PEG Spheres - link.springer.com978-0-387-33015-0/1.pdf · Histology with Spheres Epidermis Dennis Blood Vessels, Subcutaneous Layer PEG Spheres Histology without Spheres 1mm M W 1

Histology with Spheres Epidermis

Dennis

Blood Vessels,

Subcutaneous Layer

PEG Spheres

Histology without Spheres

1mm M W

1 mm W N

Figure 4.20. (Page 110, Ibey et ai) Histological sectioning of the implant site of the spheres and a control site allowed for immunological screening of the sensor site. No evidence of an immune response was seen at the implantation site despite overshooting the target implant depth.

Figure 6.5. (Page 138, McShane) Top left: HTC-GOx loaded calcium-crosslinked microspheres formed by emulsion. Top right: Smaller alginate microspheres doped with FTTC-GOx and coated with RITC-poly(allylamine) nanofilm.

Figure 6.7. (Page 140, McShane) Electrostatic uptake of macromolecules. Left: alginate microspheres coated with TRITC-PAH/PSS nanofilms. Top right: same capsules following exposure to TRITC-POx. Bottom right: same capsules following exposure to anionic FTTC-dextran 500kDa.

Catalytic Biosensor

V Enzyme

Competitive-binding Biosensor

• Labeled Protein / Labeled Ligand

Figure 6.9. (Page 142, McShane) General description of microcapsule-based sensors. Top left: polyelectrolyte capsule, hollow or filled with polymer matrix; Bottom left: enzyme-based microcapsule sensor containing enzyme and dyes; Bottom right: microcapsule sensor employing competitive-binding FRET assay, comprising glucose-binding protein labeled with acceptor and glucose analog labeled with donor.

Time (sec) Time (sec)

Time (sec) Time (sec)

Figure 6.12. (Page 148, McShane) Oxygen (top left) and glucose (top right) temporal concentration profiles at r=rl/2; oxygen (bottom left) and glucose (bottom right) temporal concentration profiles at r=rl. The insets for glucose are exploded views of glucose levels 1.5-2 seconds following step addition.

300

10 15 20 Glucose Concentration (mM)

25 30

Figure 6.14. (Page 150, McShane) Steady-state sensitivity to glucose for microspheres with different nanofilm thickness.

10 15 Radial Position (lan)

Radial Position (}»m)

Figure 6.13. (Page 149, McShane) Steady-state spatial profiles for oxygen and glucose within spheres due to step inputs of glucose from 0-30 mM.

1500

i : 1000

500


30

Figure 6.15. (Page 152, McShane) Average oxygen versus glucose for different bulk oxygen concentrations. The lines correspond to three different bulk oxygen levels. Top (red): 1400 jiM; middle (blue): 250 |LIM, bottom (green): 80 |LIM.


300

260

1 s ^̂

1 "" l,» o

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Radial Position ()im) Radial Position (Mm)

Figure 6.16. (Page 153, McShane) (Top) Average oxygen versus glucose for different enzyme concentrations and (Bottom-Left) internal oxygen and (Bottom-Left) glucose distributions for Et=lmM.

Figure 6.21. (Page 158, McShane) Confocal fluorescence (top, left: FITC, right: TRITC), phase (bottom left) and overlay (bottom right) images of polyelectrolyte capsules loaded with TRITC-apo-GOx and FITC-dextran.

Figure 11.4. (Page 289, Schultz) Schematic diagram of a fiber optic glucose sensor based on competitive binding of glucose and FTTC-dextran for Con-A sites that are immobilized on the interior surface of a hollow dialysis fiber.

Figure 11.6. (Page 291, Schultz) Experimental setup for measuring blood glucose levels in an animal. The sensor is placed in a "t" and venous blood continually withdrawn with a catheter. The animal is injected with a bolus of a glucose solution, and then samples removed periodically for glucose analysis.

external monitor

illumination source

fluorescence response

glucose sensor

stratum comeum

epidemils layer

sensory ending

dermis layer

subcutaneous layer

capillaries

Figure 11.9. (Page 292, Schultz) Concept for a subcutaneous glucose sensor based on an optical readout principle.

Fluorochrome-labeled Dyed porous bead Concanavalin A Hollow fiber membrane

Figure 11.22. (Page 303, Schultz) Microsphere glucose biosensor. In this configuration, the analog-analyte is a porous Sephadex bead (a polymer containing pendant glucose residues). The beads are colored with dyes that prevent the excitation light from penetrating into them and another dye that blocks emission from fluorochrome-labeled Con-A in the interior of the bead. (Ballerstadt and Schultz, 2000).

Figure 13.1. (Page 324, Tolosa and Rao) The structure of the glutamine binding protein showing the "closed" glutamine-bound form (left) and the "open" glutamine-free form (right).

