Piggery Waste

7/27/2019 Piggery Waste

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Technologies for Rice basedEco-industrial Clustering in Thailand

C. Visvanathan

Environmental Engineering and Management,Asian Ins ti tute of Technology,

Bangkok, Thailand

[email protected]

Web: http://www.faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/

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Country Profile - Thailand

Population of 64 mill ion in 510,000 km2 , 76 provinces

GDP per capita (PPP): $8,300

GDP composition: agricu lture 9.9%, industry 44.1%,services 46%

Labor force : agriculture 49%, industry 14%, services 37%

World's 2nd largest tungsten producer and 3rd largest tinproducer

26 % of the worlds rice exports are from Thailand

Top imports f rom Japan (22%), China (9.4%)

Major Environmental Concerns

air pollution from vehicle emissions

water pollution from organic and factory wastes

deforestation

soil erosion

wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting

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Industrial Development in Thailand

Major FDI in Thailand : Japan, the United States, Europe, Taiwan,Hong Kong, and Singapore

Japan has been the largest source of FDI since the late 1970s

US overtook in 1999 and Singapore in 2001 but in 2000 and 2001Japanese FDI bounded back by increasing equity shares inlocal subsidiaries

Investments on infrastructure development

Japan Bank for International Cooperation

Japan International Cooperation Agency

ODA for infrastructu re development projects

Bangkok International Airport

Eastern Seaboard Development Program

269UK

306EU

2USA

132Japan

Apr 2006

(million US$)

Country

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Study Area

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Bangkok

Chachoengsao

Bangkok

RuralUrbanFringeAreas

Province area - 5,300 km2

Administratively divided into 11 districts

Population of 650,000

Approximately 2,200 km2 of agricultural lands (70% ofthe population are farmers)

GPP = US$ 4.2 million (9th rank of country)

Average population income =US$ 6,600/yr (3rd ofregion and 8th of country, Avg.= US$ 2,300)

Paddy, Cassava, Sugarcane are the major crops

Mix of Rural and Urban areas

Profile of Chachoengsao

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Bangkok & 5 Study Districts - 1990

Bangkok & 5 Study Districts - 2003

Bangkok & 5 Study Districts 1990 - 2003

Urban Land Use Change

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Rural Landuse Change 5 Study Districts

Agricu ltural Lands - 1990

Agricu ltural Lands - 2003

Industries - 2003

Agricu ltural Lands 1990 - 2003

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Social Issue

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2

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0

1

2

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2001 2002 2003 2004

MueangChachoengsao Bangkhla BangNam PriaoBangPakong BanPho PhanomSarakhamRatchasan SanamChaiKhet PlaengYaoThaTakiap KhlongKhuean

Reason :Migration to urban areas and other parts of theprovince in search of employment and livelihood oppor tunities

Negative population growth in 4 ofthe 5 study dist ricts !

Population Growth Rate in Chachoengsao Province

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Environmental Status

28282115200

0011000

1015000

1001000

41132100

6651100

4222000

12993000

ChonburiRayongChachoengsaoPhrachinburiChantaburiTratSakaeo

TotalOtherHazardouswaste

Solidwaste

Wastewater

Dust/Smoke

NoiseOdorProvince

Solid Waste

About 120 tons/day of MSW (predominantly organic) in 5 study di st ricts

Collection efficiency:85-100%;

Pig farms and Poultri es: Solid Waste and Excreta

Agricultural Residue: Rice husk, Straw

Wastewater

250,000 pigs in 800 farms

A farm w ith 200-2,000 pigs generate wastewater at the rate o f about 12.5L/pig/day

Aver age BOD of about 1,412 mg/L and maximum BOD of 4,638 mg/L

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Rice BasedIndustries

Piggery

Poultry

Bio

mas

s&

Biog

as

Power

Gen

eration

Case Study Clusters

200 million tons ofpaddy

100 rice husk mil ls22 rice noodle

industries

250,000 pigs in 800pig farms

300 tons of piggerywaste

10 MW Rice huskBiomass power

Potential forbiogas power

5 million chicken in332 farms

700,000 ducks in 100farms

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Rural Product Chain

Rice MillsPaddyRice

Rice Industry

Wastewater

Piggery Wastewater

Solid Waste - Excreta

Poultry

High OrganicPotential for Biogas

Organic Fertilizer

High Calorific Value

Potential as biomass

Organic Fertilizer

Paddy HuskAgr i. Residues

Rice Products

Rural Fringe Urban

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Value Chain Framework

ValueIncrea

se

Energyconsum

ption

Noise/odor/du

st

Wastewater

Environmental

degradation

GHGEmission

CO,CO2,NOx

Solidwaste

Lostofnutrie

nt

Soilcontamin

ation

PollutionInc

rease

Rice

PolishingPaddy

Processing

Harvesting

Intensive

Cultivation

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Industrial Network in Chachoengsao

