Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration,c. 1750 to c. 1900

Industrial Revolution 1700’s

First inventions (steam engine, textiles) Movement of people to cities Small scale machines; more goods made with machines

1800’s Industrialization spreads to US Factories Rapid urbanization; population growth Rise of slavery Growth of middle class Developments in transportation and communication Organization of workers

1900’sReform movementsDecline of child laborLimits on big business Industrialization spreads to Japan, Russia

I. Factors leading to the rise of Industrialism

• Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean

• The geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber

• European demographic changes

• Urbanization

• Improved agricultural productivity

• Legal protection of private property

• An abundance of rivers and canals

• Access to foreign resources

• The accumulation of capital

II. Industrialization Developments

Machines Use of coal and oil as fuelFactory systemExpansion of financial systemsMajor developments in transportation and

communication RailroadsSteamshipsTelegraphsCanals

III. Long Term Industrialization

Capitalism

Formation of labor unions

Reform movements

Spread to other areas in the world

Changes in society Demographic changesFamily changes

Political Revolutions A. American Revolution

Mid-1700’s British colonies were economically prosperous

A series of wars and taxes caused boycotts and protests in the colonies

“No taxation without representation”- influenced by Enlightenment ideas

1776 Declaration of Independence Author Thomas Jefferson Influenced by John Locke Consent of the governed and individual freedom

EffectsIntroduced modern democracy

US Constitution US Bill of RightsDeclaration of Independence

Encouraged other revolutionsFrench Haiti Latin AmericaVietnam

B. French Revolution Inspired by the American

Revolution More radical in scope, and idealsGoal: Replace “old order” and

absolute monarch with new cultural, social and political structures

Immediate causes: Financial crisis, inequalities between social classes (estates)

EventsMany “paper victories”

Declaration of the Rights of Man (equality of all men)

Abolished privileges of 1st and 2nd estatesLimited constitutional monarchy

Reign of Terror-use of Guillotine to kill traitors, royal family

Reign of Napoleon Brought war to Europe

Effects of Napoleon Unseated monarchs in Spain and Portugal Led to uprisings in their Latin American coloniesCongress of Vienna/Concert of Europe

Alliance of European monarchsKept peace for 100 yearsUnited front against uprisings inspired by

Enlightenment

Changes-1750’s-1800’s Social and economic

Creation of a middle class Education Feminist movements Capitalism Alternatives to capitalism-Karl Marx and socialism Growth of cities

Political Creation of US US Constitution Upheavals in Europe Unifications of Germany and Italy

Key Concept 5.2Imperialism and nation state

formation Imperialism Quest for overseas empiresPartially a result of the Industrial Revolution Improvements in transportation and use of

machines caused increased demands for raw materials

ReasonsEconomic benefitsShow of power and wealth Gaining raw materials (rubber, cotton, tin) to be

sent back to factories

Colonialism Sending colonists to new lands

Dominating the social, political, economic and social structure North and South America: settler colonies

established by Europe Economic Colonies: India and southeast Asia

(much smaller amounts of colonists) Instead, businessmen and government officials developed polices to benefit the mother country

I. Creation of transoceanic empires and colonies I. British Empire

a. Britain in India

b. Belgium in Congo

c. British Empire Africa, Australia

d. South America

Societies at Crossroads A. Ottoman Empire

Territory declined in the 17th and 18th centuries Nationalist movements in Greece and Serbia (1840) Muhammad Ali took control of Egypt after reign of Napoleon

(began process of Industrialization, cotton as an export) Increase in European trade in the Mediterranean world caused

Ottoman trade to decline 1882- Grew dependent on European loans 1900 Difficulty controlling government; forced to decrease wages

for government officials while raising taxes on the peasants Reforms:

Mahmud II Tanzimat Reforms Sultan Hamid II Young Turks

B. Qing China

C. Russia

Russian tsars ruled as autocrats (absolute monarchs); supported by the church and nobility (who were exempt from taxes and military service)

Peasants were the bulk of the population-most were serfs

1861 Alexander II: abolished serfdom. Serfs were given no political rights and were taxed on the land

Economic reform to modernize military Attempts at industrialization brought factories but

poor working conditions

5.3 Nationalism, Revolution and Reform

Growing Nationalism and Anti-Colonial MovementsBoxer Rebellion Taiping Rebellion Self-Strengthing Movement

Nationalism, Revolution and Reform

Colonial Resistance to ImperialismTaiping RebellionGhost DanceXhosa Cattle Kiling

Revolution and Reform Revolution in Haiti

1790; slave plantation

Latin American Independence Movements Simon Bolivar Defeated Spanish forces in Colombia, Venezuela,

Ecuador then Peru

Global Migration 1750-1900

Middle of 18th Century, population of Europe increased dramatically End of epidemic diseases Improved diets Decline in infant mortalityHigher birth rate

Migration pattern- WestMigration from country to city (industrialism)Middle class away from city to emerging suburbs

Non-Western World Latin American population doubled in the 19th

century

Japan-improvements in nutrition and medical care

China, Japan and Latin America-strain on natural resources

Environmental concerns: pollution, industrial waste

Patterns of migration and immigration

Settler colonies- brought Europeans and indigenous peoples in America’s, Africa, Pacific, SE Asia

Maoris of New Zealand and native Hawaiians lost over half of their population to diseases

Decrease in population led to a need for workers, caused migration from China and Japan to Hawaii

From To REASON

Portugal, Italy Brazil, Argentina Need for agricultural labor, coffee plantations in Brazil Some Italians were seasonal

Russian Jews Latin America Escaping religious persecution in Russia

Eastern Europe, Italy)And Ireland

US Looking for industrial jobs, better life