Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

IV. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

1. What is photosynthesis?

The process of capturing energy of sunlight and transforming it into chemical energy.

a.Where in the cell does it take place?

Chloroplast

b. What are the reactants and products? Write the overall equation

for photosynthesis.• The overall chemical reaction involved in

photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy) C6H12O6 + 6O2. • In simple terms, we can say it the following wayCarbon Dioxide + Water (+ sun energy) Glucose

+ OxygenReactants:Carbon dioxide, water, energyProducts:Glucose, oxygen

2. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

• Autotrophs:– Organisms that make their own food– EX: green plants, algae

• Heterotrophs:– Organisms that cannot make their own food

and must depend on other plants or animals as food source

3. What is aerobic cellular respiration? Where in the cell does it take place?

• Aerobic Respiration:

–Occurs in presence of oxygen

–Occurs in the mitochondria

–Yields about 36 ATP

4. Compare and contrast the overall equations for photosynthesis and

aerobic respiration.• Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration are opposite

reactions The products of one are the reactants of the other.

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy Oxygen + Glucose

CO2 + H20 + Light 02 + C6H12O6

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

C6H12O6 + 02 CO2 + H20 + ATP

5. How is aerobic respiration different from anaerobic cellular respiration?

• Anaerobic Respiration:–Occurs without oxygen

–Occurs in the cytoplasm

–Yields 2 ATP

6. What is another name for anaerobic respiration?

–Fermentation

7. Where in the cell does fermentation take place?–Cytoplasm

8. Two types of Anaerobic Respiration:

1. Alcoholic Fermentation (bread rising)

2. Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle soreness)

9. Which word means “glucose splitting”? Where in the cell does it take place?

• 1st step in respiration/ glycolysis

–Occurs in the cytoplasm

Aerobic respiration happens in 2 stages:

Stage 1 – Glycolysis

glyco lysis

glucose splitting

VII. DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis1. What are the 2 nucleic acids?

1. DNA

2. RNA

2. What are the monomers of nucleic acids?• Nucleotides

3. Where in the cell is DNA located?• nucleus

4. Which nucleic acid contains the genetic code?

• DNA

5. What is replication? Where does it take place? When in the cell cycle does DNA replicate?

• During replication DNA makes a copy of itself so that each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand.

• It takes place in the nucleus.

• Replication occurs during the S stage of Interphase.

7. What is transcription? Where does it take place?

The process of making RNA from DNA.

Nucleus

8. What is translation?

The process of making polypeptides from RNA.

9. What are the three types of RNA?– Messenger RNA– Transfer RNA– Ribosomal RNA

10. What is a codon? On which type of RNA is it found?– A group of three bases on mRNA

What is an anticodon? On which type of RNA is it found?– A group of three bases on tRNA that are

complementary to their codon on mRNA

11. rRNA is part of which organelle?– ribosome

13. What is a mutation?

• A change in the sequence of DNA bases.

12. How are DNA and RNA different?

1. Different 5 carbon sugars

2. RNA has uracil instead of thymine

3. DNA has 2 strands, RNA 1 strand

14. What is a mutagen? Give some examples.

• An agent that causes a mutation in DNA.– Radiation, Ex. UV rays, X-rays– Chemicals, Ex. Cigaratte smoke– Physical irritants, Ex. Food in the small

intestine– Virus, Ex. AIDS– Heredity (you can inherit a mutation)

15. You have the following strand of DNA: CCG ATT GAT

a) What are the bases in its partner strand?GGC TAA CTA

a) What is the mRNA strand that will be transcribed?GGC UAA CUA

a) What is the tRNA that will form?CCG AUU GAU

Circle the codons and anticodons!

VII. Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis

• Cell Cycle– Interphase: resting stage– Mitosis: nucleus divides– Cytokinesis: separating of cytoplasm

Interphase

• Stage when a cell is between mitotic cycles (cells spend most time in this stage).– G1: cells grow– S: DNA replication– G2: organelle replication

Prophase

• Chromosomes become visible

• Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cells

• Microtubles form spindle

• Nuclear membrane disappears

• Nucleolus disappears

Metaphase

• doubled chromosomes line up on the equator

Anaphase

• Duplicate chromosomes (sister chromatids) move to opposite poles

Telophase

• Begins when chromosomes reach the poles

• Chromosomes uncoil

• Spindle and asters disappear

• Nuclear membrane forms

• Nucleoli reappears

Mitosis and Cytokinesis in Plant Cells

• Main events are the same

• Plants do not have centrioles or asters

• Cytokinesis cannot occur by pinching off of membrane– A cell plate forms between the new cells.

What is the chromosome count in a diploid human body cell? Haploid?

• Diploid- 46

• Haploid- 23

Mitosis Meiosis

Cells Autosomes or Body Cells Gametes or Sex Cells

Divisions One Two

Ending Cells Two Four

Parent Cells- Diploid/Haploid

Diploid Haploid

Daughter Cells Diploid Haploid

Same/Different Same Different

What is asexual reproduction? How is it different from sexual reproduction?• Asexual is one parent; offspring is identical

• Sexual requires 2 parents; genetic variation

Types of Reproduction

• Asexual Reproduction: a new organism is produced from one parent without the use of special reproductive cells or organs.

• Sexual Reproduction: special reproductive cells from two separate parent organisms are used to produce a new organism.– Sexual reproduction is important because it

promotes genetic variability among offspring.

Be able to describe the following terms:

• Chromatid: one of two identical strands of DNA making up a chromosome

• Centromere: point where the two identical or sister chromatids are joined

• Chromatin: Thin strands (like thread) of DNA• Centriole: microtubule structure that helps

organize the spindle fibers during cell division• Spindle: a bundle of microtubules that separate

chromosomes during mitosis• Aster: microtubules surrounding the centriole• Chromosome: Before a cell divides, the chromatin

thickens and shortens

Vocabulary

• Synapsis: Skip

• Crossing Over: Segments of one DNA molecule transfers to other

• Tetrad: Skip

• Gamete: sperm or egg cell

• Haploid: n or half number of chromosomes

• Diploid: 2n

• Homologous Chromosome: Skip

• Genetic Variation: created by crossing over due to different genetic combinations

• Fertilization: union of sperm and egg cell

• Zygote: fertilized egg

X. Biochemistry: 1. Classify the following as carbs, lipids, proteins, or

nucleic acids.

• Glycogen– Carbohydrate (polysaccharide in humans)

• Starch– Carbohydrate (polysaccharide in plants)

• Disaccharide– carbohydrate

• Polypeptide– Protein

2. Define/describe the following:• Substrate

– Substance that an enzyme acts up– Similar to a key

• Active Site– Enzymes contain active sites – Think of it like a lock

• Polypeptide– A chain of many amino acids joined together by

peptide bonds• Disaccharide

– Two monosaccharides (monomer, ex. Glucose, Fructose) combine by dehydration synthesis to form a disaccharide (ex. Sucrose) and water

B. DNA1. Who were Watson and Crick?

• Scientists that discovered the shape of a DNA molecule.

2. Describe the Watson-Crick model of DNA.• Two strands• Backbone: alternating deoxyribose sugar and

phosphates• Bases A/T, G/C

3. What did Watson and Crick determine is the shape of a DNA molecule

• Double helix

C. Microscope 1. What is the function of the coarse

adjustment knob?• The coarse adjustment knob focuses by

moving the stage up and down.

2. Under what power should you use the coarse adjustment? The fine adjustment?

• The coarse adjustment should only be used on low power. The fine adjustment should be used for high power.