Pennsylvania 2013 Standard State All-Hazard Mitigation Plan · 2017-02-21 · movement of goods and people, including Interstates 76 (PA Turnpike), 78, 80, 81, 95, and 476 (PA Turnpike

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Pennsylvania 2013 Standard State All-Hazard Mitigation Plan

for the jurisdiction in question. For example, losses may be greater in an event that results in the complete destruction of a high-rise building; in that scenario, losses will stem from loss of life, the actual destruction of the building, and business interruptions. For comparison’s sake, the total losses incurred by New York City in the September 11, 2001 attacks are estimated at $83-95 billion. This loss estimate includes lost tax revenue for the city, the cost of response and recovery, business interruptions, deaths, building damage, and infrastructure damage. The cost of evacuation could be significant; the City of Pittsburg estimates that should a large-scale terrorist event occur in the central business district, they would have to evacuate approximately 65,000 workers and approximately 7,000 university students. Likewise, many visitors to the central business district, while intending to remain for the day or staying overnight, are anticipated to require evacuation assistance. While Pennsylvania’s cities are certainly smaller than New York, losses could still be severe.

4.3.23.9. State Facility Loss Estimation All state facilities are vulnerable to terrorism in some way, whether or not the facility itself is the target of an attack. While highly unlikely that all critical facilities would be destroyed in a single event, the total replacement cost of all state critical facilities with known replacement values is $47,154,997,513.00.

4.3.24. Transportation Accident 4.3.24.1. Location and Extent Transportation accidents are defined as accidents involving highway, air, and rail travel. These incidents are collectively the most costly of all hazards in the Commonwealth in terms of lives lost, injuries, and economic losses. Pennsylvania has the fifth largest state highway system in the United States – larger than New York, New Jersey, and New England combined (Federal Highway Administration, 2011). Pennsylvania's highway transportation network consists of 119,686 linear miles of roadway, of which Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) is responsible for 41,166 miles, and 31,400 bridges, of which 25,000 are owned by PennDOT. Daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) on the Pennsylvania highway system is 277,293,041; 66% of this total occurs in urban areas while 33% occurs in rural areas (PennDOT, 2012).The sheer amount of roadway coupled with the high volume of traffic creates the potential for serious accidents along the Commonwealth’s roads and bridges.

Pennsylvania’s highway transportation network encompasses a number of key routes for the movement of goods and people, including Interstates 76 (PA Turnpike), 78, 80, 81, 95, and 476 (PA Turnpike Northeast Extension) and US Routes 15, 22, 30, and 202. Figure 4.3.24-1 illustrates the average annual daily traffic for Pennsylvania roads; this map highlights the volume of traffic on these and other key routes.

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Average annual daily traffic on the Pennsylvania highway system (PennDOT 2013). Figure 4.3.24-1

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With 134 public access airports (including 22 commercial airports), 313 private-use airports and 290 private-use heliports across the Commonwealth. Considering the number of commercial air traffic flyovers that occur every day, there exists a potential extent for air transportation accidents statewide. However, a five-mile radius around each airport can be considered a high-risk area since most aviation incidents occur near take-off and landing sites (Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Air Safety Foundation, 2009). Figure 4.3.24-2 illustrates Pennsylvania’s major airports and their associated yearly commercial passenger enplanements.

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Pennsylvania major airports and their associated passenger volumes (National Atlas, 2013). Figure 4.3.24-2

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Rail transportation accidents are generally classified as one of three types:

Derailment – an accident on a railway in which a train leaves the rails; Collision – an accident in which a train strikes something such as another train or

highway motor vehicle; and Other – accidents caused by other circumstances like obstructions on rails, fire, or

explosion (Federal Railway Administration, 2010).

Rail accidents can occur anywhere along the more than 6,000 linear miles of track in the Commonwealth. Rail transportation is divided into two major categories: freight and passenger. Each category can be subdivided according to carrier type: major carrier (SFX, Norfolk Southern, Amtrak, etc) and local or regional carriers (company/business owned and operated, regional transit agencies, etc). A total of 67 railroad companies operate in Pennsylvania.

River traffic is now a planning consideration for the Commonwealth. Barges breaking away from moorings or their pilot boats can be a hazard. These barges can carry a wide variety of loads, including hazardous materials. Runaway barges can pose a threat to other river traffic, physical structures over and next to the waterway, and even the properties that line a waterway. Much of the potential threat depends on the load being carried. Recent events in 2011 included a barge carrying benzene which resulted in a bridge being shut down and triggered local, state and federal salvage efforts.

4.3.24.2. Range of Magnitude Significant passenger vehicle, air, and rail transportation accidents can result in a wide range of outcomes from damage solely to property to serious injury or death. Most air incidents are non-fatal and cause minor injuries or property damage. The majority of motor vehicle crashes are non-fatal in Pennsylvania, but PennDOT estimates that every hour ten people are injured in a car crash, and every seven hours someone dies as a result of a car crash (PennDOT, 2012). Most fatal crashes occur in the summer months of July, and August, and September.

Railway and roadway accidents in particular have the potential to result in hazardous materials release (See Section 4.3.19). Transportation accidents can also result in broader infrastructure damage.

The worst transportation accident on record occurred in May 1998 when a tanker carrying gasoline exploded on Interstate 95 in Delaware County, causing two deaths and significant damage. The fire was so hot that it buckled the bridge girders and forced months of repairs that affected the nation’s major east coast roadway (New York Times 1998). The governor declared this event a disaster; because of its wider impact and declaration status, it can be considered the worst-case event.

