www.thalesgroup.com

Research & Technology

Photonique Hyperfréquence pour le traitement de signal : perspectives

….au moins à Thales

L. Morvan (Thales Research &Technology-France)

2 /2 /

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Microwave photonics

• availability of analog optoelectronic links:• up to 20 - 40 GHz bandwidth

• large time delay (typ. ns to 10 µs)

• transmission of analog signals with the highest possible fidelity

• channelized optoelectronic architectures with (time.frequency) products up to 104

generation

OLOL

processing

FOFOClkClk

generation

OLOL

processing

FOFOClkClk

surface radars with large antennas

airborne radars and E.W systems with distributed antennas

laserhigh speed modulator

high speed photodiode

S(t)

S(t-τ)

laserhigh speed modulator

high speed photodiodelaser

high speed modulator

high speed photodiode

S(t)

S(t-τ)

telecom. satellites

3 /3 /

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Optical distribution in Surface Radars

Ground & Naval Radars

• analog links (RF, LO, clocks)

• digital duplex Gb/s links

A large set of optical components fully qualified for Radar environment

• splitters & attenuators

• multiplexers

• connectors & cables

An enabling technology :• drastic gain on weight/volume and EMI issues • for the SR3D concept (complete family of modular radars)

4 /4 /

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Examples of current achievementsfor space applications

• optical LO distribution up to 40 GHz

• Optical Multi-frequency Conversion

• WDM LO’s • conversion to multiple IF signals

20 GHz20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz20 GHz20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz

Microwave input Optical outputMicrowave input Optical output

LNA : low-noise amplifierEOM : electro-optical mixerLO : local oscillatorWDM : wavelength(de)multiplexerO/E : optoelectronic receiver

O/EO/ELNA

LO3LO1 LO2

ωIF1 = ωRF – ωLO1

ωRF

ωLO1

O/EO/E

O/EO/E

ωIF2 = ωRF – ωLO2

ωIF3 = ωRF – ωLO3

EOM

ωLO2 ωLO3

W D M

WDM

LNA : low-noise amplifierEOM : electro-optical mixerLO : local oscillatorWDM : wavelength(de)multiplexerO/E : optoelectronic receiver

O/EO/ELNA

LO3LO1 LO2

ωIF1 = ωRF – ωLO1

ωRF

ωLO1

O/EO/E

O/EO/E

ωIF2 = ωRF – ωLO2

ωIF3 = ωRF – ωLO3

EOM

ωLO2 ωLO3

W D M

WDM

IF remoting

LO delivery

Ka RFInput

IF remoting

LO delivery

Ka RFInput

• MWP integrated receiver front-end for PAA

• microwave Ka/L receiver + Optical Rx and Tx interfaces

• for photonic LO delivery @ 29 GHz and IF signal remoting @ 1GHz

est. mass : 55 g - power consumption : ~ 1.65 W

5 /5 /

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Examples of current achievementsfor airborne radars applications

• single mode digital and RF optical signal distribution on a military aircraft

� flight tests on a Mirage 2000

• integration of opo-links (long delays) in radar test benches for the Rafale radars

� test benches in production

6 /6 /

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Building blocks in radar/EW/telecom systems

ante

nna

Tx

/Rx

beam

form

ing

netw

ork waveform

generation/ distribution

local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution

analog to digital conversion

analog processing:

• spectrum analysis• tunable filtering• goniometry• …

7 /7 /

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.0.8

Building blocks in radar/EW/telecom systems

ante

nna

Tx

/Rx

beam

form

ing

netw

ork waveform

generation/ distribution

local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution

analog to digital conversion

analog processing:

• spectrum analysis• tunable filtering• goniometry• …

8 /8 /

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DFB laser diode:� class-B laser where

τphotons< τelectrons

� resonant noise spectrum

Influence of laser RIN

potential solutions :

• class-A semiconductor laser with τp >> τe

• solid state diode pumped Er lasers• RIN filtering through non-linear optics

Radar Antenna

RF Signal

Typical RFOptical

LinkDFB MZ Signal

Processing

Radar Antenna

RF Signal

Radar Antenna

RF Signal

Typical RFOptical

LinkDFB MZDFB MZ Signal

ProcessingSignal

Processing

RF

Pow

er(d

Bm

/Hz)

