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C. Putnam L. Raney

}  Clause – a group of words that have a subject and a verb that must always agree

}  Phrase – a noun, verb, or preposition with all

its modifiers - does NOT have a subject and verb which agree

}  Noun phrases }  Verb phrases }  Prepositional phrases }  Appositive phrases

Definition: -A noun with all its modifiers -A complete subject is always classified as a noun phrase. Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers...

}  Noun: teachers

}  Modifiers: }  the, frustrated, irritated

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Defined as a verb with all of its modifiers EXAMPLE:

…completely frightened the seventh grade students. Verb - frightened Modifier - completely EXAMPLE:

…would like to improve her grammar skills. Verb phrase - would like to improve

}  Gerunds – verbs that end in “ing” but DO NOT function as a verb - function as nouns - example: One teacher enjoys frightening new seventh graders. (noun as a direct object)

}  Infinitives

- verbs that begin with “to” - function as a nouns, adjectives, or adverbs - example: The language arts classroom is a place

students do not want to enter. }  Participles

- verbs that function as an adjective - example: The screeching teacher frightened

the students.

}  Defined as the preposition, the object of the preposition (preposition who or what), and all its modifiers }  Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers enrolled in Mr. Ruff’s “ Grammar for Dummies” class. preposition - in object of the preposition - class modifiers – Mr. Ruff’s, “Grammar for Dummies”

}  Definition: A noun phrase that renames the noun it follows. }  Also known as a parenthetical phrase }  Example: }  Brad Ruff, the grammar guru, empowers teachers. Appositive phrase? - the grammar guru

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}  Definition: Words that contain a subject and a verb which must always agree. Two types of clauses: §  Independent Clause §  Dependent Clause

}  An independent clause MUST HAVE a subject and a verb which agree.

Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers finally understood the basic grammar concepts.

}  All the words in an independent clause can

act alone as a sentence. }  They are a complete thought.

}  The subject and verb agree, but the words CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence.

}  also known as subordinate clause or relative clause

}  Examples:

}  since the teachers seek proficiency in grammar }  which sheltered the children from the storm

}  Clauses can be joined with:

1.   Coordinating conjunctions (join two independent clauses)

- AKA “FANBOYS” for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so 2.   Subordinating conjunctions (join dependent clause to independent clause)

Some examples: - if, since, because, with, when, whether, while

3.   Relative Pronouns

- who, whose, whom, which, that - NOTE: If a relative pronoun is used to begin a dependent clause,

that pronoun also has a function within the dependent clause. It will also have an antecedent in the independent clause.

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}  coordinating conjunction: - The busses lumbered along the boulevard, and the children eagerly looked for the first sight of Disneyland.

subordinating conjunction: -  The busses lumbered along the boulevard while the children

eagerly looked for the first sight of Disneyland. Relative pronoun: - The busses, which were slowly lumbering along the

boulevard, were filled with eager children looking for their first sight of Disneyland.

}  WHO OR WHOM? }  WHO – used as the subject of a clause }  WHOM – used as an object

�  Direct object �  Indirect objects �  Object of a preposition

}  Example: Because the wind violently sliced through the

branches, the toddler, who/whom was terrified, joined its howling. - antecedent? - function in the clause?

}  While the frustrated teachers were industriously taking notes, they relaxed, and the light bulbs went off in their brains, which indicated miraculous understanding of the grammar concepts.

Type of Sentence -Simple Sentence -Compound Sentence - Complex Sentence -Compound/Complex Sentence

# of # of Independent Clauses Dependent Clauses

1 0 2+ 0 1 1+ 2+ 1+