4.3.24.3. Past Occurrence Vehicular transportation accidents are a daily occurrence in the Commonwealth. According to PennDOT, in 2009, there was an average of 332 reportable crashes daily, and in 2012, there

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was an average of 340 reportable traffic crashes daily. Reportable crashes are crashes resulting in a death within 30 days of the crash; crashes resulting in injury in any degree to any person involved; or crashes resulting in damage to any vehicle serious enough to require towing. In 2009, there were 121,242 reportable crashes resulting in 1,256 deaths and 87,126 injuries. Of the injuries, just over 2.8% were classified as major. This was the lowest number of crashes since 1951. In 2012, there were 124,092 reportable crashes (a 1.0% decrease from 2011) resulting in 1,310 deaths (a 1.9% increase over 2011) and 86,846 injuries (a decrease of 1.1% from 2011). Of the injuries, just over 3.9% were classified as major. Table 4.3.23-1 illustrates trends in crashes, deaths, and injuries from 2004-2012.

Table 4.3.24-1 Pennsylvania vehicular transportation accident trends, 2004-2012 (PennDOT, 2012)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Reported Crashes 137,410 132,829 128,342 130,675 125,327 121,242 121,312 125,395 124,092

Total Deaths 1,490 1,616 1,525 1,491 1,468 1,256 1,324 1,286 1,310

Total Injuries 105,222 100,381 96,597 94,633 88,709 87,126 87,949 87,839 86,846

Major Injury 4,365 4,324 4,200 4,087 3,831 3,483 3,555 3,409 3,458

Moderate Injury 19,580 17,740 16,514 16,004 14,306 13,783 14,036 13,815 13,519

Minor Injury 63,888 56,975 52,740 50,535 46,704 45,306 44,564 43,980 43,441

Unknown Severity 17,389 21,612 23,143 24,007 23,868 24,554 25,794 26,635 26,428 Deaths per 100 Million Vehicle-Miles

1.40 1.51 1.41 1.38 1.35 1.17 1.28 1.27 1.31

Aviation accidents are the least frequent type of transportation accident. The National Transportation Safety Board, the federal agency responsible for aviation accident information, indicates that from 2001-2012, there were 356 air transportation accidents in Pennsylvania. Most of these accidents involved small aircraft and many resulted in only minimal injuries. Of the total accidents, 74 were fatal, resulting in 161 deaths including the victims of United Flight 93 on September 11, 2001.

Aviation accidents are the least frequent type of transportation accident. The National Transportation Safety Board, the federal agency responsible for aviation accident information, indicates that from 2001-2012, there were 356 air transportation accidents in Pennsylvania. Most of these accidents involved small aircraft and many resulted in only minimal injuries. Of the total accidents, 74 were fatal, resulting in 161 deaths including the victims of United Flight 93 on September 11, 2001.

According to the Federal Railroad Administration, there has been an average of approximately 89 rail accidents per year from 2001-2012 in the Commonwealth. In 2012, there were reported a total of 53 incidents; there were 7 injuries but no deaths in these accidents. Table 4.3.24-2 provides an accounting of recent rail accidents and their associated damages.

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Table 4.3.24-2 Rail incidents by county from 2010-2013 (Federal Railway Administration, 2013).

COUNTY 2010 INCIDENTS

2010 DAMAGES

2011 INCIDENTS

2011 DAMAGES

2012 INCI-DENTS

2012 DAMAGES

2013 INCI-DENTS

2013 DAMAGES

TOTAL INCI-

DENTS TOTAL DAMAGE

Allegheny 7 $360,907.00 4 $ 56,208.00 6 $179,994.00 2 $ 63,971.00 19 $ 661,080.00

Armstrong 1 $32,000.00 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 32,000.00

Beaver 9 $849,811.00 8 $180,939.00 11 $479,342.00 7 $ 79,476.00 35 $1,589,568.00

Berks 1 $24,000.00 1 $ 30,100.00 0 $ - 0 $0 2 $ 54,100.00

Blair 2 $48,316.00 0 $0 0 $0 1 $157,194.00 3 $ 205,510.00

Bucks 10 $483,446.00 5 $ 44,168.00 6 $186,024.00 1 $ 52,644.00 22 $ 766,282.00

Butler 1 20,000.00 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 20,000.00

Cambria 3 27,366.00 1 $ 71,812.00 1 $ 12,100.00 0 $0 5 $ 111,278.00

Carbon 0 $0 2 $145,963.00 0 $0 2 $ 21,531.00 4 $ 167,494.00

Chester 8 $84,417.00 0 $0 1 $ 21,000.00 0 $0 9 $ 105,417.00

Columbia 0 $0 2 $550,385.00 0 $0 0 $0 2 $ 550,385.00

Crawford 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 3 $156,100.00 3 $ 156,100.00

Cumberland 4 $109,500.00 6 $130,635.00 7 $113,535.00 2 $ 55,300.00 19 $ 408,970.00

Dauphin 3 $ 98,249.00 4 $191,700.00 2 $ 32,050.00 0 $0 9 $ 321,999.00

Delaware 5 $ 57,668.00 5 $232,652.00 1 $ 11,519.00 2 $ 15,747.00 13 $ 317,586.00

Erie 0 $0 1 $255,181.00 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 255,181.00

Fayette 1 $ 13,926.00 0 $0 1 $ 15,000.00 0 $0 2 $ 28,926.00

Greene 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 10,000.00 1 $ 23,111.00 2 $ 33,111.00

Indiana 0 $0 1 $ 24,428.00 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 24,428.00

Jefferson 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 22,000.00 0 $0 1 $ 22,000.00

Lackawanna 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 35,105.00 1 $ 31,770.00 2 $ 66,875.00

Lancaster 1 $ 15,000.00 2 $115,906.00 2 $286,000.00 1 $ 35,550.00 6 $ 452,456.00

Lawrence 1 $ 69,400.00 1 $ 10,503.00 0 $0 1 $ 14,439.00 3 $ 94,342.00

Lehigh 5 $ 53,950.00 3 $ 64,510.00 2 $ 68,500.00 0 $0 10 $ 186,960.00

Luzerne 0 $0 0 $0 2 $ 35,578.00 0 $0 2 $ 35,578.00

Lycoming 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 10,958.00 0 $0 1 $ 10,958.00

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Table 4.3.24-2 Rail incidents by county from 2010-2013 (Federal Railway Administration, 2013).