6 7 8 9 10 11

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

Figure 15.17. (Page 372, Duerkop) Rapid lifetime determination (RLD) imaging of the activity of glucose oxidase in the wells of a microtiterplate. The pictures reflect the normalized ratio of the two images as schematically represented in Figs. 15.12 and 15.13 (in pseudo colors). The cocktails in wells (from 1 to 12) had the following compositions: GOx activities 0 (blank), 135, 54.1, 27.1, 13.5, 5.4, 2.7, 1.35, 0.54, 0.27, 0.14 to 0.05 mUnit/mL, respectively; plus 100 nL of the EuTc stock solution, 15 [xL of a 277.2 mmol L"̂ glucose solution; total volume made up to 200 [xL with MOPS buffer.

INDEX

affinity capture agents, 190 contact lens sensors

compartmentalization in, 194 specificity, 194

fluorescence measurements, 191, 192 light diffraction elements, 192, 193, 194

affinity principles, 305, 307 allophycocyanin, 191 amperometric detection, pulsed, 34 anionic fluorescent dyes, 47-87 ANS (anilino-naphthalene sulfonate), 326

open conformation, 326 anthracenediboronic acid derivative

(ANDBA),406,412 apo-GOx, 156, 159 aqueous micelle carriers, 222, 223 arenecarboximdes

A -̂phenylboronic acid derivatives of, 1-17

automated HPLC post-column detection method, 34-38. See also glucose monitoring carbohydrates analysis, 34

evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD), 34

fructose, 35 mass spectrometric detection

(HPLC-MS), 34 post-column derivatization

techniques, 34 pre-column derivatization methods,

34 pulsed amperometric detection

(PAD), 34

binding protein, glucose, 323, 324 conformation, 325

bioreactor heterogeneous biphase, 218 particle packed, 217, 218, 219

biosensor chemiluminogenic, 313-317

carbohydrates, 1 glucose dehydrogenase, 315 glucose oxidase (GOD), 1,316 luminol, 314 microdialysis (MD), 315 optical sensor, 314 phenylboronic acid, 1, 2

biosensor (cont.) chemiluminogenic (cont.)

sol-gel method, 315 surface chemiluminescence

analysis, 317 competitive optical affinity, 289, 290,

291,292,293,295,296,297 affinity based glucose biosensor

systems, 299, 302, 303 affinity biosensors, 298, 299 integral biosensor proteins, 304, 305

fluorescence, 117-127 non-consuming analyte stable

glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger, 119-121

*****optical affinity principles, 305, 307 analytical feature and application,

226, 228 aqueous micelle carriers, 222, 223 bulky bi-phase bioreactor, 215, 216,

217 dissolved oxygen concentration,

223,224 enzyme biosensor, 201-229 enzyme stability, 00^, 224, 225 flow injection analysis, 222 in batch operation, 219 inflowmode, 220, 221 in stop-flow mode, 220 mixture of organic solvent, 222, 223 optical enzyme-based, 201-229 optical transducers, 203-207 particle packed bioreactor, 217, 218,

219 protein based, 1

biphase bioreactor bulky, 215, 216, 217 heterogeneous, 218

bipyridinium, 56, 57, 58 meta-substiuted viologen, 58, 59 ortho-substiuted viologen, 58, 59 para-substiuted viologen, 58

bisboronic acid sensors, 2 boronic acid, 22, 387

based fluorescent reporter compounds, 380 anthracene, 381, 383, 384, 385

431

432 INDEX

boronic acid (cont.) based fluorescent reporter compounds (cont.)

chelation-enhanced quenching (CHEQ), 387, 388, 389, 390

contact lens for glucose sensing, 390, 391

internal charge transfer compounds, 385, 386

polymer based sensors, 386 pyrene based sensors, 381, 383, 384,

385 functionalized viologen quenchers

binding to diol, 51 receptors, 333 substituted viologens

with anionic fluorescent dyes, 47-87 BP. See binding proteins bulky bi-phase bioreactor, 215, 216, 217

CO design chemosensor, 11. See also carbohydrate molecular probes

C4-CPB/-CyD binding equilibrium, 248, 249, 250 fructose recognition by, 244, 245, 246 in aqueous DMSO solution, 243-244 recognition selectivity, 248, 249, 250 response mechanism of, 246, 247, 248

capillary electrophoresis, 317-319. See also chemiluminescence ECL, 318 laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), 317

capture agents, affinity, 190 contact lens sensors


fluorescence measurements, 191, 192 light diffraction elements, 192, 193, 194

carbohydrates analysis, 34. See also automated HPLC post-column detection method carbohydrate sensors

receptor, 6 spacer, 6



(HPLC-MS), 34 molecular probes

CO design chemosensor, 11 A -̂phenyl naphthalimide

fluorophore, 11

carbohydrates analysis (cont.) post-column derivatization

techniques, 34 pre-column derivatization methods, 34 pulsed amperometric detection

