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PHENIX Drift Chamber operation principles
Modified by Victor RiabovFocus meeting
01/06/04
Original by Sergey ButsykFocus meeting
01/14/03
Outline Drift chamber (DCH) design Construction and assembling Operation principles Calibration aspects Trackfinding principles Future goals
Drift Chamber for PHENIX(basic information)
Main purpose: Precise measurement of the
charged particle’s momentum
Gives initial information for the global tracking in PHENIX
Acceptance: 2 arms 90º in each ±90 cm in Z 0.7 units of
Location: Radial :2.02<R<2.48 m Angular:
• West: -34º < º• East : 125º < º
Drift Chamber design
DCH Frame
Wires
Keystone Made of titanium Conists of 20
identical keystones Weight ~ 1.5 tons Total tension of
wires ~ 3 tons
Lay-out of one keystone
6 radial layers of nets (X1,U1,V1,X2,U2,V2)
Stereo nets start in one keystone (n) and end in the neighbouring keystone e.g. (n+1) for U, (n-1) for V
The tilt of UV nets along allows measurement of Z component of the track
Wire net configuration
Jet-type wire structure X nets: 12 anode wires
UV (stereo) nets: 4 anode wires
Total of 80 anode nets of each type are evenly distributed in
~6400 readout channels in every DC
Independent signal readout from both sides (North, South)
Construction and assembling
Mechanical design and production – PNPI (Russia)
Front Electronics – SUNYSB Wire net production,
assembling - PNPI,SUNYSB
DCH Operation Principles To reconstruct charged particle track DC samples a few points in
space along the path of the particle. One such point is called a “HIT” Registration of one HIT is based on a few physical processes:
When charged particle transverse the gas volume of the DC it creates clusters of primary ionization on its way
Electrons of primary ionization drift from the point of ionization to anode wires along electric field lines
Electrons of primary ionization create avalanches in the vicinity of anode wires
Back drift of posistively charged ions generate measurable signal on anode wires which is amplified, shaped and discriminated
To register a HIT in the DC: Carry out drift time measurements: Start - collision time measured by
BBC; Stop - time when signal appears on the anode wire Drift time (t) can be tranformed into drift distance (x) if calibration curve
is known x = x(t) Working gas is chosen to have an uniform drift velocity in the active
region linear xt relation can be used x = Vdr · t
Gas mixture choice
50% Ar - 50% C2H6 mixture is chosen for operation based on: uniform drift velocity at E~1
kV/cm High Gas Gain Low diffusion coefficients
In Year2 ~1.6% Ethanol was added to the mixture to reduce ageing and improve HV properties of the nets
Drift field configuration
Necessary electric field configuration is created by 5 groups of wires:
Cathode Wires – Create uniform drift field between anode and cathode
Field Wires – Separate adjacent anode wires and help to control gas gain
Back Wires – Stop drift from one side of the anode wire
Gate Wires – Localize the drift region width
Termination Wires – Help to reduce boundary affects, make gas gain uniform along the plane
Cathode
BackGate
Anode
Field
Drift Field Configuration (II)
Here is what happens when the charged particle passes through the wire cell
Note that only even wires collect charge due to the back wires that block the odd anode wires !
Back wires solves left-right ambiguity problem
DCH Performance (Run03) Single wire efficiency ~ 90-95% Back efficiency (probability to get hit
from the back closed side) < 10% Spatial Resolution ~ 120 um Angular resolution d/ ~ 1 mrad
Calibration aspects
Idea: Substitution of real calibration dependence with a line: x(t) = Vdr·(t-T0), where T0 - effective time Vdr – effective drift
velocity in the drift region Once we know these
parameters <-> we know everything!
Global calibration Timing distribution for
each arm have a characteristic shape
By fitting the leading and trailing edge of the distribution with Fermi function we obtain time at ½ height. t0 and t1
t0 is assumed to be global T0 for the arm
Vdr = <distac>/(t1-t0) is global drift velocity t0
t1Time
Other calibration effectstaken into account
Slewing corrections – dependence of measured arrival time on the signal width
Shape of the drift region – the wires close to the mylar windows experience distortion of the electric field
Wire-by-wire t0 corrections – includes geometrical shifts of the anode wires within the net, electronics channel-by-channel variations e.t.c
Plane-by-plane Vdr corrections – Vdr is electric field dependant, thus it changes significantly on the side-standing wires where edge effects distorts the field strength
Global alignment to the vertex – center of the arm can be shifted from the vertex location. Translation of the arm center can be found by centering a distribution of the vertexes around zero in field-off data
Residual distributions
Pick hits of the track on 3 neighboring wires (i.e. 1,3,5). Residual for wire #3 is: x3 = (x1 + x5)/2 – x3
Residual is equal to ZERO if hits are perfectly aligned
Basic idea of local calibrations is to center all residuals at zero for all the parameters (i.e. align ever three neighboring wires)
Wire-by-wire t0 corrections Study residuals shifts within one net We can determine t0 shifts that zero the mean of residuals distributions
Shape of the drift region The shape of the drift region was simulated in GARFIELD
and parameterized in the offline software
Tracking principlesMain assumptions:
• Track is straight in the detector region
and variables defined on the figure
•Use hough transform – calculate and for all possible combinations of hits and bin those values into hough array – 2D histogram on and
• Look for local maxima in hough array that surpass the threshold
Track Candidates
The results of the hough transform are track candidates
First we look for tracks with X1 and X2 hits
Remaining unassociated hits goes into X1 only and X2 only tracking
Finally we left with the following tracks
Z coordinates of tracks are dedined by PC1-UV-vertex tracking