COUNTY 2010 INCIDENTS

2010 DAMAGES

2011 INCIDENTS

2011 DAMAGES

2012 INCI-DENTS

2012 DAMAGES

2013 INCI-DENTS

2013 DAMAGES

TOTAL INCI-

DENTS TOTAL DAMAGE

Mercer 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 41,050.00 0 $0 1 $ 41,050.00

Mifflin 3 $ 62,421.00 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 3 $ 62,421.00

Monroe 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 22,551.00 0 $0 1 $ 22,551.00

Montgomery 6 $ 65,760.00 5 $102,985.00 2 $ 35,802.00 0 $0 13 $ 204,547.00

Northampton 3 $ 34,900.00 1 $ 30,600.00 0 $0 1 $ 34,000.00 5 $ 99,500.00 Northumberland 0 $0 1 $ 29,700.00 3 $ 60,100.00 0 $0 4 $ 89,800.00

Philadelphia 16 $201,395.00 15 $452,908.00 9 $556,851.00 5 $172,761.00 45 $1,383,915.00

Somerset 1 $ 2,576,191.00 2 $ 21,297.00 2 $178,863.00 0 $0 5 $2,776,351.00

Union 1 $ 13,500.00 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 13,500.00

Washington 1 $204,270.00 1 $ 20,850.00 0 $0 1 $ 23,500.00 3 $ 248,620.00

Westmoreland 1 $169,487.00 1 $ 25,440.00 0 $0 1 $ 93,992.00 3 $ 288,919.00

Wyoming 0 $0 0 $0 1 $ 25,825.00 0 $0 1 $ 25,825.00

York 1 $ 19,000.00 0 $0 1 $180,000.00 0 $0 2 $ 199,000.00

TOTAL 95 $5,694,880.00 72

$2,788,870.00 66 $ 2,619,747.00 32 $ 1,031,086.00 265 $ 12,134,583.00

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4.3.24.4. Future Occurrence With the volume of goods and people moving through Pennsylvania, transportation accidents will continue to occur routinely, especially passenger vehicle accidents. At the same time, though, five year trends indicate that rail and motor vehicle transportation accidents have been decreasing across the board. In the case of highway accidents, PennDOT has taken great strides to reduce the number of highway transportation accidents through programs such as the Pennsylvania Highway Safety Corridor. In this program, PennDOT designates sections of highway where traffic citation fines are doubled in the hope that higher fines will deter unsafe driving and reduce accidents. Likewise, the number of rail accidents nationally has been falling for the last five years; in 2012, the nationwide rail accident rate was 2.34 accidents per million rail miles. Additionally, the probability of aviation accidents nationwide is 7.20 accidents per 100,000 flight hours, meaning that the likelihood of air transportation accidents in the Commonwealth remains low. Overall, the probability of future transportation accidents is highly likely as defined by the Risk Factor Methodology (see Section 4.1).

4.3.24.5. Environmental Impacts Like the range of magnitude, the environmental impacts of transportation accidents can vary greatly. In the case of a simple motor vehicle crash, train derailment, or aviation accident, the environmental impact is minimal. However, if the accident involves any type of vehicle moving chemicals or other hazardous materials, the impact will be considerably larger and may include an explosion or the release of potentially hazardous material. For a complete discussion of the environmental impacts of hazardous materials releases, see Section 4.3.19.5.

4.3.24.6. Jurisdictional Vulnerability Assessment As stated in Section 4.2.2, jurisdictional and state critical facility vulnerability assessments were completed by spatially overlaying hazards with census tracts and state critical facility layers in GIS. When spatial analysis determined that the hazard would impact a census tracts within a county or the location of state critical facilities these locations where deemed vulnerable to the hazard. Loss estimates were prepared based on the value of the facilities impacted by census tract and by state critical facility. Each hazard uses a methodology that is specific to the type of risk it may cause; Table 4.2.2-2 includes a complete methodology description for vulnerability assessments and loss estimates for each hazard.

Jurisdictional vulnerability for transportation accidents is different for each of the three major modes of transportation in the Commonwealth. For this analysis, vulnerability for highway accidents was defined as jurisdictions falling within a ¼ mile of Interstate and US highways, the high-speed roads likely to yield deadly crashes. Vulnerability for air traffic accidents is defined as jurisdictions falling within five miles of both public and private airports and heliports with at least one runway. Similar to highway accidents, jurisdictions that are vulnerable to rail accidents are those located within ¼ mile of rail lines. Using these definitions, all 67 counties are vulnerable to at least one type of transportation accident.

In addition to this geographic analysis, Table 4.3.24-3 lists which counties did and did not profile transportation accidents, along with any ranking provided. 46 counties profile this hazard. As stated in Section 4.1, the decision by a county to profile a hazard is one indicator of the presence of risk from that hazard. This indicator should be viewed complementary to other

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analysis in this section. Together this analysis from reputable sources addresses different aspects of risk for a full risk profile.

Of the 33 counties which currently have calculated risk factor values for transportation accidents, the average value is 2.3; this average does not include Lebanon, Montour, Perry, and Philadelphia, who use an alternate Risk Factor/Ranking system. The State Risk Factor for transportation accidents is 2.4, while the Pennsylvania THIRA scored transportation accidents as a 6 out of 10. For more details on the State Risk Factor and THIRA rankings, please see Section 4.1.