(PAD), 34 CAVEAT program, 393 CCA. See crystalline colloidal array CE. See capillary electrophoresis chalcone derivatives, 411. See also

ICT probes charge-transfer character, 4 chelation-enhanced quenching (CHEQ), 6,

381 chemiluminescence (CL), 312. See also

glucose detection biosensor, 313-317

carbohydrates, 1 glucose dehydrogenase, 315 glucose oxidase (GOD), 316 luminol, 314 microdialysis (MD), 315 optical sensor, 314 phenylboronic acid, 1, 2 sol-gel method, 315 surface chemiluminescence

analysis, 317 capillary electrophoresis (CE), 317-319

ECL, 318 laser-induced fluorescence (LIF),

317 flow injection analysis (FIA), 313 fructose concentration, 312 glucose concentration, 313 hexose concentration, 312 periodate oxidation method, 312 synthetic, 1 using luminol, 312

chemosensors, fluorescent, 1 phenylboronic acid, 1, 2

coherence tomography, optical, 169 colloidal array, crystalline, 392 competitive optical affinity glucose

biosensors, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297 affinity based glucose biosensor


concanavalin A (con A), 92-96, 118, 156, l9\,\92.See also diabetes agarose beads (Sepharose), 95

INDEX 433

concanavalin A (cont.) fluorescent tags

fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), 95

purification, 93, 94 stability, 94 structure, 92-93 tetramethyl-rhodamine isothiocyanate

(TRITC), 98 conducting polymers, organic, 365 contact lens

doped, 420 hydrogel, 91 ICT probes, 409

chalcone derivatives, 411 polyene derivative, 409 stilbene derivatives, 409

interferents, 422, 423,424 internal properties, 412 PET probes, 412 probe leaching, 422, 423, 424 sensing probes, 412,413, 414

based on quinolinium, 414,415 sensors, 425


shelflife,422,423,424 signaling probes in, 420,421, 422

controlled porous glass (CPG), 210 crystalline colloidal array, 392 CSTBA, 405,406

DDPBBA, 404, 405, 409 decay parameters, fluorescence intensity

for meta isomer, 15 forortho isomer, 15

delay ratioing, phase, 368 derivatization techniques. See also

carbohydrates analysis post-column, 34 pre-column, 34

dextran, 92-96. See also diabetes diabetes

blood glucose (sensors) level monitoring, 90 fluorescence biosensors, 117-127 interstitial fluid (ISF), 90

concanavalin A, 92-96 dextran, 92-96 finger-pricking method, 399 fluorescent based assay, 96-100

fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), 98,99

diabetes {cont.) fluorescent based assay {cont.)

fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), 96, 97, 98-100

tetramethyl-rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC), 98, 99

glucose monitoring, 21 and fructose, 38-42 automated HPLC postcolumn

detection method, 21, 34-38 boronic acid-based receptors, 34 chromophores, 21 fluorophores, 21-28 fructose, 21 hollow fiber based sensors, 100, 101 human blood plasma, 38-42 maltodextrins, 33 monosaccharide analysis, 28 sugar-induced signal transduction,

28 hyperglycemia, 117

glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc), 118 interstitial fluid glucose sensing

implantable concanavlin A based sensors, 88-111

minimally invasive modalities, 91-92 non-consuming analyte stable biosensor

glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger, 119-121

non-invasive modalities, 90, 91 con A based glucose sensors, 91, 92 fluorescence resonance energy

transfer (FRET), 91 fluorescent intensity detection, 92 glucose oxidase, 91 hydrogel contact lens, 91 intensity monitoring, 91 lifetime monitoring, 91

non-invasive monitoring, 164-196 specificity, 166-172

ophthalmic glucose monitoring, 399 sensing modalities, 100-110

fluorescent light through skin, 108, 109,110

hollow fiber based sensors, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105

poly(ethylene glycol) based sensors, 106, 107

stable glucokinase, 123, 124, 125, 126 BSGK, 124, 125 from thermophilic organism

Bacillus stearothermophilus, 124 polarization sensing, 125

434 INDEX

diabetes (cont.) stable glucokinase (cont.)

resonance energy transfer (RET), 125,126

thermostable glucose dehydrogenase apo-formof, 122 fluorescence lifetimes, 123 from Thermoplasma acidophilum,

121-123 polarization sensing, 123

THORofhuman skin, 178 type 1 diabetes, 89 type 2 diabetes, 89

diffraction elements, light, 192, 193, 194 polymerized crystalline colloidal arrays

(PCCAs), 192 doped contact lenses, 420 DSTBA, 404, 405, 406, 409 dual luminophore referencing (DLR), 353 dye