80.1GHz 18GHz

Noise Floor

RF Signal

RF

Pow

er(d

Bm

/Hz)

80.1GHz 18GHz

Noise Floor

RF Signal

�

20

20

20

2 )()()()(

i

fS

P

fS

P

fPfRIN ip ==⟩∆⟨=

laser fluctuations

laser mean power

9 /9 /

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SiC

AR coating

5 QW InGaAs

Bragg grating

half-VCSEL

• cavity length 45 mm , 1% output coupler transmission

• 150 µm etalon

• intracavity losses 2 %

� ττττp ≈ 15 ns > ττττc= few ns ���� relaxation-oscillation-free class-A dynamics

50 mW stable emission for 1 W pump

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

Optical frequency

Det

ecte

d V

olta

ge (

V)

7.5 GHz

filter

heat dissipation

pump diode@ 808 nm

Rc = 50 mm output coupler

Class-A semiconductor laser half-VCSEL in a high-Q external cavity

single frequency operation

10 /10 /

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-180

-160

-140

-120

0 3 6 9 12 15 18

Frequency (GHz)

RIN

(dB

/Hz)

-156 dB/Hz Iph=1mA

8 mm long Cavity � shot-limited RIN from 100MHz to 18 GHZ

“white” RIN at the shot noise level over

the full bandwidth

Class-A semiconductor laser half-VCSEL in a high-Q external cavity

11 /11 /

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First design of a low noise hybrid III-V/Silicon laser

Design: Fabry-Perot cavity filtered by two ring resonators

Active InP quantum wells section:

� Electrically pumped

Passive Silicon section:

� STRIP waveguides (-1dB/cm)

� Laser modes filtering

� Ring resonators

� Bragg Mirrors

� Vertical coupler

Transition III-V to Silicon

� Adiabatic tapers

12 /12 /

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Building blocks in radar/EW/telecom systems

ante

nna

Tx

/Rx

beam

form

ing

netw

ork waveform

generation/ distribution

local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution

analog to digital conversion

analog processing:

• spectrum analysis• tunable filtering• goniometry• …

13 /13 /

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Optically controlled phased array antennas

Transmit mode

14 /14 /

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Beam steering: Compact True Time Delay moduleEarly THALES realization

input fibresoutput fibres

� BW = 2-20GHz� 8 channels, 8 radiating elts� unit delay τ=6.5ps� 5 SLMs � 32 delays/ch.� ton=20ms, toff=100ms main limitation

20 cm

measured far field pattern for:� scan angle : ± 20°� frequency : 6 – 18 GHz� no beam squint

15 /15 /

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4 channels EO ceramic polarization switch

EO ceramic (PLZT)

V-groove array

Gnd V1V2

V3V4

Incident polarization

Output polarization

Vi=0Vi=Vππππ

to PBS

45°PM fibers

EO ceramic (PLZT)

V-groove array

Gnd V1V2

V3V4

Incident polarization

Output polarization

Vi=0Vi=Vππππ

to PBS

45°PM fibers

• 3 µs response time• < 2 dB insertion loss• > 20 dB extinction ratio

Input

Polarization

Switches array Fibered Polarization splitters

Fibered Polarization combiners

Output

Block of delays

Lensed fibers

TRT + Besançon + TeemPhotonic

16 /16 /

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laser accordable modulateur RF

@ 4GHz

S(t)photodiode

S(t-τ)

struct. photoniquelaser accordable modulateur RF

@ 4GHz

S(t)

laser accordable modulateur RF

@ 4GHz

S(t)photodiode

S(t-τ)

photodiode

S(t-τ)

struct. photonique

• typ. device length: 1 mm

• tunable time delay τ = 200 ps for 3 nm wavelength tuning

tunable laser RF modulation @ 4 GHz photonic crystal

structure

Beam forming: compact time delaysphotonic crystal membrane

3 nm

~200 ps

17 /17 /

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.0.8

Building blocks in radar/EW/telecom systems

ante

nna

Tx

/Rx

beam

form

ing

netw

ork waveform

generation/ distribution

local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution

analog to digital conversion

analog processing:

• spectrum analysis• tunable filtering• goniometry• …

18 /18 /

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Nx1

si(t)

IM

λλλλ0

λλλλ1

λλλλ2

λλλλ3

Nx1

si(t)