Table 4.3.24-3 Counties profiling transportation hazards with hazard ranking and risk factor (if available).

COUNTY PROFILED HAZARD

DID NOT PROFILE HAZARD

RANKING (IF AVAILABLE)

RISK FACTOR (IF AVAILABLE)

Adams

X

Allegheny X

Medium 2.2

Armstrong

X

Beaver X

Medium 2.0

Bedford X

Medium 2.2

Berks X

Blair X

Bradford X

Not Ranked No RF

Bucks X

Medium 2.3

Butler X

Medium 2.0

Cambria X

Medium 2.2

Cameron

X

Carbon X

Medium 2.2

Centre X

Low 1.9

Chester X

Clarion X

Clearfield X Medium 2.1

Clinton X

Medium 2.2

Columbia X

Crawford X

Cumberland X

Medium 2.2

Dauphin

X

Delaware X

Medium 2.2

Elk X

Medium 2.2

Erie X

Medium 2.2

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Fayette X

High 2.5

Forest X

Franklin X

Fulton X

High 2.8

Greene X

Medium 2.2

Huntingdon X

Not Ranked No RF

Indiana X

Medium 2.2

Jefferson X

Medium 2.4

Juniata X

Medium 2.2

Lackawanna

X

Lancaster X

Medium 2.4

Lawrence

X

Lebanon* X

Not Ranked 8.0

Lehigh X

Medium 2.2

Luzerne

X

Lycoming X

High 2.8

McKean X

Medium 2.2

Mercer X

Low 1.8

Mifflin X

Not Ranked No RF

Monroe X

High 2.8

Montgomery X

High 2.5

Montour* X

Not Ranked 2.9

Northampton X

Medium 2.2

Northumberland X

Medium 2.2

Perry* X

Not Ranked 3.0

Philadelphia**

X

Pike X

High 2.5

Potter

X

Schuylkill X

Not Ranked No RF

Snyder X

Medium 2.2

Somerset X

Sullivan X

Susquehanna X

Medium 2.2

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Tioga X

Medium 2.2

Union X

Not Ranked No RF

Venango

X

Warren X

Medium 2.2

Washington

X

Wayne X

Not Ranked No RF

Westmoreland X

Not Ranked No RF

Wyoming X

Not Ranked No RF

York

X

* Lebanon, Montour, and Perry use an alternate weighted ranking where Risk Factor = Frequency x [(0.25 x Critical facilities) + (0.40 x Social) + (0.25 x Economic) + (0.10 x Environmental)]. While this risk factor was used to comparatively rank hazards, the number does not correspond to a high-medium-low rating. **Philadelphia uses an A, B, C rating system where A is high, B is medium, and C is low.

For highway accidents, PennDOT statistics show that 53% of all reportable crashes occur in only 10 counties: Allegheny, Berks, Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Lancaster, Lehigh, Montgomery, Philadelphia, and York. Additionally, almost 42% of the total traffic deaths in 2012 occurred in only 10 counties: Allegheny, Berks, Bucks, Lancaster, Lehigh, Luzerne, Montgomery, Philadelphia, Schuylkill, , and Westmoreland. Pennsylvania’s metropolitan areas like Greater Philadelphia and the Pittsburgh region maintain the largest risk of both highway transportation and rail transportation accidents due to the high number of railway tracks, roadway miles, and vehicle miles traveled coupled with high population and economic activity densities.

With highway accidents, there is an added vulnerability that stems from the age and upkeep of bridges throughout the Commonwealth. Pennsylvania has the largest number of deficient bridges in the nation with over 6,000 structurally deficient bridges and 3,708 functionally obsolete bridges. These bridges have a sufficiency rating of 80 or less; these bridges are in need of costly repairs. Unrepaired deficient bridges may be more likely to break, thus leading to highway transportation damages or deaths. Table 4.3.24-4 displays Pennsylvania’s bridge inventory in table form; Figure 4.3.23-4 illustrates the distribution of structurally deficient and functionally obsolete bridges. Cameron, Fayette, Indiana, McKean, Monroe, Potter and Susquehanna, all have at least 25% of their bridges rated as structurally deficient; Allegheny County has by far highest number of deficient bridges with 541. Montour, Snyder, Sullivan, Tioga and Union Counties have the lowest proportion of deficient bridges with between 12-14% total deficient bridges.

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Table 4.3.24-4 Pennsylvania Bridge Inventory (Federal Highway Administration, 2012)

COUNTY TOTAL BRIDGES

STRUCTURALLY DEFICIENT BRIDGES

FUNCTIONALLY OBSOLETE BRIDGES

TOTAL DEFICIENT BRIDGES

Adams 383 62 32 94

Allegheny 1,177 225 316 541

Armstrong 371 84 24 108

Beaver 337 72 45 117

Bedford 458 76 51 127

Berks 636 111 152 263

Blair 322 30 28 58

Bradford 509 46 30 76

Bucks 654 135 155 290

Butler 355 85 63 148

Cambria 332 35 30 65

Cameron 71 19 1 20

Carbon 135 31 23 54

Centre 433 66 36 102

Chester 668 95 178 273

Clarion 208 38 12 50

Clearfield 387 91 22 113

Clinton 247 42 26 68

Columbia 303 19 41 60

Crawford 498 74 52 126

Cumberland 369 40 80 120

Dauphin 438 36 94 130

Delaware 373 53 108 161

Elk 124 21 10 31

Erie 577 30 68 98

Fayette 429 118 61 179

Forest 75 10 5 15

Franklin 323 41 55 96

Fulton 181 28 23 51

Greene 399 93 47 140

Huntingdon 317 54 20 74

Indiana 428 140 46 186

Jefferson 264 43 13 56

Juniata 254 56 10 66

Lackawanna 411 61 59 120

Lancaster 723 156 142 298

Lawrence 282 69 24 93

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Table 4.3.24-4 Pennsylvania Bridge Inventory (Federal Highway Administration, 2012)