HPTS, 51 dynamic quenching, 53

electron transfer fluorescence quenching, photoinduced, 13 ortho-substituted monoboronic acid

sensor, 13 pH effects

fluorescence intensity decay parameters, 15

on fluorescent decays, 14 electron transfer process, 6 electrophoresis, capillary, 317-319. See

also chemiluminescence ECL, 318 laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), 317

enzyme biosensor, 201-229 evaporative light scattering detection

(ELSD), 34. See also carbohydrates analysis

finger-pricking method, 399 flow injection analysis (FIA), 222, 313 fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), 98, 99,

100,101,192 fluorescence

biosensors, 117-127 energy transfer (FRET), 320 glucose sensing contact lenses, 320 laser-induced (LIF), 317

fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), 352

fluorescence intensity decay parameters for meta isomer, 15 for ortho isomer, 15

fluorescence polarization assay, 353 fluorescence quenching, 53

chelation-enhanced quenching, 6 fluorescence resonance energy transfer

(FRET), 91, 97, 118, 191, 320, 353, 384 for glucose detection, 98-100

fluorescent based assay, 96-100 fluorescein isothiocyanate

(FITC), 98, 99 fluorescence resonance energy

transfer (FRET), 96, 97 for glucose detection, 98-100

tetramethyl-rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC), 98, 99

fluorescent chemosensors, 1 phenylboronic acid, 1, 2

fluorescent dyes, anionic, 47-87 fluorescent intensity detection, 92 fluorescent molecular probes

1,8-naphthalene dicarboximides, 2 fluorescent monitoring

concanavalin A (Con A), 91 fluorescent sensor, 6

chelation-enhanced quenching (CHEQ),6

chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF), 6

chelator group, 2 fluorophore, 2 glucose sensors, 51

stable assay response, 132 smart tattoo glucose sensor systems, 159

fluorescent tags fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), 95

fluorescent TICT sensors, 333-350. See also saccharides 2-boronobenzyl-aniline (1), 346 2-boronobenzyl-pyren- 1-yl-amine (7),

349 3-boronobenzyl-aniline (2), 347 4-boronobenzyl-aniline (3), 347 4-chloro-phenyl-2-boronobenzyl

amine (4), 348 4-methoxy-phenyl-2-boronobenzyl

amine (5), 348 2-boronobenzyl-naphthalen-1 -yl-amine

(6), 349 fluorogenic indicators, 357

INDEX 435

fluorophores, 21-28. See also glucose monitoring formation, 21-45 hydrophobic probes, 2 resorcinarenes, 22, 23, 25 xanthenes, 25

FPIA. See fluorescence polarization assay fructose

determination, 38-42 in carbohydrates analysis, 35 recognition by, 244, 245, 246

functionalized viologen, 50-56

glucose fluorescent detection of, 352 non-invasive (NI) monitoring, 195

specificity, 166-172 optically-based affinity

biosensors, 283-307 glucose binding protein (GBP), 323, 324

as glucose sensor, 323-331 conformation, 325

glucose biosensor competitive optical affinity, 289, 290,

291,292,293,295,296,297 affinity based glucose biosensor


optical analytical feature and application,

226, 228 aqueous micelle carriers, 222, 223 based on affinity principles, 305,

307 bulky bi-phase bioreactor, 215, 216,

217 dissolved oxygen concentration,

223, 224 enzyme biosensor, 201-229 enzyme stability, GOx, 224, 225 flow injection analysis, 222 in batch operation, 219 in flow mode, 220, 221 in stop-flow mode, 220 mixture of organic solvent, 222, 223 optical enzyme-based, 201-229 optical transducers, 203-207 particle packed bioreactor, 217, 218,

219 glucose detection, 21-45

3-dimensional scaffold, 392, 393 CAVEAT program, 393

glucose detection (cont.) and fructose, 38-42 automated HPLC postcolumn detection

method, 21, 34-38, 35, 36 carbohydrates analysis, 34 xanthenes, 37

boronic acid-based receptors, 34 chemiluminescence applications,

311-322 chromophores, 21 clinical condition, 425 compliance, 425 contact lenses, 425 continuous and non-invasive, 424, 425

clear/colored contact lenses, 425 detection methods, 425 doped lenses, 425 sensor spots, 425

diagnosis from tears, 425 drug testing, 425 dual luminophore referencing

(DLR), 353 fluorescence correlation

spectroscopy, 352 fluorescence decay time, 353 fluorescence polarization assay

(FPIA), 353 fluorescence resonance energy

transfer (FRET), 353 fluorescent sensor membranes, 358, 359 fluorophores, 21-28

resorcinarenes, 22, 23, 25 xanthenes, 25

fructose, 21 gravimetric method

Fehling's reagent, 311 hollow fiber based sensors, 100, 101 human blood plasma, 38-42 imaging techniques, 368 lens feasibility, 408-413

contact lens holder, 408, 409 lens doping, 408, 409

maltodextrins, 33 minimal invasive glucose

measurement, 118 monosaccharide analysis, 28 near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, 377 non-invasive glucose measurement, 118 ophthalmic

smart contact lenses, 399-430 plasmonic, 259-280

fabrication of aggregates, 266, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278

