Manual 03.November2009

PerspectiveGrid

A comprehensive book about gra-phics for garden designers: „Zeichnen in der Gartengestaltung“

l Easytofollow,withstep-by-stepexplanationsl Morethanathousandimagesl Additionaltutorialsonthewebsite.

Tosucceedinthebusinessofgardenplanninganddesign,advanceddrawingskillsarerequired—eveninthemodernageofCADandPhotoshop!Usingtherightmaterialsandappropriatetoolsarefundamentalrequirementstoimpressclientswithsuccessfultechnicalanddynamicdrawings.Thebookstartswithadetailedintroductiontobasicdrawingandadvancestoimportanttechniquessuchasgroundplansandthree-dimensionaldrawing,alsousingmoderndigitalmedia.Additionally,thisbookincludesexclusiveaccesstofurthertutorialsandexamplesonline!

Dearreader,

Iwouldliketothankyouforshowinginterestinourperspectivegrids.Inthismanualwewillshowyouhowtousetheperspectivegrid.Youcanalsofindfurtherinformationonourinternetsite:www.perspektivraster.de (german)www.perspectivegrid.com (english)Ifyouwouldliketolearntheadvancedapplicationofthissystem,Iwouldgladlywelcomeyoutooneofmyseminars.Orcheckourmybook“ZeichneninderGartengestaltung”.

Havefundrawing!

DanielNies

Zeichnen in der Gartengestaltung DanielNies.2008.320pages,1287mostlycoloredillustrations,hardcover,ISBN978-3-8001-4836-3.€69,90[D]Thebookcoversthetopicsplangraphicsandperspectivedrawing.InGermanlanguage.PublisherEugenUlmer,Stuttgart.

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ThePerspectiveGridSystem

ZeichenwerkDanielNiesElmer-Fryar-Ring84D-86391StadtbergenTel0049-(0)821/158175Fax0049-(0)821/158469E-Mailinfo@zeichenwerk.dewww.zeichenwerk.dewww.perspektivraster.dewww.perspectivegrid.com

PerspectiveGridSet,MetricThemetricperspectivegridsareveryusefulforproducingone-pointandtwo-pointperspectives,bothateyelevelandbird’s-eye.Thedurablesetconsistsofthreethick(200gsm)papersheets,eachprintedonbothsideswiththeformatofapprox.48x68cm,plasticcoatedonbothsides.ThegridsarelabeledinbothGermanandEnglish.

Thesetconsistsof

•ManualAmanualinEnglishwhichexplainshowtousethegrids(30pages).Youcandownloadthefreecoloureddocumentatwww.perspectivegrid.com.

•Sheet1One-pointperspectivehorizonat1.5&8metersononeside,andhorizonat4&16metersontheotherside.

•Sheet2Two-pointperspectivehorizonat1.5&8metersononeside,andhorizonat4&16metersontheotherside.

•Sheet3Two-pointperspective(Mirrorimageoftheabove)horizonat1.5&8metersononeside,andhorizonat4&16metersontheotherside.

•6field-of-visiondiagramsprintedonDINA3transparency.Youplacethesediagramsonyourplananditmakesiteasiertotransfertheplanontotheperspectivegrid.Thefield-of-visiondiagramscanalsobefoundinthedownloadsectionincaseyoumisplaceyours.

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Perspectivegrid-Sheet1

PerspectivegridNo.2Horizon8,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsethefieldofvisiondiagramNo.2toapplytheFoV-technique.

PerspectivegridNo.1Horizon1,50mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsethefieldofvisiondiagramNo.1toapplytheFoV-technique.

Overview

One-point perspective (frontside) PerspektivegridNo.1,Horizon1,50mPerspektivegridNo.2,Horizon8,00m

YoucanfindalargeDinA3versionofthisgridinthebookcalled: one-pointperspectiveHorizon1,50m.

Drawing examples

YoucanfindalargeDinA3versionofthisgridinthebookcalled: one-pointperspectiveHorizon8,00m.

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One-point perspective (backside) PerspectivegridNo.3Horizon4,00mPerspectivegridNo.4Horizon16,00m

PerspectivegridNo.3Horizon4,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.3toapplytheFoV-technique.

PerspectivegridNo.4Horizon16,00mTransferringgroundplanes:Theoutlinetechniqueistheeasiestmethodinthiscase.

UsingtheFoV-techniquewouldleadtohighdistortionatthishorizonheight.That‘s why there isn‘t a Field-of-Vision diagram No. 4.

Overview

Drawing examples

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PerspectivegridSheet2

PerspectivegridNo.5Horizon1,50mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.5toapplytheFoV-technique.