Agriculture

LivestockSmall PowerProducers

RiceIndustries

Biogaspower

OrganicFertilizer

Biomasspower

Compost

Cattlefeed

AgroProducts

ExistingExisting butweakPossible, butdoes not exist

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Strengths Present Cluster Situation

Raw material and w aste sharing between agriculture and livestock

Access to Bangkok areas leads to a broad spectrum of markets fo ragricultural and livestock products

Rapidly improving in frastructure facilities such as roads, watersupply and electricit y in the Province attracts new investments

Cleaner Production potential at individual firm level, SMI level (e.g.Rice Noodle Industry)

Ideal Eco-cluster

Creation of new business that util ize disposed resources as rawmaterials rice husk/biomass pow er generation; piggery wastebiogas

Increase competitiveness of business by reducing productioncosts; cost reduction in waste disposal + income generationthrough resource recovery from waste

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Weakness

Present Cluster Situation

Use of intermediate technology in farming, harvesting and riceprocessing

Unscientific methods in livestock farming

Pollution of local water sources from high organic livestockwastes

Lack of awareness on technologies and possibi lities in resourcerecovery from agricultural and livestock wastes

Excessive Migration of population towards urban Bangkok

Indiscriminate disposal of paddy residues and excreta frompiggeries and poultry farms

Ideal Eco-cluster

Increase in inward population migration from additionalemployment pressure on local resources

Creation of more businesses may exert pressure on naturalresources for raw materials

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Opportunities Present Cluster Situation

Increase employment rate by way of creating new business (e.g.small & medium scale power generation using biomass/biogas)

Increase the local income of the Province leading to improvedliving standards

Ideal Eco-cluster

Create additional jobs in rice indus try, piggery and poultry throughnew businesses, services and products in Chachoengsao Province

Prevent outward population migration, a prevailing social issue inChachoengsao Province, and sustain rural grow th

Chachoengsao Province is classified under Zone 2 and henceattract new investments thus inc reasing the share of the region inthe national economy

Cluster formations in Chachoengsao Province, will make theeconomy of scale more attractive

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Potentials

Present Cluster Situation

Biomass power generation from agricult ural residues

Biogas generation fr om piggery waste

Community level or decentralized pow er generation

Organic farming practices - poultry Litt er as organic fertilizer

Ideal Eco-cluster

Enhance pollution control through biogas systems in piggery

Community participation in local indust rial and rural development

Develop resource conscious agriculture, pig and poultry farming

Environmentally friendly business practices in agriculture andlivestock waste management

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SWOP FindingsAvailabi li ty of paddy residues inquantities suitable for biomasspower generation

Large number of small and mediumscale piggeries and poultri es

Proximity to urban Bangkok opensavenues for new markets

Create additional jobs in paddyprocessing, piggery and poultry

Prevent outward populationmigration from the Province

Enhance polluti on reductionthrough biomass power and biogassystems

Indiscriminate disposal of paddyresidues and excreta frompiggeries and poultry farms

Lack of awareness on technologiesfor resource recovery fromagricultural and livestock wastes

Excessive migration of populationtowards urban Bangkok

Decentralized and small & mediumscale power generation systems

Community participation in localnatural resource management andsmall industry development

Organic farming from biomass ash

OpportunitiesStrengths

Weaknesses Potentials

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Policy Impacts - 9th NESDB Plan

Create astrongsocial

foundation

Strengthennetworks (social

and business)linking rural and

urban areas

ManagementRestructuring forsustainable rural

and urbandevelopment

Establish linkagesbetween rural and

urbandevelopment

Strengthen grassrootseconomies to provide

sustainable incomes for ruralpeople

Develop cluster basedeconomy consistent with

regional economic potentials,preferences, and functi ons

Establish economicclusters linking rural

and urban areas

NESDB National Economic and Social Development Board19

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9th NESDB Plan Strategies

Restructureeconomy for

balanced andsustainable

development

Develop localeconomies, small and

medium scaleenterprises, and

cooperative systems

Distribute economicgrowth and

development benefits

Decentralize growth,in/to regional areas

Emphasize development ofproduction networks,

supply chains andservices

Develop networks(cluster creation) linkingpublic, private, and civil

sectors

Market and distributeproducts from local toregional, national andinternational markets