436 INDEX

glucose detection (cont.) plasmonic (cont.)

gold nanoparticles, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264

plasticized PVC, 359, 360 screening, 425 sensing probes, 413 signal transduction, 56

fluorescent dye with viologen, 56 sugar with boronic acid receptor of

viologen, 56 sugar-induced signal transduction, 28 time-resolved fluorescent sensing

imaging, 369 activity of glucose oxidase, 371, 372 using oxygen sensors, 370 using sensor layers for hydrogen

peroxide, 371 via enzymatically produced H2O2,

369 two-component monosaccharide

sensing, 48 using boronic acid, 47, 378

and diols, 378, 379, 380 based fluorescence sensors for, 377-

398 based fluorescent reporter

compounds, 380 fluorescence intensity, 48 photoinduced electron transfer

(PET), 48 saccharide binding, 48

using boronic acid probes anthracenediboronic acid derivative

(ANDBA),406,412 in solution, 402, 403 photoinduced intramolecular

electron transfer mechanism (PET), 406

with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism, 404

via GOx and fluorescent molecular probes, 351, 353, 354-358 changes in pH, 355 oxygen consumption, 355, 356 via formation of hydrogen peroxide,

356, 357 via intrinsic fluorescence of glucose

oxidase, 367, 368 high-throughput screening (HTS),

368

glucose detection (cont.) via intrinsic fluorescence of glucose

oxidase (cont.) phase delay ratioing (PDR), 368 rapid lifetime determination (RLD),

368 sensing imaging, 368

via metal-ligand complexes with boronic acid as recognition

site, 364 via oxygen sensor membranes, 361, 362,

363 sol-gels, 361

via oxygen-sensitive nanoparticles, 367 via pH sensor layers using immobilized

GO^, 359 via sensor layers for hydrogen peroxide,

363,364 via thin films of organic conducting

polymers (OCPs), 365 photo-induced electron transfer

(PET), 365, 366 glucose monitoring

fructose, 21 human blood plasma, 38-42 maltodextrins, 33 monosaccharide analysis, 28 sugar-induced signal transduction, 28

glucose oxidase, 119 immobilized, 214

glucose sensing probes, 413,414 based on quinolinium, 414, 415

signaling mechanism, 416, 417 spectral properties, 415,416 sugar response, 417, 418, 419, 420

glucose sensitivity, 157 glucose sensor, 48, 323-331. See also

glucose binding protein; glucose detection apo-GOx, 156 cell culture, 326-328 low cost glucose sensing, 326-328 polarity sensitive probes

anilino-naphthalene sulfonate, 326 protein engineering, 324-325 smart tattoo, 131-160

enzymatic glucose sensing, 139 enzyme-based microcapsule

sensors, 142-156 from nanoengineered capsules, 136-

142 glucose-binding proteins in

microcapsules, 156-159

INDEX 437

glucose sensor (cont.) smart tattoo (cont.)

LBLnanofilms, 134, 135 polyelectrolyte microcapsules, 135,

136 specificity, 132 validation, 330

glucose sensor implants fluorescent

stable assay response, 132 glucose signaling probes, 420, 421, 422 glucose tolerance tests, oral, 172 Gluco-Watch, 320 GO. See glucose oxidase gold nanoparticles

ligand functionalized, 261, 262, 263, 264

optical properties of, 260, 261

heterogeneous biphase bioreactor, 218 high-throughput screening (HTS), 368 hollow fiber based sensors, 100, 101, 103,

104, 105 FITC-dextran, 100

HPLC post-column detection method (automated), 34-38. See also glucose monitoring carbohydrates analysis, 34






(PAD), 34 HPTS, 51, 52, 53, 54, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76,

78 and methyl viologen (MV2+), 52, 53 fructose and galactose, 54, 55, 56

hydrogel contact lens, 80, 91 boronic acid, 91

hyperglycemia, 117 glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc), 118

ICT. See intramolecular charge transfer implantable sensor, 119 integral biosensor proteins, 304, 305

intensity decay parameters, fluorescence for meta isomer, 15 for ortho isomer, 15

intensity detection, fluorescent, 92 interferents, 422,423, 424 internal charge transfer, 385 internal charge transfer compounds, 385,

386 interpenetrating networks, 80 interstitial fluid, 90 interstitial fluid glucose sensing

implantable concanavlin A based sensors, 88-111

intramolecular charge transfer, 403, 404 intramolecular charge transfer probes, 409

chalcone derivatives, 411 polyene derivative, 409 stilbene derivatives, 409

IPN. See interpenetrating networks ISF. See interstitial fluid isomers, positional, 13-16