PerspectivegridNo.6Horizon8,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.6toapplytheFoV-technique.

Two point perspective (frontside) PerspectivegridNo.5,Horizon1,50mPerspectivegridNo.6,Horizon8,00m

YoucanfindalargeDinA3versionofthisgridinthebookcalled: one-pointperspectiveHorizon1,50m.

YoucanfindalargeDinA3versionofthisgridinthebookcalled: one-pointperspectiveHorizon8,00m.

Drawing examples

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Two-point perspective (backside) PerspectivegridNo.7Horizon4,00mPerspectivegridNo.8Horizon16,00m

PerspectivegridNo.7Horizon4,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.7toapplytheFoV-technique.

PerspectivegridNo.8Horizon16,00mTransferringgroundplanes:Theoutlinetechniqueistheeasiestmethodinthiscase.

UsingtheFoV-techniquewouldleadtohighdistortionatthishorizonheight.That‘s why there isn‘t a Field-of-Vision diagram No. 8.

Drawing examples

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PerspectivegridSheet3

PerspectivegridNo.9Horizon1,50mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.9toapplytheFoV-technique.

PerspectivegridNo.10Horizon8,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsethefField-of-VisiondiagramNo.10toapplytheFoV-technique.

Two-point perspective (Front, sheet 2 mirrored) PerspectivegridNo.9,Horizon1,50mPerspectivegridNo.10,Horizon8,00m

Thismirroredperspectivegridhasbeenaddedwiththethirdprintrun.Theviewersangleisdifferenttotheangleonsheet2.Thisgivesyouahelpfulnewviewingpoint.

Drawing examples

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Two-point perspective (Back, sheet 2 mirrored) PerspectivegridNo.11Horizon4,00mPerspectivegridNo.12Horizon16,00m

PerspectivegridNo.11Horizon4,00mTransferringgroundplanes:OutlineorField-of-Visiontechnique.UsetheField-of-VisiondiagramNo.11toapplytheFoV-technique.

PerspectivegridNo.12Horizon16,00mTransferringgroundplanes:Theoutlinetechniqueistheeasiestmethodinthiscase.

UsingtheFoV-techniquewouldleadtohighdistortionatthishorizonheight.That‘s why there isn‘t a Field-of-Vision diagram No. 12.

Drawing examples

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Perspectivegridsappearthree-dimensionalandareagreataidtoconstructperspec-tives.

PreparationsFirstyoumusttapethegridtoyourdraw-ingtable.Onceyouhavedonethat,layasheetoftransparentpaperoverthegridandtapethecornerstothetable.Evenlightpaper[40g/m²]willdothejob.Howtoconstructperspectiveswiththissystemwillbedescribedonthefollowingpages.

One-pointperspective-usingtheperspectivegrid

PerspectivegridNo.1Horizon1,50m

1,00 m

Eachgridis1,00mx1,00minsize.

Thegridintervalnarrowsdownthecloseritgetstothevanishingpoint.Closetothehorizontheintervalchangesto10,00m.

Heightscanbededucedbyusingtheverticalmeasuringline.Furtherinforma-tiononpage186.

Verticalmeasuringline

Horizon1,50m

1,00 m

1,00 m

1,00 m

1,00 m

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Themeasuringpointisaveryhelpfulitem.Youcanseeitintheforeground.Itismainlyusedwhentransferringgroundplanstothegrid.ThiswillbeexplainedmoreexplicitlyintheChapter»Transfer-ringgroundplans«onpage188.

Theintervalbetweenthehorizontallinesstaysunchanged.

Toconstructanobjectinthebird‘seyeview,usethegridupsidedown.Nowthehorizonheightis8,00m.

VanishingPoint(VP)

Thedashedlineindicatesthefieldofvisionlimit.Objectsshouldbedrawnwithinthisbordertoappearrealistic.

Thispersondis-playstheviewer.

10,oo m

MeasuringPoint(MP)

1,00 m 1,00 m 1,00 m

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Estimatingheights

Heretheviewerislookingatfourverticalswithdifferentheightlevels.Thedistancefromthebasetothehorizonisexactly1,50m.Anyotherdistancecaneasilybededucedbythisheight.

Additionallytheheightlevelsinperspectivecanbedeter-minedwiththismethod.

The proportional estimationInthisimageyoucanseeawoodenpuppetthatisabout1,60metrestall.ConsequentlyitisabitsmallerthananaverageEuropeancitizen(1,75m).

Whendrawinginperspective,weusethehorizonof1,50m,becauseitismucheasiertoemploythan1,60m.

