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ADOLESCENCE:
Physical and cognitive development
Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development
PubertyPuberty
Signs of Maturation and Puberty Puberty: the period in the life cycle when
sexual and reproductive maturation becomes evident.
Hormonal Changes During Hormonal Changes During PubertyPuberty
Pituitary gland stimulates other glands to produce estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males.
Biological Change and Cognitive Processes Capacity for formal operational thought
Biological Change and Social Biological Change and Social RelationsRelations
More aggression in males (variable). More depression in females (variable).
Ethological Theory Ethological Theory
Belsky, Steinberg and Draper Some young mothers are responding to a
pattern in human evolution that induces individuals who grow up under stressful circumstances to bear children early and often; to ensure survival.
The Adolescent Growth SpurtThe Adolescent Growth Spurt
Rapid increase in height and weight. 12 for girls; 14 for boys
Physical Growth is Asynchronous Dissimilarity in the growth rates of different
parts of the body
Maturation in GirlsMaturation in Girls
Menarche: the first menstrual period. Onset is earlier in industrialized nations.
Significance of menarche Identity as women Conflict between mother and daughter
Maturation in BoysMaturation in Boys
Physical changes Additional weight and size in the form of
increased muscle mass
Early or Late MaturationEarly or Late Maturation
Boys: Late maturing feelings of inadequacy, negative self-concept and rejection Berkeley Study: feelings persist through middle
age. Girls: Various psychological effects
Physically: Stout physiques early Thinner physiques later
Self-Image and AppearanceSelf-Image and Appearance
Weight: steady increase in the percentage of overweight children and adolescents since 1970 .
Stigma associated with obesity in U.S.
Health Issues in AdolescenceHealth Issues in Adolescence
Nutrition and Eating DisordersNutrition and Eating Disorders
Anorexia: primarily affects females who have become obsessed with looking thin and terrified of becoming fat.
Obesity: many ways to define (BMI, BIA) 14% of U.S. adolescents considered
significantly overweight.
ObesityObesity
Excess accumulation of body fat Body fat vs. lean body mass
Health ConsequencesHealth Consequences
Ill health in adulthood High blood pressure, heart disease,
respiratory disease, diabetes, orthopedic disorders, gall bladder problems, breast and colon cancer and high cost health care
Obese Adolescents in the U.S.Obese Adolescents in the U.S. 25% How Can We Prevent or Reduce Obesity?
Psychological awareness Healthy eating and exercise habits
Smoking and Chewing TobaccoSmoking and Chewing Tobacco
PRIDE Decline in smoking since 1990 Increased risks premature death
Alcohol and Other Substance Alcohol and Other Substance AbuseAbuse
Substance Abuse: the harmful use of drugs or alcohol lasting over a prolonged period, that puts self or others in hazardous situations.
Chance of becoming drug addicts or alcoholics; crimes to support addictions
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIVand HIV
Adolescents account for 3 million cases. Use of condoms has increased. Adolescents’ mistaken sense of
invulnerability HIV and AIDS AIDS: 6th leading cause of death in
persons between 15 and 24.
Teenage PregnancyTeenage Pregnancy
Drop in rate between 15-17 years in the last decade
U.S. rate still higher than inother developed countries
Stress, Anxiety, Depression and Stress, Anxiety, Depression and SuicideSuicide
Suicide attempts are alarmingly high.
Body Art and TattooingBody Art and Tattooing
Differentiate themselves Commemorate event Express intimacy Entertainment
Cognitive DevelopmentCognitive Development
Formal OperationsFormal Operations
Piaget Final and highest stage in the development
of cognitive functioning from infancy to adulthood
Ability to think about own thinking Ability to imagine many possibilities
inherent in a situation
Adolescent EgocentricityAdolescent Egocentricity
Personal Fable Imaginary Audience
Educational IssuesEducational Issues
Effective Classroom Instruction Academic Standing and Global
Comparisons Use of Computer Technology
Moral DevelopmentMoral Development
Moral DevelopmentMoral Development
The Adolescent as a Moral Philosopher Combination between postconventional moral
thought and formal operations The Development of Political Thinking
Increase in abstract thinking