COUNTY TOTAL BRIDGES

STRUCTURALLY DEFICIENT BRIDGES

FUNCTIONALLY OBSOLETE BRIDGES

TOTAL DEFICIENT BRIDGES

Lebanon 222 32 30 62

Lehigh 349 53 105 158

Luzerne 562 113 78 191

Lycoming 515 42 56 98

McKean 246 87 12 99

Mercer 422 43 53 96

Mifflin 184 37 28 65

Monroe 365 110 47 157

Montgomery 635 112 161 273

Montour 134 3 13 16

Northampton 311 65 88 153

Northumberland 341 24 54 78

Perry 275 62 25 87

Philadelphia 421 71 196 267

Pike 177 36 18 54

Potter 247 81 5 86

Schuylkill 342 85 41 126

Snyder 243 11 24 35

Somerset 474 94 43 137

Sullivan 139 11 9 20

Susquehanna 409 114 21 135

Tioga 522 30 34 64

Union 197 8 19 27

Venango 224 29 24 53

Warren 264 31 14 45

Washington 775 183 84 267

Wayne 309 77 19 96

Westmoreland 735 168 87 255

Wyoming 200 47 6 53

York 654 105 132 237 TOTALS 25,344 4,449 3,708 8,157

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Deficient Bridges in Pennsylvania (PennDOT 2013). Figure 4.3.24-3

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Of all vehicular crashes in Pennsylvania, PennDOT estimates that over one-third involve a vehicle striking a stationary object such as a pole, guard rail, or building. As a result, the 3,500 state critical facilities located one-quarter mile or less from a major highway are vulnerable to the effects of vehicular crashes (Table 4.3.24-5). On average, each county affected by highway accidents hosts 52 vulnerable critical facilities. Allegheny County has the most critical facilities in areas vulnerable to highway accidents. At the other end of the spectrum, Forest County is home to only five vulnerable state critical facilities.

Table 4.3.24-5 Number of State Critical Facilities impacted by highway accidents in each county

COUNTY NUMBER OF CRITICAL FACILITIES COUNTY NUMBER OF

CRITICAL FACILITIES

Adams 31 Lackawanna 82 Allegheny 239 Lancaster 105 Armstrong 64 Lawrence 46 Beaver 90 Lebanon 62 Bedford 29 Lehigh 31 Berks 88 Luzerne 97 Blair 54 Lycoming 48 Bradford 40 McKean 33 Bucks 74 Mercer 65 Butler 61 Mifflin 16 Cambria 67 Monroe 19 Cameron 6 Montgomery 103 Carbon 38 Montour 8 Centre 51 Northampton 45 Chester 75 Northumberland 64 Clarion 28 Perry 19 Clearfield 58 Philadelphia 68 Clinton 34 Pike 15 Columbia 56 Potter 17 Crawford 61 Schuylkill 147 Cumberland 45 Snyder 18 Dauphin 96 Somerset 62 Delaware 73 Sullivan 10 Elk 19 Susquehanna 31 Erie 58 Tioga 40 Fayette 67 Union 13 Forest 5 Venango 28 Franklin 35 Warren 31 Fulton 14 Washington 90 Greene 20 Wayne 33 Huntingdon 34 Westmoreland 158

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Table 4.3.24-5 Number of State Critical Facilities impacted by highway accidents in each county


CRITICAL FACILITIES

Indiana 45 Wyoming 19 Jefferson 35 York 73 Juniata 14 TOTAL 3,500

As mentioned earlier, because most aviation incidents occur during take-off and landing, jurisdictions located within 5 miles of airports are more vulnerable to air transportation accidents. In order to combat the hazards of aviation incidents, the Pennsylvania Legislature enacted Act 164 of 1984. According to this law, municipalities within the Federal Aviation Administration Federal Regulation 14 CFR Part 77 areas around an airport are required to have ordinances that restrict the height of objects that could interfere with airport regulations and navigation. This restriction on development 10,000 feet around airports is designed to prevent the creation of airport hazard areas. In its Zoning Status Report dated April 28, 2010, PennDOT’s Bureau of Aviation estimated that 680 municipalities are affected by this regulation but only 30% had adopted the airport zoning ordinance. The remaining 70% of municipalities with CFR Part 77 surfaces in their community continue to be more vulnerable to air transportation accidents.

Jurisdictional vulnerability for air transportation accidents is not limited to the largest airports in the Commonwealth. With 877 public and private airports with at least one runway as well as heliports, it is unsurprising that over 5,300 critical facilities are located within the five-mile hazard zone around airports. In fact, each county has an average of 79 state critical facilities in these hazard zones. Again, Allegheny County by far has the most vulnerable critical facilities located in air transportation hazard zones with nearly three times the number of vulnerable facilities as the next-highest county, Westmoreland. Juniata County, on the other hand, is home to the least number of critical facilities – only one – as seen in Table 4.3.24-6.

