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Personality Theories
5-7% of AP Exam
Definition of PersonalityThe organization of an individual’s distinguishing characteristics, traits or habits
Another way of saying it
Personality is the organization of enduring behavior patterns that often serve to distinguish us from one another
Definition of Personality
The individual’s unique ways of
thinking
feeling
behaving
experiencing the environment
Tasks of personality psychologist
Analyzing group and individual differences
Understanding individuals
Studying personality processes
Developing theories of personality structure
Why Have a
Personality Theory?Functions of theory
Functions of Personality Theory
To organize, describe and explain phenomenon
To guide research and empirically test hypothesis
To identify and apply principles that may be used in therapeutic settings (help people)
Assessment TechniquesBut before these, research techniques. . .
Research Approaches Field studies
Projective tests
Self-report inventories
Observers reports
Psychobiography
Laboratory studies
Individual Assessment-Basic tools
Observation
Interviews
Self-report personality tests
Peer ratings
Organization of testsObjective TestProjective Test
Objective tests
Objective Tests:
Standard written format
Select from provided choices
Also called self-report
Examples?
Problems with objective tests?
Projective Tests Projective Tests:
Free response format
Relatively unstructured stimuli which can be perceived in many ways
Theoretically, the individual “projects” personality onto task
Examples?
Problems with projective tests?
Objective Tests
Standard written format
Select from provided choices
Also called self-report
Examples?
Problems with objective tests?
Projective Tests
Free response format
Relatively unstructured stimuli which can be perceived in many ways
Theoretically, the individual “projects” personality onto task
Examples?
Problems with projective tests?
Research Issues in Personality
Nature vs. Nurture
Trait vs. Situation
Stability vs. Change
Nomothetic vs. Idiographic
Others?
Graphic organizers
Instructions for graphic organizers
Draw a graphic of your choosing (flower, fish, balloons, whatever)
Somewhere on your graphic, identify, define and list names associated with the 7 current perspectives in psychology (listed below)
behavioral, biological, cognitive, evolutionary, humanistic, psychodynamic, and trait
Predict what each perspective would say about how you got a “personality”
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic approach
According to Sigmund Freud People are born with
psychic energy that is transformed and redirected during the normal course of social development
This creates conflict!
Sources of instinctual
energyLife Instinct or
Eros-self preservation
and/or preservation of
the life of species
Sources of instinctual
energyDeath instinct or Thanatos-Impels the
person toward aggression
and/or destruction
Levels of Consciousness
Conscious Events of which you are currently aware
Preconscious- events not immediately aware, but can retrieve at will (memory)
Unconscious- all thoughtsfeelings, wishes, memories about which we are largely unaware, but influence behavior
Freudian Slips
Personality Structure Id
Latin for “it’
Unconscious and without specific direction
Immediate gratification
Pleasure principle
Personality Structures Ego
Under the influence of external reality
Mediates between Id and SuperEgo
Reality principle
Delayed gratification
Personality Structure Superego
The moral system
Conscience
Not really operating in reality system
Incorporates the morals and values of parents and society
Seen something like this?
Anna Freud (Sigmund’s
daughter)
Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms- the ego’s method to resolve conflicts with the
Id and the Superego to guard against anxiety created by instinctual wishes
Just listen, you can get them from your textbook notes.
Common Defense Mechanisms Denial
Displacement
Identification
Projection
Rationalization
Reaction Formation
Regression
Repression
Sublimation
Psychosexual Stages of Development
According to Freud, a series of biologically determined stages of development driven from birth by sexual instinct
Different zones of the body become sources of pleasure during different stages of development
Maladaptive behavior in adults result from unresolved conflict that originate during these stages (childhood)
A strong conflict could “lock” or “fixate”
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral stage (0-18 months)
Anal stages (18-36 months)
Phallic stage (3-6 years)
Oedipus Complex
Electra Complex
Personality established by about age 5
Latency Stage (6 years –puberty)
Genital stage (puberty to adulthood)
A quick review of Freud
WOW!
Whether you believe it of not, these ideas have made their way into western culture
Examples?
Defense Mechanisms
Complete provided assignment to reinforce examples of defense mechanisms.
You may use your notes and/or textbook to be sure you recall the specifics of the named defense mechanisms.
Other Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic perspectives
Freud, Hall and Jung at Clark University (Freud’s only trip to US)
Carl Jung
Major Jungian Ideas Two separate unconscious regions
of the mind
Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
Universal archetypes
Complexes
Concepts of introversion and extroversion
Jung speaks of death 4 mins
Alfred Adler
Alfred Adler Notable Concepts
Inferiority Complexes
Compensation/Overcompensation
Karen Horney
Horney broke with Freud over his gender bias
Childhood anxiety caused by a sense of helplessness triggers a desire for life and security
The parent child relationship is critical to successful development
Erik Erikson
Erikson modified and extended Freud’s stages of development
Life span approach
Referred to stages as psychosocial rather than psychosexual
Assessing the Unconscious
Rely on the Projective tests to reveal hidden conflicts and impulses
TAT or Rorschach
Techniques for treatment Goal of therapy is
to gain INSIGHT into the unconscious origins of disorders
Free association
Dream Interpretation
Resistance
Transference
Evaluation of the Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud developed the most comprehensive and influential theory ever
Weaknesses?