NESDB National Economic and Social Development Board20


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Investment Benefits

Chachoengsao is classified underInvestment Zone 2

100% waiver of import duty onmachinery for industries in estates

50% waiver for industr ies outsidethe estate

Corporate income tax exemption 7 years wi thin i ndustrial estate and3 years outside

Exemption on import duty for rawmaterial for 1 year in both cases

Relocating industries f rom Zone 1(Bangkok and surroundingprovinces) to Zone 2 also attractbenefits

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

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Incentives for Rural Industries

Board of Investment, Thailand identified and classifi ed 30 agroindustri es for special incentives

Livestock, Slaughtering, meat and food p rocessing, animal feed,agriculture products and waste re-processing identified aspriority activities

Special reference to Agro processing zones

Machinery import duty exemption Corporate income tax exemption for a period of 8 years regardless

of zone with no limits

Other rights and benefits according to BoI announcement

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Power Purchase Policy

Small Power Producers

Co-generators or facilities us ing renewable energy fuels,

Sell power to EGAT of no t more than 90 MW for each project.

Minimum purchase guarantee not less than 80%

Al lows di rect sale to industr ial estates near the power plants

Very Small Power Producers (less than 1 MW)

Agricu ltural residues and wastes f rom agro industries (e.g. ricehusk)

Products converted from agricult ural residues, and wastes fromagricultural or industrial production processes. (e.g. tapiocawastewater)

Municipal w aste: RDF, Biomethanation

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Technology Impacts Paddy Processing

Agricu ltural Res idues;High calorific value

Pig farms

Piggery waste;High organic matter

Poultry

Poultry Litter;High organic matter

Small-scale biomass power

Decentralized power generationsystems

Efficient use of resources

Small-scale biogas generationsystems

Biogas as fuel for cooking or

industr ial heat and powergeneration

Prevents environmentaldegradation

One Small-scale biomass power generation of 10 MW from rice husk

Major portion of agricultu ral residues is unscientifically disposedwithout realizing its potentials

Poultry and Piggery waste disposed in local water-bodies and barrenland - potential to generate biogas is not utilized

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Agriculture andLivestock

Biogas

RiceProducts

Piggery

Poultry

Biomasspower

Consumption& Markets

Trade andBusiness

Export of agri &Livestock Products

Economic Development& Self-sustaining

Livelihoods

Value-addedAgri cu ltural

Products

Rural AreaRural Area

Urban AreaUrban Area

Biomass PowerGeneration

DecentralizedRenewable Energy

Generation

Value Addition t odiscarded resources

Processed Agri &Livestock Products

Cluster

Eco-cluster

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Conclusions

Micro level material flows clearly reveal the presence of inter-firmnetworks as well as potentials for further strengthening

Lack of appropriate technologies prevents full resource recovery andcomplete reuse between the existing network

Current national policies are conduci ve Environmental, Agricultural,Investment promotion, Power Generation

Special emphasis on rural-urban linkages in the NESDB plan

Agro indust ries in rural-urban f ringe areas have gained prominence inthe NESDB plan with an emphasis on Eco- clusters

Strategies clearly foresee development of eco-friendly industri es inurban-fringe areas and rural communit ies as a means of sustainablelocal development

Agro eco-industrial c lusters indirectly contr ibute to His Majesty TheKings Projects on Rice Bank, Cattle Bank and Land Management andDevelopment

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Recommendations

Technology Transfer

Material flows indicate more opportunities for eco-industrialnetworking.

Cost-effective technologies for Small & Medium -scale,decentralized biomass power and biogas generation isrequired

Inter-firm networks

Networks in simple nature exist; but are often weak andunderutilized.

Several other possible linkages yet to be strengthened andfully exploited.

Technology Transfer wil l further acceleratethe transformation of the region into a model

cluster with a bril liant inter-firm network27

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Thailand is experiencing arevolution in self-sufficient

local economy through variouslandmark projects initiated by

His Majesty The King.

An eco-industrial cluster inurban-rural fringe areas withfood crops and livestock as keycomponents contributes to His

Majestys vision at large.

Thank you..28

Documents

Piggery Waste