PET fluorescence quenching, 13 meta-substituted monoboronic acid

sensor, 13 ortho-substituted monoboronic acid



on fluorescent decays, 14 sugar effects

on fluorescent decays, 15

laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), 317 LE. See locally excited leaching, probe, 422, 423, 424 light diffraction elements, 192, 193. See

also affinity capture agents polymerized crystalline colloidal arrays

(PCCAs), 192 locally excited, 333 luminophore referencing, 353 LW fluorescence

charge-transfer character (ICT), 4

macrocycle solutions fluorophore formation, 21-45

meal tolerance tests (MTT), 172, 188 micelle carriers, aqueous, 222, 223 microcapsules, 131-160

as smart tattoo glucose sensors, 131-160

438 INDEX

microcapsules (cont.) based on layer-by-layer assembly

technique, 136 glucose-binding proteins, 156-159 polyelectrolyte, 134, 136 sensors, 142-156

design of sensors, 143-154 enzyme-loaded microcapsule

sensors, 154-156 microdialysis (MD), 315 minimally invasive modalities, 91-92 molecular probes, fluorescent

1,8-naphthalene dicarboximides, 2 monoboronic acid fluorescent probes, 2, 11

7V-phenyl naphthalimide fluorophore, 11 monoboronic acid saccharide sensors, 2

3-phenylboronic acid-1,8-naphthalenedicarboimide, 2 photophysical properties of, 5 synthesis, 4

chelation-enhanced quenching, 12 naphthalic anhydride chromophore, 2 A^-phenyl-1,8-

naphthalenedicarboximides, 3-13 electron transfer process (PET), 6 fluorescence quenching mechanism,

6 photoelectrochemical model, 6 positional isomers, 13-16 saccharide complexation results, 6-

11 synthesis, 4-5

monosaccharide binding boronic acid of viologen, 48 fluorescence emission, 48 one-component system, 48 two-component system, 48

monosaccharide detection modulated quenching with

viologens, 47-87

nanoengineered capsules, 136-142 RET, 141

naphthalic anhydride chromophore 1,8-naphthalimide, 2 A^-phenylnaphthalimides, 2

non-consuming analyte stable biosensor glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger,

119-121 non-invasive (NI) modalities, 90, 91

con A based glucose sensors, 91, 92 fluorescence resonance energy transfer

(FRET), 91

non-invasive (NI) modalities (cont.) fluorescent intensity detection, 92 glucose oxidase, 91 hydrogel contact lens, 91 intensity monitoring, 91 lifetime monitoring, 91

non-invasive monitoring, 164-196. See also diabetes affinity capture agents, 190

compartmentalization in contact lens sensors, 194, 195

fluorescence measurements, 191, 192

light diffraction elements, 192, 193, 194

specificity, 194, 195 calibration models, 172 compartmentalization of glucose

values, 172 contact lens sensors, 194 fluorescence measurements, 191, 192 infrared spectroscopy of glucose, 169,

170 light diffraction elements, 192, 193, 194 meal tolerance tests (MTT), 172 near infrared spectroscopy of glucose,

169, 170, 171, 172 optical coherence tomography (OCT),

169 oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT),

172 prediction parameters, 173

standard error of prediction (SEP), 173

scattering coefficient, 168 specificity, 166-172

tissue spectroscopy, 168, 169 thermo-optical response (THOR)

calibration models, 185, 186, 187 localized reflectance measurements,

175, 176, 177, 178 of human skin, 173, 174, 178, 179,

180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185 prediction models, 187, 188, 189,

190 temperature-modulated, 174

A -̂phenyl naphthalimide fluorophore, 11. See also carbohydrate molecular probes CO design chemosensor, 11 emitting states

long wavelength (LW), 3 short wavelength (SW), 3

INDEX 439

A^-phenyl-1,8-naphthalenedicarboximides positional isomers, 13-16

meta-substituted monoboronic acid sensor

7V-phenylboronic acid arenecarboximides, 2-3. See also saccharide probes virtual or CO spacer, 2-3

A^-phenylboronic acid derivatives as saccharide probes, 1-17 virtual spacer design, 1-17