Table 4.3.24-6 Number of State Critical Facilities impacted by air accidents in each county


CRITICAL FACILITIES

Adams 48 Lackawanna 159 Allegheny 694 Lancaster 101 Armstrong 74 Lawrence 70

Beaver 159 Lebanon 105 Bedford 18 Lehigh 73 Berks 145 Luzerne 225 Blair 82 Lycoming 77

Bradford 48 McKean 22 Bucks 123 Mercer 86 Butler 99 Mifflin 24

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Table 4.3.24-6 Number of State Critical Facilities impacted by air accidents in each county


CRITICAL FACILITIES

Cambria 117 Monroe 31 Cameron 6 Montgomery 201 Carbon 62 Montour 15 Centre 63 Northampton 84 Chester 121 Northumberland 88 Clarion 31 Perry 17

Clearfield 73 Philadelphia 117 Clinton 37 Pike 14

Columbia 74 Potter 7 Crawford 56 Schuylkill 202

Cumberland 67 Snyder 18 Dauphin 184 Somerset 55 Delaware 139 Sullivan 7

Elk 7 Susquehanna 33 Erie 59 Tioga 32

Fayette 106 Union 14 Franklin 38 Venango 39 Fulton 2 Warren 40 Greene 22 Washington 126

Huntingdon 13 Wayne 38 Indiana 46 Westmoreland 235

Jefferson 31 Wyoming 26 Juniata 1 York 95

Rail incidents impact 65 of Pennsylvania’s 67 counties. Table 4.3.23-7 illustrates the number of vulnerable critical facilities in each county impacted by rail incidents. Allegheny, Westmoreland, Luzerne, Lackawanna, Washington, and Delaware Counties are the most vulnerable to rail transportation incidents. Schuylkill County also ranks among the jurisdictions most vulnerable to rail incidents with 108 potentially impacted critical facilities.

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Table 4.3.24-7 Number of State Critical Facilities impacted by rail accidents in each county


CRITICAL FACILITIES

Adams 11 Lackawanna 72 Allegheny 215 Lancaster 45 Armstrong 44 Lawrence 16

Beaver 59 Lebanon 31 Bedford 4 Lehigh 28 Berks 56 Luzerne 92 Blair 38 Lycoming 41

Bradford 25 McKean 20 Bucks 34 Mercer 34 Butler 26 Mifflin 11

Cambria 58 Monroe 4 Cameron 4 Montgomery 63 Carbon 19 Montour 6 Centre 16 Northampton 30 Chester 51 Northumberland 48 Clarion 15 Perry 9

Clearfield 51 Philadelphia 51 Clinton 20 Pike 4

Columbia 29 Schuylkill 208 Crawford 22 Snyder 8

Cumberland 24 Somerset 28 Dauphin 58 Sullivan 1 Delaware 83 Susquehanna 17

Elk 11 Tioga 1 Erie 19 Union 12

Fayette 49 Venango 15 Forest 3 Warren 26

Franklin 17 Washington 71 Greene 8 Wayne 15

Huntingdon 24 Westmoreland 109 Indiana 26 Wyoming 6

Jefferson 18 York 27 Juniata 4

4.3.24.7. State Facility Vulnerability Assessment There are 3,500 state critical facilities vulnerable to highway vehicular crashes, as shown in Table 4.3.24-8. Of these, the majority fall into three categories: fire departments, police departments, and schools. Some of the 43 transportation facilities impacted are components of

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Pennsylvania’s highway and bridge network; these facilities may be disproportionately vulnerable to vehicular crashes.

With the large number of airports in Pennsylvania, it is unsurprising that over 85% of all critical facilities are vulnerable to air transportation accidents, seen in Table 4.3.24-9.

Table 4.3.24-8 State Critical Facilities vulnerable to highway accidents by critical facility type

STATE CRITICAL FACILITY TYPE NUMBER OF IMPACTED FACILITIES

Agriculture 71 Banking 12 Chemical 5 Commercial Facilities 36 Communications 2 Dams 10 Defense Industrial Base 10 Education 74 Emergency Services 61 Energy 15 Fire Departments (Non-HSIP) 1550 Government Facilities 21 Healthcare & Public Health 20 Hospital (Non-HSIP) 111 Information Technology 2 Manufacturing 1 Nuclear Reactors, Materials & Waste 2 Police (Non-HSIP) 734 Postal & Shipping 2 School (Non-HSIP) 699 Transportation 43 Water 19

Grand Total 3500

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Rail accidents do not usually cause damage to buildings because of the fixed nature of this mode of transportation, but there still may be damage to state facilities located within one-quarter mile of rail lines. Table 4.3.24-10 provides a breakdown of the state facility vulnerability to rail transportation accidents.

Table 4.3.24-9 State Critical Facilities vulnerable to air transportation accidents by critical facility type


Agriculture 97 Banking 26 Chemical 8 Commercial Facilities 58 Communications 4 Critical Manufacturing 3 Dams 24 Defense Industrial Base 20 Education 134 Emergency Services 82 Energy 31 Fire Departments (Non-HSIP) 2038 Government Facilities 39 Healthcare & Public Health 35 Hospital (Non-HSIP) 230 Information Technology 3 Manufacturing 1 National Monuments & Icons 5 Nuclear Reactors, Materials & Waste 7 Police (Non-HSIP) 1071 Postal & Shipping 8 School (Non-HSIP) 1309 Transportation 56 Water 32 Grand Total 5321

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Table 4.3.24-10 State critical facilities vulnerable to rail transportation accidents by critical facility type


Agriculture 53 Banking 11 Chemical 8 Commercial Facilities 17 Communications 3 Critical Manufacturing 3 Dams 7 Defense Industrial Base 14 Education 43 Emergency Services 39 Energy 18 Fire Departments (Non-HSIP) 1006 Government Facilities 16 Healthcare & Public Health 11 Hospital (Non-HSIP) 58 Manufacturing 1 Nuclear Reactors, Materials & Waste 2 Police (Non-HSIP) 516 Postal & Shipping 4 School (Non-HSIP) 321 Transportation 22 Water 17 Grand Total 2190 4.3.24.8. Jurisdictional Loss Estimation Jurisdictional losses due to transportation accidents will be proportional to the number of road miles in any given jurisdiction. Losses will likewise be proportional to the number and severity of vehicular transportation accidents. However, on a statewide level, PennDOT estimates annual economic loss due to reportable motor vehicle crashes. In 2012, this total economic loss exceeded $14.8 billion. This equates to a per-person economic cost of $1,164.

