5 .1 : INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM

5:2 : IMPERIALISM AND NATION-STATE FORMATION

5.3 : NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION, AND REFORM

5.4 : GLOBAL MIGRATION

Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750-

1900-20% of test

Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global CapitalismIndustrialization fundamentally changed the

production and consumption of goods around the world

A variety of factors led to the I.R. Europe’s location and geographical distribution of

coal, iron, timber Urbanization Agricultural productivity Legal protection of private property Access to foreign resources Accumulation of capital

Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global CapitalismMachines

Steam engine Internal combustion engine Possible to exploit fossil fuels Factory systems Specialization of laborSecond Industrial Revolution

Steele, chemicals, electricity, precision electricity

Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global CapitalismNeed for raw materials led to specialized mass

production of single natural resources (cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, wheat, etc)

Decline of agricultural activity in some places-Textile production in India

New consumer markets-ChinaMining centers-copper in Mexico, gold and diamonds

in AfricaDevelopment and expansion of financial institutions-

stock markets, insurance, gold standard, corporationsClassical liberalism-Adam Smith and John Stuart MillTransportation and communication

Key Concept 5.1:Industrialization and Global CapitalismSocial Classes

Middle class and industrial working class

Gender roles changed

Urbanization-unsanitary conditions and new types of communities

Global Capitalism Alternative visions:

Utopian socialism, Marxism, Anrarchism

Government promotion of industrialization-Meiji Japan, Tsarist Russia, China’s Self-Strengthening, Ottoman Empire

Reforms: state pensions and public health-Germany, suffrage rights-Britain, public education

Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism and Nation-State FormationStates expanded overseas colonies and

established new types of coloniesModern empire building impacted regional

warfare and diplomacyIncrease in European influence, USA, and

JapanLand based empires in Eurasia were

challenged by new empires New ideas about nationalism, race, gender,

class, and culture developed and facilitated growth of empires and formation of new national identities

Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism and Nation-State FormationStrengthening colonial control-British in

India, Dutch in IndonesiaEuropeans used warfare and diplomacy to

establish empires-Britain in W. Africa, Belgium in Congo

European settler colonies-British in S. Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the French in Algeria

Economic imperialism-British and French

Key Concept 5.2: Imperialism and Nation-State FormationImperialism influenced state formation and

contraction around the worldAnti-imperialism resistance led to the

contraction of Ottoman EmpireUSA and Russia expanded their land bordersNew states developed on the edge of existing

empires-The Cherokee Nation, Zulu Kingdom, Hawaii

Nationalism-Germany, Philippines, LiberiaSocial Darwinism justified imperialism

Key Concept 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform

Intense period of revolution and rebellion, establishment of new nation states

Enlightenment –Locke, Voltaire, RousseauRevolutionary documents-Declaration of Independence,

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, Jamaica Letter

Individual Rights, Natural Rights, Social ContractNew ideologiesAnti-imperialLiberalism, Socialism, CommunismWomen’s suffrage, emergent feminism-Mary

Wollstonecraft, Declaration of Sentiments

5.4: Global Migration

Number of migrants increased significantlyChange connected to transoceanic empires and a global

capitalist economySome economic benefitsSome people became economic commoditiesProduced dramatically different societies on both endsChallenging for governments-trying to foster national

identities and regulate the flow of people (enclaves such as Indians in S. Africa) (Chinese Exclusion Acts)

Global population rose because of changes in food production and improved medical conditions

New transportationIncreased urbanization-people relocated to cities

Key Concept 5.4 : Global Migration

End of slave trade but increased indentured labor and penal colonies

Long Distance migration Regulation of borders (passports, citizenship

as part of nation state)

Demographic and Environmental Changes

Migration – Immigration Why? Where?

19th c. Migration to Latin America

Asian immigration to Latin Americans

Filipinos in 16th century

Indentured labor: Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese

Brazil now has 2.3 million Asian Latin Americans

3% of population today in Peru

Changing Relationships between Latin America and the World

Political independence (Simon Bolivar and Gran Colombia)

Rebellions of the Last IncasEconomic dependency (sugar, coffee,

bananas, guano…)Emerging Relationship with the United States

(neo-imperialism)

Simon Bolivar--The Jamaica Letter

“The role of the inhabitants of the American hemisphere has for centuries been purely passive. Politically they were nonexistent. We are still in a position lower than slavery, and therefore it is more difficult for us to rise to the enjoyment of freedom…States are slaves because of either the nature or the misuse of their constitutions; a people is therefore enslaved when the government, by its nature or its vices, infringes on and usurps the rights of the citizen or subject.”

Simon Bolivar--The Jamaica Letter

“More than anyone, I desire to see America fashioned into the greatest nation in the world, greatest not so much by virtue of her area and wealth as by her freedom and glory. Although I seek perfection for the government of my country, I cannot persuade myself that the New World can, at the moment, be organized as a great republic. …. The American states need the care of paternal governments to heal the sores and wounds of despotism and war.”