OCP. See organic conducting polymers OCT. See optical coherence tomography OGTT. See oral glucose tolerance tests ophthalmic glucose monitoring

smart contact lenses, 399-430 optical affinity glucose biosensors,

competitive, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 295, 296, 297 affinity based glucose biosensor


optical coherence tomography, 169 analytical feature and application,

226, 228 based on affinity principles, 305, 307 dissolved oxygen

concentration, 223, 224 enzyme stability

GO,, 224, 225 performance of, 219

aqueous micelle carriers, 222, 223 flow injection analysis, 222 in batch operation, 219 inflowmode, 220, 221 in stop-flow mode, 220 mixture of organic solvent, 222, 223

optical sugar sensing, two-component boronic acid-substituted viologens with

anionic fluorescent dyes, 47-87 optical transducers, 203-207

absorbance measurement, 204 blend composites of immobilization

enzyme, 214 electrogeneratedchemiluminescence,

205-206 enzyme entrapped

in thin homogenous film, 210, 211, 212

within sol-gel matrix, 212, 213

optical transducers (cont.) enzyme immobilized by nano-technique

and with nanoparticles, 213 fluorescence measurement, 206, 207 immobilization of glucose oxidase, 207,

208 immobilizing enzyme on surface, 209,

210 by nano-technique and with

nanoparticles, 213 optically based biosensors, 285 oral glucose tolerance tests, 172 organic conducting polymers (OCPs), 365 oxygen sensitive particles (OSP), 207

PAD. See pulsed amperometric detection particle packed bioreactor, 217, 218, 219

heterogeneous biphase bioreactor, 218 PET. See photoinduced electron transfer phase delay ratioing (PDR), 368 phenanthrolinium quenchers, 61 photoinduced electron transfer, 48, 381,

416 photoinduced electron transfer

fluorescence quenching, 13 ortho-substituted monoboronic acid



on fluorescent decays, 14 photoinduced electron transfer probes, 412 plasmonic glucose sensing, 259-280

fabrication of glucose-sensing aggregates, 266, 271, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278

gold nanoparticles ligand functionalized, 261, 262, 263,

264 optical properties of, 260, 261

polarization assay, fluorescence, 353 polarization sensing, 125 polyelectrolyte microcapsules, 136 polyene derivative, 409. See also ICT

probes polymeric viologens, 69 porous glass, controlled, 210 positional isomers, 13-16

PET fluorescence quenching, 13 meta-substituted monoboronic acid

sensor, 13

440 INDEX

positional isomers, {com.) PET fluorescence quenching, {cont.)

ortho-substituted monoboronic acid sensor, 13

pH effects fluorescence intensity decay

parameters, 15 on fluorescent decays, 14

sugar effects on fluorescent decays, 15

post-column derivatization techniques, 34 post-column HPLC detection method

(automated), 34-38. See also glucose monitoring carbohydrates analysis, 34






(PAD), 34 pre-column derivatization methods, 34 probe leaching, 422, 423, 424 pulsed amperometric detection, 34 pyranine. See HPTS

quenchers fluorescence, 53

chelation enhanced quenching, 6 functionalized viologen

binding to diol, 51 phenanthrolinium, 61

rapid lifetime determination (RLD), 368, 372

resonance energy transfer (RET), 125, 126 fluorescence, 91, 97, 118, 353, 384 using apo-GOx, 157

resorcinarenes, 22, 23, 25. See also fluorophores boronic acids, 23

saccharide boronic acid receptors, 333-350 fluorescent TICT sensors, 333-350

saccharide probes A^-phenylboronic

acid arenecarboximides as, 2-3

saccharide receptor unit boronic acid functionalized viologen

quenchers, 50 saccharide recognition

boronic acid fluorophore/cyclodextrin complexes in water, 237-256

by boronic acid, 242-254 C4-CPB/-CyD complex, 243-250

fluorescent chemosensors, 1 fluorescent sensors

photoinduced electron transfer, 6 glucose oxidase biosensor, 1 phenylboronic acid probe spacer, 251,

252, 253 supramolecular cyclodextrin complex

sensors, 254, 255, 256 saccharide selectivity

fluorophores, 2 saccharide sensors

anthracene, 2 stilbene-based fluorophore, 2

sensing modalities, 100-110 fluorescent light through skin, 108, 109,

110 hollow fiber based sensors, 100, 101,

103, 104, 105 poly(ethylene glycol) based sensors,

106, 107 sensors

biosensor carbohydrate sensors, 6 chemiluminogenic, 313-317 competitive optical affinity, 289,

290,291,292,293,295,296, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 304, 305

fluorescence, 117-127 interstitial fluid (ISF), 90 non-consuming analyte stable, 119-

121 optical,201-229, 305, 307 protein based, 1 pyrene based, 381, 383, 384, 385

bisboronic acid sensors, 2 con Abased, 91, 92 contact lens


glucose, 48, 323-331 apo-GOx, 156 cell culture, 326-328 low cost glucose sensing, 326-328 polarity sensitive probes, 326

INDEX 441

sensors (cont.) glucose (cont.)