In examining potential losses jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction, counties in southeastern Pennsylvania are the most threatened by vehicular transportation accidents. This area has a high concentration of Interstate and US highways and is a major thoroughfare for not only Pennsylvania but for the entire East Coast. Allegheny County is also at risk of experiencing significant losses due to vehicular accidents with 178,562 potentially impacted buildings worth nearly $45 billion. Counties with a smaller concentration of highways less threatened by highway accidents, as displayed in Table 4.3.24-11.

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Table 4.3.24-11 Estimated jurisdictional losses due to highway accidents.

COUNTY NUMBER OF IMPACTED BUILDINGS

DOLLAR VALUE OF EXPOSURE,

BUILDING AND CONTENTS (THOUSANDS $)

Adams 18,732 $4,787,993.00 Allegheny 178,562 $45,238,791.00 Armstrong 14,807 $2,943,337.00 Beaver 44,602 $10,785,553.00 Bedford 2,962 $555,010.00 Berks 70,245 $17,966,144.00 Blair 32,290 $6,984,269.00 Bradford 6,751 $1,228,716.00 Bucks 79,073 $26,840,501.00 Butler 21,395 $4,898,321.00 Cambria 41,578 $9,116,712.00 Cameron 5,863 $1,167,114.00 Carbon 8,128 $1,823,890.00 Centre 19,091 $6,199,445.00 Chester 88,638 $30,013,285.00 Clarion 2,549 $880,796.00 Clearfield 13,067 $2,529,111.00 Clinton 1,092 $217,630.00 Columbia 22,961 $5,099,692.00 Crawford 8,927 $1,991,123.00 Cumberland 51,301 $13,118,234.00 Dauphin 36,428 $8,161,718.00 Delaware 82,844 $25,900,561.00 Elk 6,752 $1,629,217.00 Erie 68,134 $15,898,091.00 Fayette 30,680 $6,157,398.00 Forest 4,967 $799,714.00 Franklin 31,036 $6,653,350.00 Fulton 1,272 $201,127.00 Greene 6,197 $1,292,216.00 Huntingdon 6,843 $1,410,275.00 Indiana 23,007 $5,461,626.00 Jefferson 13,600 $2,604,740.00 Lackawanna 39,028 $9,155,313.00 Lancaster 102,369 $26,155,108.00 Lawrence 23,253 $5,251,670.00 Lebanon 41,294 $9,822,459.00

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Table 4.3.24-11 Estimated jurisdictional losses due to highway accidents.




Lehigh 38,269 $11,459,179.00 Luzerne 43,266 $9,156,327.00 Lycoming 23,463 $4,987,727.00 McKean 6,211 $1,327,663.00 Mercer 20,394 $4,133,127.00 Mifflin 8,420 $1,502,047.00 Monroe 11,133 $2,865,150.00 Montgomery 152,481 $48,899,342.00 Montour 4,955 $989,748.00 Northampton 60,774 $15,616,422.00 Northumberland 23,119 $5,116,648.00 Perry 15,747 $3,976,530.00 Philadelphia 212,795 $59,486,215.00 Pike 16,432 $3,826,256.00 Potter 6,160 $1,063,212.00 Schuylkill 39,522 $8,458,552.00 Snyder 4,007 $901,637.00 Somerset 8,678 $1,857,789.00 Sullivan 1,738 $302,314.00 Susquehanna 3,174 $711,507.00 Tioga 1,849 $438,972.00 Union 12,471 $2,747,309.00 Venango 16,257 $2,919,404.00 Warren 11,888 $2,475,890.00 Washington 43,626 $9,518,282.00 Wayne 16,431 $3,159,706.00 Westmoreland 93,379 $21,087,614.00 Wyoming 10,684 $2,119,108.00 York 79,976 $19,348,169.00 Grand Total 2,237,617 $571,392,096.00

While air transportation accidents are infrequent compared to highway and rail incidents, they potentially threaten a larger portion of the Commonwealth, impacting over 7 million buildings worth over $1.8 trillion. Of these vulnerable jurisdictions, Allegheny and Philadelphia are the most threatened because of the number of airports in and around Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, respectively. Allegheny County has 701,366 potentially impacted buildings worth $12.9 billion

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while Philadelphia’s potential losses stand at 778,715 impacted buildings worth $201.3 billion, as seen in Table 4.3.24-12.

Table 4.3.24-12 Estimated jurisdictional losses due to air transportation accidents.




Adams 72,228 $17,026,688.00 Allegheny 701,366 $179,027,007.00 Armstrong 63,771 $12,899,103.00 Beaver 121,767 $30,434,814.00 Bedford 15,812 $2,882,984.00 Berks 219,337 $57,169,490.00 Blair 66,200 $14,009,583.00 Bradford 17,032 $3,329,257.00 Bucks 321,764 $108,123,710.00 Butler 116,178 $29,775,721.00 Cambria 71,531 $15,923,104.00 Cameron 4,777 $905,333.00 Carbon 64,595 $14,508,369.00 Centre 63,100 $15,531,734.00 Chester 257,886 $88,830,732.00 Clarion 23,204 $4,492,750.00 Clearfield 46,483 $8,857,579.00 Clinton 14,325 $3,031,864.00 Columbia 57,010 $12,161,212.00 Crawford 45,215 $9,620,807.00 Cumberland 140,062 $35,908,025.00 Dauphin 155,473 $38,022,863.00 Delaware 272,799 $84,044,731.00 Elk 12,255 $2,550,197.00 Erie 129,463 $30,263,525.00 Fayette 75,827 $15,257,575.00 Forest 12,347 $2,089,286.00 Franklin 79,158 $17,268,598.00 Fulton 6,619 $1,126,525.00 Greene 15,644 $3,190,704.00 Huntingdon 27,695 $5,321,857.00 Indiana 38,580 $8,333,525.00 Jefferson 26,297 $5,358,398.00 Juniata 26,496 $4,945,357.00

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Table 4.3.24-12 Estimated jurisdictional losses due to air transportation accidents.