IM

λλλλ0

λλλλ1

λλλλ2

λλλλ3

PhC

so(t)so(t)

Beam forming: RF filters based on time delaysin photonic crystal membrane

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

Frequency (GHz)

RF

pow

er v

aria

tion

(dB

)

Full tunability

• stability• contrast• compactnessthanks to monolithic integration

Filter 1/T bandwidth

19 /19 /

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Coherent FIR PhC filter

Laser

Spl

itter

1 to

NDELAY

sin(t)

Modulator

WEIGHTS

COHERENT SUMMATION

20 /20 /

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� Tunable photonic crystal delay lines : delay AND optical phase adjustment

� Low-speed monitoring photodiodes : phase monitoring & control

� 50/50 coupler network (MMI tree): taps recombination

� Directional coupler splitter network : compensate delay lines loss and balance optical power in each tap

� Spiral delay lines : fixed delay (~100ps / spiral)

SYMPHONIE : Coherent summation FIR device

C0

C’0

C00

C01

C000

C010

C001

C011

C’000

C’010

C’001

C’011

C’00

C’01

Optical input

Optical output

SOI chip

21 /21 /

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. You

are

her

eby

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ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

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Unitary interferometer

The unit cell includes :

� Tunable coupler for tap amplitude balance

� Static and tunable delay

� Tunable delay line & complementary output of the MMI used foroptical phase monitoring and control

500µm

~100ps static delay(8.5mm-long spiral)

500µm photonic crystal waveguide with micro-heaters

Photonic crystal thermally tunable directional couplers

50/50 MMI coupler

22 /22 /

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rev

iew

, dis

sem

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packaged devices

Ge detectors

Active 2x2 coupler (MZI with heaters)

Tested functionality:

� On-chip balanced photodetectors

23 /23 /

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any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

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r ot

herw

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use

of th

is d

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ent i

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with

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s pr

ior w

ritte

n ap

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al. ©

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.0.8

Building blocks in radar/EW/telecom systems

ante

nna

Tx

/Rx

beam

form

ing

netw

ork waveform

generation/ distribution

local oscillator(s) generation

analog to digital conversion

analog processing:

• spectrum analysis• tunable filtering• goniometry• …

24 /24 /

The

info

rmat

ion

cont

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umen

t and

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atta

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HA

LES

. You

are

her

eby

notif

ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

ng o

r ot

herw

ise

use

of th

is d

ocum

ent i

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rictly

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ted

with

out T

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s pr

ior w

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n ap

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• standard 1.5 µm components• 4 km fiber length : trade-off in between spectral purity and stability• operation around 10 GHz• cross testing, exchanging components between the two architectures

“Classical” Opto Electronic Oscillator (OEO) implementation in Thales & Selex

CW LASER

Amplitude Modulator (MZM)

Photodiode

resonant cavity 10 GHz RF filter

10 dB coupler

LNAHPA

MWoutput

4 km delay line

CW LASER

Amplitude Modulator (MZM)

Photodiode

resonant cavity 10 GHz RF filter

10 dB coupler

LNAHPA

MWoutput

4 km delay line

25 /25 /

The

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. You

are

her

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ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

ng o

r ot

herw

ise

use

of th

is d

ocum

ent i

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rictly

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ted

with

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102 103 104 105 106 107 108-180

-170

-160

-150

-140

-130

-120

-110

-100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50Single loop 4 km oscillators (10.5 GHz)

dual loop oscillator 4 km / 1 km (11.6 GHz)P

hase

noi

se p

.s.d

. (dB

c/H

z)

Frequency offset from the carrier (Hz)

Limited by amplifiers additive

phase noiseBetter than bench theoretical noise

floor

“Classical” Opto Electronic Oscillator (OEO) implementation in Thales & Selex

26 /26 /

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. You

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that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

ng o

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herw

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of th

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ent i

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rictly

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ted

with

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Optical resonator based OEOs

Fiber rings: • developped in LAAS• easy to realize• 20 m long � Q10GHz ~ 2.105

WGM resonators:• developed in CNR-IFAC• coupled with fiber tapers• CaF2 5.36 mm disks

���� Q10GHz ~ 5.103

CW tunable LASER

Amplitude Modulator (MZM) Photodiode

Coupler HPAMW

output

Main loop

PDH loop

RF-Filter(fiber ring case)