protein engineering, 324-325 smart tattoo, 131-160 specificity, 132 validation, 330

hollow fiber based, 100, 101 implantable, 119 microcapsule, 142-156

design of sensors, 143 -154 enzyme-loaded microcapsule

sensors, 154-156 monoboronic acid saccharide, 2

3-phenylboronic acid-1,8-naphthalenedicarboimide, 2, 4, 5

anthracene, 2 chelation-enhanced quenching, 12 fluorescent sensors, 6 naphthalic anhydride chromophore,

2 A^-phenyl-1,8-

naphthalenedicarboximides, 3-13 stilbene-based fluorophore, 2

shelflife,422,423,424 signal transduction, sugar-induced, 28 smart contact lenses, 399-430 smart tattoo glucose sensors, 131-160. See

also microcapsules enzymatic glucose sensing, 139 enzyme-based microcapsule

sensors, 142-156 design of sensors, 143-154 enzyme-loaded microcapsule

sensors, 154-156 from nanoengineered capsules, 136-142

RET, 141 glucose-binding proteins

in microcapsules, 156-159 LBL nanofilms, 134, 135 polyelectrolyte microcapsules, 135, 136

stable glucokinase, 123, 124, 125, 126 BSGK, 124, 125 from thermophilic organism Bacillus

stearothermophilus, 124 polarization sensing, 125 resonance energy transfer (RET), 125,

126 static quenching, 53 Stem-Volmer equation, 424 stilbene derivatives, 409. See also ICT

probes CSTBA, 404, 405, 409 DSTBA, 404, 409

sugar sensing, two-component optical boronic acid-substituted viologens with

anionic fluorescent dyes, 47-87 synthetic chemosensors, 1

tattoo glucose sensors, smart, 131-160. See also microcapsules enzymatic glucose sensing, 139 enzyme-based microcapsule

sensors, 142-156 design of sensors, 143-154 enzyme-loaded microcapsule

sensors, 154-156 from nanoengineered capsules, 136-142

RET, 141 glucose-binding proteins in

microcapsules, 156-159 LBL nanofilms, 134, 135 polyelectrolyte microcapsules, 135, 136

tear glucose, 194 tetramethyl-rhodamine isothiocyanate

(TRITC), 98, 192 tetramethyl-rhodamine isothiocyanate thermo-optical response (THOR)

calibration models at fixed source-detector distance,

186, 187 from human skin, 185, 186

localized reflectance measurements, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178

of human skin, 173, 174, 178, 179, 180 using nonlinear discriminant

functions for data analysis, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185

prediction models meal tolerance (MTT), 188 of human skin, 187, 188, 189, 190

temperature-modulated, 174 thermostable glucose dehydrogenase

apo-form of, 122 fluorescence lifetimes, 123 from Thermoplasma acidophilum,

121-123 polarization sensing, 123

thin layer chromatography (TLC), 346 twisted internal charge transfer (TICT)

sensors, fluorescent, 333-350. See also saccharides 2-boronobenzyl-aniline (1), 346 2-boronobenzyl-pyren-1 -yl-amine (7),

349 3-boronobenzyl-aniline (2), 347 4-boronobenzyl-aniline (3), 347

442 INDEX

twisted internal charge transfer (TICT) sensors, fluorescent (cont.)

4-chloro-phenyl-2-boronobenzyl amine (4), 348

4-methoxy-phenyl-2-boronobenzyl amine (5), 348

2-boronobenzyl-naphthalen-1 -yl-amine (6), 349

transducers, optical, 203-207 absorbance measurement, 204 blend composites of immobilization

enzyme, 214 electrogeneratedchemiluminescence,

205-206 enzyme entrapped

in thin homogenous film, 210, 211, 212

within sol-gel matrix, 212, 213 enzyme immobilized by nano-technique

and with nanoparticles, 213 fluorescence measurement, 206, 207 immobilization of glucose oxidase,

207, 208 immobilizing enzyme on surface, 209,

210 two-component glucose sensing

arylboronic acids, 52 fluorescent reporter

sulfonamide derivatives of HPTS, 71-80

functionalized viologen boronic acid functionalized viologen

quenchers, 50, 51

two-component glucose sensing {cont.) functionalized viologen (cont.)

HPTS, 51, 52, 53, 54 polymeric viologens, 69 sensing components immobilization

glucose sensitive thin film hydrogel, 80-83

using boronic acid-substituted viologens with anionic fluorescent dyes, 47-87

viologen quencher bipyridinium, 56, 57, 58, 59 phenanthrolinium salts, 60, 61, 69

viologens, 50-56 boronic acid-substituted

with anionic fluorescent dyes, 47-87 cationic, 51 electron accepting, 50 functionalized, 50-56 metasubstiuted, 58, 59 modulated quenching, 47-87 orthosubstiuted, 58, 59 parasubstiuted, 58 polymeric, 69 positive charges, 50

water soluble fluorescent boronic acid, 387 chelation-enhanced quenching

(CHEQ), 387, 388, 389, 390

xanthenes, 25, 42

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