Lackawanna 121,761 $27,703,362.00 Lancaster 198,259 $51,380,465.00 Lawrence 61,583 $13,038,163.00 Lebanon 83,445 $20,249,745.00 Lehigh 215,489 $59,007,585.00 Luzerne 169,264 $38,063,364.00 Lycoming 57,028 $12,095,053.00 McKean 9,031 $1,668,379.00 Mercer 75,370 $16,418,459.00 Mifflin 28,437 $5,440,172.00 Monroe 110,057 $28,051,785.00 Montgomery 484,549 $160,866,480.00 Montour 25,070 $5,707,083.00 Northampton 181,973 $50,378,288.00 Northumberland 71,222 $15,136,546.00 Perry 56,060 $12,823,966.00 Philadelphia 778,715 $201,276,171.00 Pike 53,940 $12,658,196.00 Potter 2,596 $590,902.00 Schuylkill 105,874 $23,128,882.00 Snyder 29,642 $6,576,585.00 Somerset 45,417 $9,854,528.00 Sullivan 3,391 $552,207.00 Susquehanna 24,246 $4,678,491.00 Tioga 15,864 $2,906,922.00 Union 34,623 $7,953,288.00 Venango 42,109 $8,524,113.00 Warren 26,801 $5,407,739.00 Washington 119,376 $29,827,254.00 Wayne 58,553 $12,311,065.00 Westmoreland 225,619 $52,993,858.00 Wyoming 25,121 $5,311,987.00 York 224,772 $56,005,682.00 Grand Total 7,147,553 $1,840,809,772.00

Rail accidents have the potential to cause nearly $426.6 trillion in damages to 1.7 million buildings in 65 counties, as seen in Table 4.3.24-13. Philadelphia, Allegheny, Montgomery,

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Delaware, and Westmoreland Counties, with their strong passenger and freight rail networks, are the most threatened by rail incidents with 716,657 impacted buildings worth over $193 billion.

Table 4.3.24-13 Estimated jurisdictional losses due to rail accidents.




Adams 3,239 $718,821.00 Allegheny 170,972 $41,980,937.00 Armstrong 18,933 $3,898,538.00 Beaver 20,789 $4,706,474.00 Berks 61,413 $14,941,867.00 Blair 12,091 $2,507,471.00 Bradford 4,664 $950,024.00 Bucks 31,669 $10,638,972.00 Butler 11,604 $2,274,786.00 Cambria 18,253 $4,209,417.00 Cameron 1,273 $298,105.00 Carbon 17,913 $3,751,897.00 Centre 3,146 $525,784.00 Chester 58,590 $18,109,062.00 Clarion 2,549 $880,796.00 Clearfield 16,789 $3,510,734.00 Clinton 1,092 $217,630.00 Columbia 11,257 $2,386,553.00 Crawford 7,526 $1,662,101.00 Cumberland 50,221 $13,275,389.00 Dauphin 28,861 $6,622,984.00 Delaware 95,790 $26,765,363.00 Elk 5,064 $1,027,471.00 Erie 25,387 $5,964,717.00 Fayette 32,461 $6,862,710.00 Franklin 10,223 $2,540,199.00 Greene 7,582 $1,326,397.00 Huntingdon 4,119 $707,901.00 Indiana 23,391 $5,304,400.00 Jefferson 7,369 $1,549,155.00 Lackawanna 41,210 $9,508,120.00 Lancaster 31,621 $8,221,856.00 Lawrence 6,795 $1,517,583.00

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Table 4.3.24-13 Estimated jurisdictional losses due to rail accidents.




Lebanon 20,604 $4,511,032.00 Lehigh 43,314 $10,909,593.00 Luzerne 48,102 $10,717,778.00 Lycoming 20,532 $4,541,382.00 McKean 4,704 $1,037,266.00 Mercer 17,367 $3,634,078.00 Mifflin 2,594 $407,072.00 Montgomery 103,963 $31,657,897.00 Montour 4,968 $1,034,941.00 Northampton 60,406 $15,747,999.00 Northumberland 19,842 $4,391,235.00 Perry 12,413 $3,428,073.00 Philadelphia 275,976 $77,611,726.00 Schuylkill 22,951 $4,961,442.00 Snyder 6,773 $1,743,067.00 Somerset 11,177 $2,131,622.00 Susquehanna 1,170 $230,919.00 Tioga 2,880 $516,102.00 Union 9,213 $1,875,441.00 Venango 5,484 $1,110,030.00 Warren 8,224 $1,706,632.00 Washington 37,743 $8,439,233.00 Wayne 1,018 $201,123.00 Westmoreland 69,956 $15,711,959.00 Wyoming 1,631 $294,668.00 York 34,964 $8,699,200.00 Grand Total 1,691,825 $426,615,724.00

4.3.24.9. State Facility Loss Estimation The ubiquitous nature of transportation accidents translates to high estimated state facility losses for all three kinds of transportation accidents. For highway vehicular accidents, the estimated replacement cost of all state critical facilities is $22,476,249,752. Loss estimates for state facilities impacted by air accidents is highest at $40,551,632,447. Finally, the estimated replacement cost of all state critical facilities impacted by rail transportation accidents is $12,776,400,116.

Documents

Pennsylvania 2013 Standard State All-Hazard Mitigation Plan · 2017-02-21 · movement of goods and people, including Interstates 76 (PA Turnpike), 78, 80, 81, 95, and 476 (PA Turnpike