun “she” is unclear.
• If there are two or more boys in a sentence, you cannot use he or him in the next sentence.
• If there are two or more girls in a sentence, you cannot use she or her in the next sentence.
• If there are two or more things in a sentence, you cannot use it in the next sentence.
ADJECTIVES
• Adjectives describe (modify) nouns. Adjectives add information about nouns and can spice-up your writing.
• He wore a green shirt and plaid pants.• The big truck was ugly.• She wore a feather boa.• It was a dark, stormy and creepy night.• My second cousin wanted those apples.• I saw five geese.
Adjectives answer the questions:
• Which one? This game, that car, those mountains
• What kind? Pretty cat, fresh milk, American flag
• How many? Some people, seven miles, several days
• How much? Enough food, less rain, more time
VERBS
• Verbs show action or a state of being. Verbs are the engines that power sentences. Without a verb, a sentence can go nowhere. Every sentence MUST have a verb!!!
• Action verbs: walk, run, jump, soar, whisper, stomp, tattle, spend, sing…
• Action verbs tell something you can do, like “sleep” (even if it isn’t very active).
State-of-Being Verbs
• State-of-being verbs are the form of the verb “be.”
• Am, is, are, was, were, has been, will be and have been
• I am a good student. She is happy. He was excited. They were delicious. He has been sick. She will be glad. They have been good students.
HELPING VERBS
• Helping verbs “help” action verbs to be in the correct tense. Forms of “be” are often helping verbs if they are paired with an action verb.
• Helping verbs: has, have, had, can, could, would, should, will, shall, may, might, must, did, do, does.
• We can graduate. He has been learning.• We have learned a lot. They can dance.• We will have learned a lot.
Helping Verbs/Sate-of-Being Verbs
• When a state-of-being verb is with an action verb, it becomes a helping verb.
• He is cute (“is” is a state-of-being verb).
• He is dancing (now “is” is a helping verb).
• She was excited (“was” is a state-of-being verb)
• She was dancing (now “was” is a helping verb).
Finding Verbs
• In order to find the verb in a sentence, using the “time change” method always works.
• By saying yesterday, every day, and tomorrow at the beginning of a sentence, the verb will change automatically. Remember it as the YET (Yesterday, Every day, Tomorrow) method.
Examples of Time Change
• Listen for the word or words that change when the time is changed. That word is the verb:
• Yesterday: Steve ate a taco.• Every day: Steve eats a taco.• Tomorrow: Steve will eat a taco.• Yesterday: Jill was happy.• Every day: Jill is happy.• Tomorrow: Jill will be happy.
VERBS
• Verbs show a state-of-being. They are the forms of the verb “be.”
• State of being verbs: am, is, are, was, were, has been, will be…
• Mrs. McMillion is a teacher.
• The students will be smart learners.
• She was clever.
• They were late
MORE ABOUT VERBS
• Verbs tell present, past and future tense. They tell when something is happening.
• Present (today): I dance.
• Past (yesterday): I danced.
• Future (tomorrow): I will dance.
ACTIVE vs PASSIVE VERBS
• Verbs can be active or passive. Sometimes this is called active or passive voice.
• Active verbs (or voice) put the person (or thing) doing the action in charge: Connie passed the test.
• With passive verbs (or voice), the subject receives the action: The test was passed by Connie.
• Hint: Use the active voice in your writing.
ADVERBS
• Adverbs describe (modify) verbs. They tell when, where and how.
• The band played beautifully. (How)
• The student will arrive soon. (When)
• The boy sat near. (Where)
• She studied carefully. (How)
• He quickly jumped. (How)
Adverbs
• WHEN WHERE HOW
• Tomorrow there sweetly
• Tonight here kindly
• Soon everywhere well
• Now nowhere simply
• Later outside thoughtfully
PREOPSITIONS
• Prepositions show position relative to another noun. A preposition MUST be connected to a noun or a pronoun. A prepositional phrase is a preposition and its object:
• in the door next to me
• on the car behind it
• around the house near the garage
LIST of PREPOSITIONS• About• Above• Across• Against• Around• Before• Behind• Below• Beneath• Beside• Between• Beyond• By• Down• Into
• Inside• Near• Next to• Off• On• Onto• Out• Outside• Over• Past• Through• Toward• Under• Upon • Within
Conjunctions
• Conjunctions join words, phrases and clauses together. They are the words: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
• We ate salad and bread.
• She was happy yet sad.
• They were neither absent nor tardy.
• We can dance or sing.
Interjections
• Interjections express emotion. If it’s a strong emotion, the word(s) can stand alone with an exclamation mark following, as in: Wow! Hurray! Yippee!
• If an interjection isn’t a strong emotion, it can go before a regular sentence followed by a comma:
• Good grief, Charlie Brown missed the ball.• Hey, that’s a great idea.