0,750,50 1,50 3,00

h:2h:3

h

2xh

Eventhoughtheobjectsallhavethesameheightinreality,theyaredrawnsmallertheclosertheyaretothehorizon.Themainfactisthattheyallreachthehorizon.

VP

Horizon height 1,50 m

H H 1,50 m

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Distanceswithaheightofarealways1/2ofthelengthfromthebasetothehorizon.

Distanceswithaheightof3,00maretwicethelengthfromthebasetothehorizon.

Objectswithaheightof0,50marealways1/3ofthedistancefromthebasetothehorizon.

VP

VP

VPH 1,50 m

H 1,50 m

H 1,50 m

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4. Close the topBeforeclosingtheobject,youshouldtakealookatthegroundplan.Ifthebottomlineisparalleltothehorizon,itmuststayparallelwhenprojectedtothetopedge.

Inthefollowingconstructingexamplewewillbeusingtheone-pointperspectivegridwitheye-levelat1,50m.

2. Draw the verticalsNowdrawtheverticallines.Don‘tworryabouttheirlength-justdrawthemhigh.

3. Estimate the height of the objectDividethelengthfromthebasetothehorizonbytwotoreceivetheheightof0,75m.

1. Draw the ground planDrawa2,00mx2,00msquareintotheperspectivegrid.

Cuboidsandhorizontalareas

VP

VP

VP

VP

H 1,50 m

H 1,50 m

H 1,50 m

H 1,50 m

+ 0,75

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Theleftbottomsideleadstothevanishingpoint-sothetophastodothesame.

5. Render the objectTokeepagoodoverview,theobjectshouldbecoloured.

Thisisveryhelpfulwhenworkingwithcomplicatedforms.

Repeatthismethodontherightandbacksidetofinishtheobject.

VP

VP

VP

H 1,50 m

H 1,50 m

H 1,50 m

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+ 0,75

Compiling cuboids

Youcanarrangevariousblocksusingthemethoddescribedinthepreviouspages.

VPHorizon 1,50 m + 1,50

+ 4,50

+ 1,00

+ 3,00

Projectedlignofsight=CentreofVision

+ 0,50

PerspectivegridNo.1Horizon1,50m

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+ 16,00

+ 4,00

+ 2,00

VP Horizon 8,00 m

Whendrawingabird‘seyeviewwith8,00mhorizon,constructtheblocksjustlikewhendrawingwiththehorizonat1,50m.

PerspectivegridNo.2Horizon8,00m

Toobtaintheheightinbird’seyeview:

2,00m: 1/4ofthedistancefrombaseto horizon4,00m: 1/2ofthedistancefrombaseto horizon16,00m:twicethedistancefrombaseto horizon

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1. Horizontal areas and cuboids Toconstructhorizontalareasandcuboidsinthetwo-pointperspective,justfollowthesamestepsasintheonepointperspective.Whereasthelinesaredrawntowardstherespectivevanishingpoints(VP1,VP2)

2. Draw the verticals and estimate the height Toconstructtheheightofanobject,drawverticalreferencelinesateachcorner.Thesewillbeusefultofindtherightheight.

Thisexampleuses0,75m,halfthedistancefrombasetohorizon.

VP 1 VP 2Horizon 1,50 m

FP 1 FP 2Horizont 1,50 m

+0,75

Two-pointperspectivePerspectivegridNo.5Horizon1,50m

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3. Close the topOnceyouhavedrawntheheight,connecttheedgepointstowardsthevanishingpoints.

As shown in this example, this method also works for blocks with different heights.

+3,00

+0,75

+1,50

+4,50

+1,00

±0,00

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Asexplainedpreviously,theperspectivegridconsistsofarasterwithonemetreincrement.ItisrecommendedtoemployagroundplanwiththescaleofM1:100.

Therearedifferentpossibilitieshowtotransfergardengroundplansintotheperspectivegrid:Theoutlinetechnique,andthefieldofvisiontechnique

Transferringgardenplans

Field of Vision Weareabletosenseavisualarrayofabout180°.Youcaneasilytestthisbystretchingyourarmstotheleftandrightwhileshakingthemandlookingforward.Youshouldbeabletoseeyourarmsmoving,neverthelesstheformap-pearsdistortedandunrealistic.

The 60° Field of VisionConsequentlyweshouldstayinanarrayof60°tomakeourdrawingsdynamicandrealistic.

Objects appear

realistic here.

Objects appear

distorted and

unrealistic here.

60° Field of vision

Lign of sight

Objects appear

realistic here

60° Field of vision

Lign of sight

Objects appear

distorted and

unrealistic here.

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60° Field of Vision

WithintheFieldofVisioncircleandsphereappearrealistic.