“As soon as we are strong and under the guidance of a liberal nation which will lend us her protection, we will achieve accord in cultivating the virtues and talents that lead to glory. Then will we march majestically toward that great prosperity for which South America is destined.”

New DependenciesSugarGuanoBananasCoffee

Banana Republics

Rise of Western Dominance

Patterns of ExpansionImperialism and Colonialism

African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania Ethiopia and Siam Hawaii and New Zealand

Rise of Western Dominance

Cultural and Political Reactions to western dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism) Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration Russia– Reforms and Rebellions Siam and Ethiopia-- defensive modernization China--Boxer Rebellion Islamic and Chinese responses compared

Impact of Changing European Ideologies on Colonial Administrations

Rise of Western Dominance

Scramble for Africa

Talking Points: The Magnificent African Cake

Berlin ConferenceBoer War: Dutch and the BritishLiberia and EthiopiaResistance effortsCecil RhodesLobengula and the Rudd ConcessionKing Leopold’s GhostFrench vs. British ruleResource exploitation: rubber, diamonds…

Comparing InterventionForms of intervention in 19th century

Latin America and AfricaCase studies:US involvement in Latin America

compared to Belgians in Congo or British in Nigeria?

British actions in South Africa (Boer War) compared to British in Falklands or French in Algeria?

Italian intervention in Ethiopia compared to French in Haiti

Others?

Race and “Civilization”

Racism Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer

Revolutions

Revolutions (Haiti, Americas, Europe) and colonial revolts

Enlightenment ideology as well as the use of spirituality in some rebellions

Liberal political principles embraced suffrage, abolition, and gender equality

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements

Revolutions Why Revolution now? Where?

United States (1776) France (1789) Haiti (1803) Mexico (1910) China (1911)

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements

Latin American Independence MovementsWhy?

Simon Bolivar

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements

Mexican Revolution

Liberator-Hero Analysis: Eulogies and Portraits

New Political Ideas

Rise of NationalismGrowth of Nation-statesCompare to Germany, Italy, Japan, India,

Ethiopia…

Resistance in AfricaSamoure Toure

Menelik II

Abolition: End of the Slave trade

Why?

William Wilberforce      “So enormous, so dreadful, so irremediable did the Trade's

wickedness appear that my own mind was completely made up for Abolition. Let the consequences be what they would, I from this time determined that I would never rest until I had effected its abolition.”

“Is it not the great end of religion, and, in particular, the glory of Christianity, to extinguish the malignant passions; to curb the violence, to control the appetites, and to smooth the asperities of man; to make us compassionate and kind, and forgiving one to another; to make us good husbands, good fathers, good friends; and to render us active and useful in the discharge of the relative social and civil duties?”

Equianno…

Abolition of slave trade- Britain 1807

Wahhabism18th century

conservative Islam movement

Modern Legacy within Arab nationalism

Mohammad Ali and Egypt“Such being my supreme pleasure

on all the points above specified, thou, thy children, and thy descendants, grateful for this exalted sovereign favour, ye shall always be diligent in scrupulously executing the conditions laid down, ye shall take need not to infringe them, ye shall be careful to ensure the repose and the tranquility of the Egyptians by protecting them from all injury and from all oppressions, ye shall report to this place, and ye shall apply for orders on all matters of importance which concern those countries, it being for these purposes that the present Imperial FIRMAN, which is decorated with my sovereign signature, has been written, and is sent to you. “

http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=15

Suffrage Movements

Small presence of movement in Latin American countries though in Africa women were more involved in nationalist struggles (later)

National women's suffrage was granted in 1929 in Ecuador, 1932 in Brazil, 1939 in El Salvador, 1942 in the Dominican Republic, 1945 in Guatemala, and 1946 in Argentina.

In African countries, men and women have generally received the vote at the same time, as in Liberia (1947), Uganda (1958), and Nigeria (1960).

Impact of Industrialization in Latin America

Raw materials Beef Extract (BWH series…)TradeCase studies– student jigsaw

ArgentinaPeruBrazil (The Seamstress)MexicoNicaraguaCuba

Impact of Industrialization in Africa

Raw materials ColonialismCase Studies– student jigsaw

Congo (Choices unit)Rhodesia/ South AfricaKenyaMoroccoThe Gambia/ Senegal (Donald Wright’s book)

Gender

Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe compared to women in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa in the 19th century

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology

Modes of Transportation/ communication Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph Suez Canal, Panama Canal

Panama Canal

Panama Canal

Suez Canal

Suez canal opened in 1869

Conclusions

What are the global processes that are at play? Which have intensified? Diminished?

Predict how the events of the 19th century are a natural culmination of earlier developments.

Speculate what historical events in the 19th century would have most surprised historians of earlier eras.

What region (s) are in a position to be “players” in the next period?