Optical resonator

• fiber based delay line replaced by an optical resonator:

• need for absolute wavelength stabilization � PDH loop

• more sensitive to non-linear effects � limitation of injected power

27 /27 /

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. You

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ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

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n, c

opyi

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Local oscillators: toward tunability

linear birefringence inside a solid state laser cavity :

L

c

L

c

4212 <∆=−=∆πϕννν� Two linearly polarized eigenstates :

� stable source of optically carried microwave signal s

ϕ∆

νννν1111

νννν2222

L

G. W. Baxter et al, IEEE PTL 8, 1996 (Macquarie University)M. Brunel et al, Opt. Lett. 22, 1997 (University of Rennes)

� a single cavity : stable frequency difference

� the two frequencies are separable by polarization

� after a 45 ° polarizer, the beam is 100% modulated

28 /28 /

The

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t and

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atta

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. You

are

her

eby

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ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

ng o

r ot

herw

ise

use

of th

is d

ocum

ent i

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rictly

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ted

with

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s pr

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al. ©

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Local oscillators: compact dual-frequency laser

*G. Pillet, B. Steinhausser et al. « Stabilized 1,5 µ m dual-frequency laser … » Cleo Europe (2011)

PLZT birefringent ceramicEr,Yb:Glass

disk

νννν1

νννν2

M2M1

Diode 975 nm 1 W

silica etalon

Bias

FM input

DFL output @ 1536 nm

PM fiber

� 5 mm long cavity

� >40 mW (25 mW fiber coupled)

Prototype at 1.5 µm within Aramos (TRT/TOSA)*:

Bea

tnot

efr

eque

ncy

(GH

z)

Voltage on PLZT electrodes (V)0 300 400 700600500200100

12

8

6

4

2

0

10

14

29 /29 /

The

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atta

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are

her

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ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

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ise

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of th

is d

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• stable frequencies : 1/τ = 2MHz for100 m

• LF phase noise still limited by detection noise (amplifiers ?)

• HF phase noise limited by the DFL intensity noise

• Q10GHz~104

• highly tunable• same principle with DFL laser

diodes and 1 loop

Dual frequency laser

Analog LFFilter

MWoutput

100 m fiber

Standard Ampl. PhotoD.

RF mixer

Local oscillators : tunable demonstration

0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120Pha

se N

oise

(dB

c/H

z)

-140101 102 103 104 105 106

Offset Frequency (Hz)

2.5 GHz

3.5 GHz

4.5 GHz

5.5 GHz

0

-20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120Pha

se N

oise

(dB

c/H

z)

-140101 102 103 104 105 106

Offset Frequency (Hz)

Hittite HMC-C028 (4-8 GHz)

Crystek CVCO55CW (2.9-4.2 GHz)

SYNERGY mw Corp. DCYS (2.5-5.1 GHz)

Giga-tronics YIG(2-5 GHz)

30 /30 /

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cont

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any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

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optomechanical platform for a compact OEO

LPN + FEMTO-ST+ Univ. Dijon + TRT

31 /31 /

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ion

cont

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this

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umen

t and

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atta

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HA

LES

. You

are

her

eby

notif

ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

ng o

r ot

herw

ise

use

of th

is d

ocum

ent i

s st

rictly

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with

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hale

s pr

ior w

ritte

n ap

prov

al. ©

TH

ALE

S 2

011.

Tem

plat

e tr

tp v

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.0.8

Building blocks in radar/EW/telecom systems

ante

nna

Tx

/Rx

beam

form

ing

netw

ork waveform

generation/ distribution

local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution

analog to digital conversion

analog processing:

• spectrum analysis• tunable filtering• goniometry• …

32 /32 /

The

info

rmat

ion

cont

aine

d in

this

doc

umen

t and

any

atta

chm

ents

are

the

prop

erty

of T

HA

LES

. You

are

her

eby

notif

ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

ng o

r ot

herw

ise

use

of th

is d

ocum

ent i

s st

rictly

pro

hibi

ted

with

out T

hale

s pr

ior w

ritte

n ap

prov

al. ©

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Future ADCs

Take Away – message clé du transparent: Arial 24

EW

SAR

Radar

Com

bandwidth

dynamic range

Courtesy of G. Valley, Aerospace Corp.