ObjectsandroomsinperspectivethatarebeyondtheFoVappeardistortedandoversized.

Soweshouldstayinthearrayof60°tomakeourdrawingsstayrealistic.

Outofrangetheobjectappearsunrealanddistorted.

Objects appear

realistic here.

Objects appear

distorted and

unrealistic here.

60° Field of vision

Lign of sight

Objects appear

realistic here

60° Field of vision

Lign of sight

Objects appear

distorted and

unrealistic here.

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The Outline Technique

1. Construct a metre grid Firstdrawarectangular(orsquare)outlineontranspar-entpaper.SetthemetregridtoascaleofM1:100.Thewidthshouldn‘texceed10,00m,otherwisethegroundplanwouldn‘tfitintothefieldofvision.Thisexampleusesa8,00mx8,00mgrid.Placethisoutlineontoyourgroundplan(scaled1:100).Makesuretheimportantobjectsareinthegrid.

Thistechniquecanbeusedintheone-pointasinthetwo-pointperspective.

2. Put the ground plan into perspective Nowtransferyouroutlineintotheperspectivegrid.Makesuretheareastartsintheforeground,evenifyoucrossthefieldofvisionline.Thiswaythedrawingseemsverythree-dimensional.

Nextdrawthedetailsofeachmetresquarefromtheplanviewintothecorrespondingperspectivegridsquare.Tip:Firstdrawtheentiregroundplan,beforeprojectingtheheights.

3. Set the heightsNowprojecttheheightofbuiltobjects(inthisexampleonlytheleftwall).It‘sadvisabletodothisonanextrasheetoftransparentpaper.

VP

VP

VP

H 1,50 m

H 1,50 m

H 1,50 m

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Tip

The Outline Technique is quick and easy.

Objects beyond the field of vision should

only be drawn as a »hint« to avoid distortion,

making the drawing appear more realistic

and vivid.

4. Develop the softscapeUseafurthersheetoftransparentpapertosketchanddevelopthesoftscape.Tryoutdifferentvariationsofplantingdesignseachonanotherlayeroftransparentpaper.

Nowrefineyoursketchstepbystep...

5. Complete the renderingDrawyoumainconceptonafinallayerofpaper.

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Field-of-Vision (FoV) Technique

1. Chose your viewTodrawtheperspectiveusingthistechniqueyouneed:-Groundplanofyourgardendesign(M1:100)-Field-of-VisionDiagramNo.1.(M1:100)-PerspectivegridNo.1Horizon1,50mPlacethediagramoverthegroundplanandchosethearrayyouwouldliketobedisplayedinperspective.

Whenchoosingyourarrayyoushouldtrytokeepthelineofsightandthegridparalleland/orrightangledtotheedgesinyouplan.It‘sbesttosetthestationpointontheplansiteitselftomaketheperspectiveappearmorerealisticandcomprehensible.

Onthediagramyouseethemeasuringpoint(MP)andtheVertical-Measuring-Line(MV).

One-point perspectiveTheFoVDiagramapproximatelyshowstheundistortedareayouwillseeinperspective(withinthe60°circle).ItshowswheretheviewerisstandingandhisLine-of-SightatascaleofM1:100.

Tip

The scale of the ground plan has to be the

same as the scale as the FoV diagram.

M 1:100 works best.

If the plan is scaled at M 1:200 the FoV

diagram has to be re-sized to 50%.

Ground plans scaled at M 1:50 should be re-

sized to M 1:100.

MP 0,00

4,0o

8,001,00

2,20

3,40

1,00 2,30

4,40

MP

MV

2. Mark the planUsetheLine-of-Sightasabaselinefromwhichimportantsectorsofyourgroundplanaremarked.TheMeasuringPoint(MP)isnowthezero-pointofthebaseline.

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3. Transfer the ground plan Nexttheimportantsectorsofthegroundplanaretransferredintotheperspectivegrid.

TodothisdrawtheLine-of-sightthroughtheMPwhichismarkedbothintheFoVdiagramasintheperspectivegrid.Transferthemeasurementsofthegroundplantotheperspectivegrid.

4. Finalise the ground plan Beforeprojectingtheheights,thegroundplanshouldbecompletelytransferredintotheperspectivegrid.

IfyoucomparetheareaintheField-of-Vision(perspective)totheField-of-Visionareainyourgroundplanyouwillfindtheresultisveryaccurate!Thissystemalsoworkswellinthebird‘seyeview,althoughitislessprecise.

Careful!

Avoid placing the Line-of-Sight over long

edges.

They appear strange in perspective, since

they simply look like vertical lines.