Behavioral Models of Personality
Behavioral Models
Derived from learning theory
Summarizes a person’s unique pattern of learned behavior
Personality assumed to be predictable from history of reinforcement
Inconsistencies due to situational specificity
B. F. Skinner
Skinnerian Ideas
Personality is viewed in terms of observed behavior
Behaviors are under the control of contingencies of reinforcement
Behavior Therapy is an attempt to modify behavior through systematic alteration of undesired behavior
Albert Bandura
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Personality is acquired, or learned,
behavior taking place in a social context
Key concepts:
Reciprocal determinism-overt behavior, cognition and the environment influence each other
Observational Learning- learning by watching and imitating others including vicarious reinforcement and punishment
Self Efficacy- a learned expectation of success, confidence in your ability to be successful
Walter Mischel
Mischel is a social learning advocate
People make responses that will lead to reinforcement in the situation at hand (situational specificity)
This view suggests people act different in different situations
This view says behavior is NOT consistent
Not all agree with this view
Evaluating the Behavioral Theory
Your turn
Evaluation of Behavioral Perspective
Too simplistic to account for complex human behavior
Too mechanical (no free will)
Laboratory studies based on lower animals (pigeons, rats, etc.)
Dispositional-Trait Models
Dispositions are the collective way an individual
usually thinks and behaves.
As opposed to Mischel, this view suggests:
each person has stable, long lasting traits
traits appear in diverse situations
each person has a unique set of traits
Hippocrates
Hippocrates suggests certain temperaments as per dominant body fluids
Black bile (ancient term that was thought to be secreted by the
liver or kidneys. It was dry and dark! Yuck!)
Yellow bile
Blood
Phlegm
William Sheldon
Sheldon’s body types
ectomorph
endomorph
mesomorph
Endomorph- comfort loving, even tempered
Mesomorph – aggressive, courageous and tend to dominate
Ectomorphs – introverted, poorly coordinated and intellectual
Which came first? Personality type or body type?
Gordon AllportPersonality consists of cardinal and central traits
Theory less concerned with explaining why and more concerned with describing how we differ
Raymond Cattell
Used factor analysis to identify 16 personality traits.The degree to which a person possesses each trait forms their unique personality profile
Hans Eysenck
Eysenck
Five Factor Theory Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (1985, 1992)
Lew Goldberg calls it the “Big Five” (1998)
Develop a new personality inventory called the NEO Personality Inventory to measure the Five Factors/ Traits. It’s NEW, but widely accepted:
Openness to experience (intellect/ imagination)
Conscientiousness (organized, thorough, plan)
Extraversion (talkative, energetic, assertive)
Agreeableness (sympathetic, kind, affectionate)
Neuroticism (emotional stability)
Mnemonic OCEAN
Assessing Personality
MMPI
Eysenck Personality Inventory
BFI-54
Evaluation of Dispostional/Trait Perspective
What do you think?
Humanistic/
Phenomenologic
al
Model
Humanistic Models
These models are an alternative to previous models that highlight negative aspects of social development
This model focuses on the positive!
Common components Humans are born with a positive
drive to grow and improve
People strive for self-determination and self actualization
Self-concept reflects our subjective perception of who we are
Inner-directedness is an internal force that leads people to grow and improve
Abraham Maslow(Harry Harlow’s grad student)
Maslow’s Hierarch of Needs
If basic needs are fulfilled, people will strive to actualize to their actual potential
Self Actualization is the final psychological need and cannot be attained until basic needs are met
Carl Rogers
Roger’s Person Centered Perspective
Self actualization is a central theme, referring to the human tendency to fulfill his/her human potential
Self concept is all thoughts and feelings about ourselves which answer the question of “Who Am I?”
The gap between self-concept and reality is called incongruence.
Incongruence
Rogers’ Client (Person) Centered (Non-Directive) Therapy
Genuineness
Unconditional Positive Regard
Empathy
Assessing the Self
Questionnaires, interviews and intimate conversations
Evaluation of the Humanistic Model
Unrealistically optimistic
Vague and subjective
Empirical research is difficult
Cognitive Model
Cognitive Model
Views individual personality in terms of tendencies to process, interpret and understand the environment
Julian Rotter
Rotter’s Expectancy Theory Learning creates cognitive
expectancies that guide behavior
Behavior is determined by what the person expects to happen and the value the person places on the outcome
Internal-External Locus of Control
“40 Studies” Reference
“Are You the Master of Your Fate?”
George Kelly
Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory
Personality is understood as the habitual way people make sense out of the world
People attempt to predict and control their environment by using an individual system of personal constructs (bipolar categories)
Fritz Heider
Heider’s Attribution Theory Suggests that people make inferences
about the causes of other’s behavior called attributes.
People tend to locate these causes either within the person or within the situation
Evaluation of Cognitive Perspective
Narrowness in scope
Humans are seen as unfeeling though thinking creatures
Behaviorists disagree with dependence of unobservable processes
Psychoanalytic theorists object to the neglect of childhood influences
Pyramid of People Complete multiple pyramids of the
notable individuals in the study of personality theory (as per College Board Acorn Book) Alfred Adler Albert Bandura Paul Costa and Robert McCrae Sigmund Freud Carl Jung Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Julian Rotter
Other Activities
Activities Folder:
TV Character and Personality Theory
Bumper Stickers/ Personalized License Plates
Match Theory (Print copy)
Twitter Theory
Wordle