33 /33 /

The

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are

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ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

ng o

r ot

herw

ise

use

of th

is d

ocum

ent i

s st

rictly

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ted

with

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RF

LO

IF

short term : sampling on I.F

Filter

nowadays systems : sampling in base band

RF

LO

IFBase band

IF

ADCFilter DSP

longer term : sampling directly on carrier � simplification of receive chain

ADCRF

Filter DSP

S/H

ADC DSPS/H

S/H

critical building block

Evolution of EW receive architectures

34 /34 /

The

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. You

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ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

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ADC: why photonics ?

Take Away – message clé du transparent: Arial 24

� Key parameters of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC)� Sampling frequency fs

� Number of levels or resolution, given in bits N,

� Resolution is limited by the timing jitter of the sampling clock σσσσt

,

Time

Sig

nal

� Future needs for ADCs

� fs N σσσσt fs = 10 GHz, N = 10, σσσσt = 10 fs

Opening uncertaintyTime

Err

or

σσσσt ≤≤≤≤ 1/(√√√√3 ππππ fs 2N)

� Availability of pulsed laser sources which can prod uce ultra-narrow and high repetition rate optical pulses with a timing jitter below that of an electronic pulse generator.

,

35 /35 /

The

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. You

are

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ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

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of th

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ted

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ADC: Photonics-assisted ADCs

RF signal to be sampled

ps modelocked laser800nm

high speed (ps) photoconductive switch (e.g LT GaAs)

ADCDatabits

•RF transmission line•Switch is triggered by a pulsed laser, operating at the sampling rate.

•Switch consists of photoconductive GaAs and needs to be illuminated at 800nm���� Mode-Locked lasers are good candidates to provide high repetition rate (GHz), short pulse width (few ps) and low jitter (10s of fs range)

36 /36 /

The

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. You

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ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

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opyi

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of th

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• SOA + fiber loop

• P ≈ 2mW,

• ∆τ ≈ 8 ps @ frep = 18GHz,

• jitter ~ 47fs

SOA

MZM

RFV

FILTER COUPLER

-160

-140

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

Frequency Offset (Hz)

Pha

s no

ise

(dB

c/H

z)

MLL additive phase noise at 18GHzRF synthesizer at 18 GHz absolute phase noise

Additive jitter 9 fs

Absolute jitter 46 fs

state-of-the art results for additive jitter @ 0.8 µm.

30 cm

MZM

Bragg

SOA

Coupler

Circulator

ADC: Realization of a mode locked laser@0.8µm

37 /37 /

The

info

rmat

ion

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d in

this

doc

umen

t and

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atta

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HA

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. You

are

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ied

that

any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

ng o

r ot

herw

ise

use

of th

is d

ocum

ent i

s st

rictly

pro

hibi

ted

with

out T

hale

s pr

ior w

ritte

n ap

prov

al. ©

TH

ALE

S 2

011.

Tem

plat

e tr

tp v

ersi

on 7

.0.8

Building blocks in radar/EW/telecom systems

ante

nna

Tx

/Rx

beam

form

ing

netw

ork waveform

generation/ distribution

local oscillator(s) generation/ distribution

analog to digital conversion

analog processing:

• spectrumanalysis

• tunable filtering• goniometry• …

38 /38 /

The

info

rmat

ion

cont

aine

d in

this

doc

umen

t and

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atta

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ents

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HA

LES

. You

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any

rev

iew

, dis

sem

inat

ion,

dis

trib

utio

n, c

opyi

ng o

r ot

herw

ise

use

of th

is d

ocum

ent i

s st

rictly

pro

hibi

ted

with

out T

hale

s pr

ior w

ritte

n ap

prov

al. ©

TH

ALE

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.0.8

Remerciement

� TRT : G. Baili, P. Berger, J. Bourderionnet, D. Dol fi, S. Combrié, A. De Rossi, G. Pillet, V. Crozatier….

� III-Vlab : F. Van Dijk, M. Faugeron, B. Gérard,….

� TSA, TR6, TAS :

S. Formont, L. Ménager, T. Merlet, J. Schiellein, M. Maignan, M. Sotom

� IEMN, IEF, LAC, IPR, UCL, UDE,…

� DGA, EDA, ANR, FP7,…

Merci de votre attention !