Try to lay the FoV diagram parallel to edges

in your ground plan. If you don‘t, you will

have a hard time transferring the plan to

perspective (see example).

VPH 1,50 m

VP

3,40 1,00 2,30 4,40

1,002,20

H 1,50 m

MP

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6. Develop the softscape Nowdesignthesoftscapeonanothersheetoftransparentpaper.

5. Construct built objects Useafreshsheetoftransparentpapertoconstructbuiltobjectsandinsertoutdoorfurnitureandotheritems.Draweachonseparatesheetsofpaperifyouwanttostayonthesafeside.Youcanalsoinsertgraphicaleffectslikereflectionsinthepooltoyourdrawing.

FP H 1,50 m

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7. Do the renderingLastbutnotleastembossyourprojectgraphically.

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Field-of-Vision (FoV) Technique Two-point perspective Horizon 1,50m

1. Chose your viewTodrawtheperspectiveusingthistechniqueyouneed:-Groundplanofyourgardendesign(M1:100)-Field-of-VisionDiagramNo.5.(M1:100)-PerspectivegridNo.5Horizon1,50m

PlacetheFoVDiagramNo.5,Horizon1,50moveryourgroundplantochoseyourarea.LikebeforetrytoobeythegridrulesandusethescaleM1:100.

Thefollowingstepsarethesameasintheone-pointperspective.

2. Transfer the ground planTransferyourgroundplanintotheper-spectivegrid.Usethemeasuringpoint(MP)likeintheone-pointperspective.

Viewpoint

distorted area

FoV area

MP

Horizon 1,50m

FoV area

MP distorted area

VP

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1. Chose your viewTodrawtheperspectiveinthebird‘seyeviewyouneed:

-Groundplanofyourgardendesign(M1:100)-Field-of-VisionDiagramNo.6(M1:100)-PerspectivegridNo.6Horizon8,00m

LaytheFoVdiagramoverthegroundplan.TrytogetalltheimportantobjectsintotheFoVarea!

2. Transfer the ground plan Transferyourgroundplanintotheperspectivegrid.Usethemeasuringpoint(MP)likeintheone-pointperspective.

Somesectorsofthegroundplanarenowinthedistortedarea,butstillyoushoulddrawthem.Whenusingthebird‘seyeviewtheFoVdia-gramsarenotasaccurateasateye-level1,50m.

Viewpoint

distorted area

FoV area

MP

distorted area

FoV area

MP

Horizon 8,0 m VP

Field-of-Vision (FoV) Technique Two-point perspective Horizon 8,00m (Bird’s eye view)

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Seminars

Learntodrawbyhandwithasystem!Despitethedominanceofdigitalmedia,hand-drawnplanshavelostnoneoftheircharm.Eveninthebeginningphaseofadraft,freehandsketchesconveytheconceptofthedesigninanimpressiveandtime-savingmanner.

Unique course concept—Students look over the instructor’s shoulder!

Avideocameraandprojectordisplayeachindividualstepthroughtothecompletedpictureonalargeprojectionscreen.Fromtheirworkstations,alltheparticipantscanthenfollowanddirectlytransferwhat’sshown.Eventhesmallestdetailsarerecognizablethroughzoomeffects.Visitwww.zeichenwerk.deformoreinformation.

InstructorDanielNiesearnedhisbachelorsdegreeinLandscapeDesignatColoradoStateUniversity,USA.In1991hereturnedtoGermanywhereheworkedasadesi-gnerinaLandscapearchitecturalfirmforfiveyears.Duringthistimehealreadyofferedgraphicworkshops.

1995hestartedhisownbusiness,ZEICHENWERK,whichspecializesondrawingseminars.Sincethenthousandsofstudentsandprofessionalsattendedtheseminarsandimprovedtheirdrawingskills.

Inseptember2008hisfirstbook„ZeichneninderGartengestaltung“,Ulmer-Verlag,Stuttgartgotpublished.

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Seminars

SkriptundPerspektivrasterAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublica-tionmaybereproducedinanyformorbyanymeans--graphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,taping,orinformationstorageandretrievalsystems.April2005.Thirdversion.

©Zeichenwerk,DanielNiesElmer-Fryar-Ring84D-86391StadtbergenTel0049-(0)821/158175Fax0049-(0)821/158469E-Mailinfo@zeichenwerk.dewww.zeichenwerk.dewww.perspektivraster.dewww.perspectivegrid.com

Impressum

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DanielNiesElmer-Fryar-Ring84D-86391StadtbergenTel0049-(0)821/158175Fax0049-(0)821/158469E-Mailinfo@zeichenwerk.dewww.zeichenwerk.dewww.perspektivraster.dewww.perspectivegrid.com