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PENUNTUN PRAKTIKUM PATOLOGI KLINIK
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA
BLOK 13SISTEM DIGESTIF
NAMA : ........................................NIM : ........................................SEMESTER : ........................................
BAGIAN PATOLOGI KLINIKFAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNSRI
PALEMBANG2012
PEMERIKSAAN TINJA
Tinja yang dipakai untuk pemeriksaan sebaiknya berasal dari defekasi spontan, jika pemeriksaan sangat diperlukan boleh juga sampel diambil langsung dari rektum. Untuk pemeriksaan dipakai tinja sewaktu. Tinja hendaknya diperiksa dalam keadaan segar, bila dibiarkan terlalu lama unsur-unsur dalam tinja akan rusak. Untuk mengirim tinja sebaiknya menggunakan wadah dari kaca atau plastik, wadah harus bermulut lebar. Pemeriksaan yang penting dalam tinja ialah pemeriksaan terhadap parasit dan telur cacing, serta pemeriksaan darah samar.
Pada pemeriksaan tinja pilihlah bagian tinja yang memberi kemungkinan sebesar-besarnya untuk mendapatkan kelainan, umpamanya bagian yang bercampur darah atau lendir. Karena unsur-unsur patologik biasanya tidak terdapat merata, maka hasil pemeriksaan mikroskopi tidak dapat dinilai derajat kepositifannya dengan tepat, cukup dinilai secara semikuantitatif saja.
MAKROSKOPIS
1. Warna.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2. Bau.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3. Konsistensi.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4. Lendir.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5. Darah.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6. Parasit.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
MIKROSKOPIS
1. Sel epitel.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2. Makrofag.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3. Leukosit.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4. Eritrosit.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5. Kristal-kristal.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6. Sisa makanan.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7. Sel ragi.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8. Telur dan larva cacing.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
DARAH SAMAR
Tes terhadap darah samar penting sekali untuk mengetahui adanya perdarahan minimal yang tidak dapat dinyatakan secara makroskopis atau mikroskopis.A. Cara dengan Benzidine Basa atau Benzidine Dihidrochlorida
1. Buatlah emulsi tinja dengan air atau dengan larutan garam kira-kira 10 ml dan panasilah hingga mendidih.
2. Saringlah emulsi yang masih panas itu dan biarkan filtrat sampai menjadi dingin kembali3. Ke dalam tabung reaksi lain dimasukkan benzidine basa sebanyak sepucuk pisau.4. Tambahlah 3 ml asam asetat glasial, kocoklah sampai benzidine itu larut dengan
meninggalkan beberapa kristal.5. Bubuhilah 2 ml filtrat emulsi tinja, campur.6. Berilah 1 ml larutan hidrogen peroxida 3%, campur.7. Hasil dibaca dalam waktu 5 menit (jangan lebih lama).Hasil:Negatif (-) Tidak ada perubahan warna atau warna samar-samar hijauPositif 1 (+) Hijau Positif 2 (++) Biru bercampur hijauPositif 3 (+++) Biru Positif 4 (++++) Biru tua*pemakaian benzidine dihidrochlorida akan membuat tes menjadi kurang peka sehingga hasil positif palsu dapat dikurangi
B. Cara dengan Guajac1. Buatlah emulsi tinja sebanyak 5 ml dalam tabung reaksi dan tambahkanlah 1 ml asam asetat
glasial, campur.2. Dalam tabung reaksi lain dimasukkan sepucuk pisau serbuk guajac dan 2 ml alkohol 955,
campur.3. Tuanglah dengan hati-hati isi tabung kedua ke dalam tabung yang berisi emulsi tinja sehingga
kedua jenis campuran tetap sebagai lapisan terpisah4. Hasil positif dapat dilihat dari warna biru yang terjadi pada batas kedua lapisan itu. Derajat
kepositifan dinilai dari warna itu.
C. Cara dengan Tes Carik Celup1. Celupkan seluruh permukaan reagen carik celup dengan sampel tinja dan tarik dengan segera2. Ketukkan carik pada bibir wadah untuk mengurangi tinja yang berlebihan3. Pegang carik secara horizontal dan bandingkan dengan kertas warna yang terdapat pada label
tabung dan catatlah hasilnya dengan waktu seperti yang tertera pada label tabung Hasil:..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
UROBILIN1. Taruhlah bebrapa gram tinja dalam sebuah mortir dan campurlah dengan larutan
mercurichlorida 10% yang volumenya kira-kira sama banyak dengan tinja itu.2. Campurlah baik-baik dengan memakai alu3. Tuanglah bahan tersebut ke dalam cawan datar agar lebih mudah menguap dan biarkan
selama 6-24 jam4. Adanya urobilin ditunjukkan dengan timbulnya warna merahCatatan: dalam tinja normal selalu ada urobilin, jumlah urobilin akan berkurang pada ikterus obstruktif. Jika obstruksi itu total, hasil menjadi negatif.
