Planning for Capacity in the Context of Africa: A Case Study of Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Africa1.231 Term ProjectEsther Njuguna

Introduction• Brief overview of the aviation industry in Africa –

characteristics:• Low safety and environmental standards• Old aircraft fleet• Need for autonomy in civil aviation authorities• Need for infrastructure and training• Need for collaboration between airlines and open skies agreements

• Optimistic growth in the industry over the next years• Demand for air transport in Africa has increased steadily over the

past years with passenger numbers and freight traffic growing by 45% and 80%

• Unequal growth – strong hubs in southern and eastern Africa; stagnant market in central and western Africa

Kenya• Kenya in brief• Factors that have contributed to the country’s growth in

aviation• Main airport – Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (IATA/ICAO

Code JKIA)• Flag carrier – Kenya Airways (IATA/ICAO Code KQ)

History and Traffic Performance at JKIA

• Opened in 1958 as Embakasi Airport• Managed and operated by the Kenya Airports Authority, which

is a parastatal organization• Serves as a hub airport for KQ and Fly540, which is an LCC• Handles 75% of the national aviation traffic; 8th busiest in

Africa with respect to passenger traffic, and the 3rd busiest with respect to cargo traffic

• Max capacity of 2.5 mill. pax when opened in 1958

History and Traffic Performance at JKIA Cont.• By 2006, the airport was handling in excess of 4.4 million pax –

almost twice its maximum capacity• Aircraft movements, as well, almost reaching the capacity of

the airport – airport’s runway capacity is at 120,000 movements per annum, which is 83% utilization

Passenger Movements at JKIA

Aircraft Movements at JKIA

Traffic Outlook at JKIA

Facilities at JKIA• One asphalt runway that is 4,117 meters long (13,507ft), 45

meters wide (148 ft.), oriented 06/24• Semi-circular pier terminal building with a capacity of

58,000m2

• Unit 1 and 2 are used for international operations; Unit 3 is used for domestic operations

Overview Image of JKIA

Semi-Circular Terminal Building at JKIA

Upgrading and Expansion of JKIA

• The Kenya Vision 2030• The modernization and expansion of JKIA is one of the

initiatives proposed by the Kenya Vision 2030• The project is divided into 8 packages

  PROJECT NAME PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTATION PERIOD

    PHASE 1: ONGOING & URGENT PROJECTS  

1 JKIA Package 1 Construction of Parking Apron – works completed and are in use Completed in 2008

2 JKIA Package 2 Construction of terminal unit 4 building, Multi-story car park and grade parking – Project currently

underway as part of emergency recovery measures undertaken following the fire accident on 7th, August

2013.

September 2010-October 2012

3 JKIA Package 3 Renovation and re-organization of terminal unit 1,2,3 and arrivals building 2011-2015

4 JKIA Package 4-a Rehabilitation and upgrading of aircraft pavement through construction of rapid exit taxiways and the

upgrading of Instrument Landing System (ILS) system from CAT I and CAT II

Jan 2012-June 2014

5 JKIA Package 4-b Construction of 14 remote stands complete with fuel hydrant Jan 2012-April 2013

6 JKIA Package 5 Construction of a temporal domestic terminal December 2011-June 2013

7 JKIA Package 6 Construction of a new Greenfield Terminal – Phase 1 2011-2015

8 JKIA Package 7 Construction of a second runway – under preliminary design To be determined

International Pier (Unit 4)

Overview of Completed Expansion

Ethiopia• Ethiopia in brief• Main airport – Bole International Airport (ICAO Code HAAB)• Flag carrier – Ethiopian Airlines (IATA/ICAO Code ETH)• Ethiopian Airline’s vision: to become the leading aviation

group in Africa by the year 2025.

History and Traffic Performance of Bole International Airport

• Opened in 1950 as Haile Selassie I International Airport• Operated by the Ethiopian Airports Enterprise• Serves as a hub to Ethiopian Airways• Max capacity at inception was 500,000 pax per annum• Major expansion in the early 1980s was planned to increase

the capacity to 6-7 mill. Pax per annum

History and Traffic Performance of Bole International Airport Cont.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 20120

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

Passenger Movements at Bole: 2000-2012

Passenger MovementCapacity

Facilities at Bole International Airport• 2 Terminals – Terminal 1 is dedicated to domestic operations

and Terminal 2 is dedicated to international operations; Terminal 1 has 4 airline gates and Terminal 2 is fairly new (opened in 2003) and has 7 airline gates; Terminal 2 is a modern steel-and-glass building with 3 levels, its own parking garage, shopping complex, restaurants, and other amenities

• 2 close-parallel asphalt runways, one of which was completed in 2003; one runway is oriented 07R/25L and is 4,725m (15,502ft) long and the other is oriented 07L/25R and is 4,604m (15,301ft) long

Expansion Project at Bole

• Another expansion project announced in December 2010, consisting of the following major plans:• Construction of a new taxiway; This first phase of the project has been

completed at a total cost of $62 million. This has permitted the airport to be able to handle 34 aircraft simultaneously (up from 19 aircraft previously) with the second phase already underway to further increase that capacity to 44 aircraft

• Construction of a new extension that will connect the international terminal (Terminal 2) with the domestic terminal (Terminal 1)

• Construction of a new state-of-the-art cargo terminal that is set to handle 1.2mill tonnes of cargo per annum

• Plans to build an entirely new international airport are under discussion

South Africa• South Africa in brief• Nation’s main airport is O.R Tambo International Airport,

Johannesburg (ICAO Code FAOR)• Flag carrier – South African Airways (ICAO Code SAA)

History and Traffic Performance of O.R. Tambo International Airport

• Located in Gauteng, SA, near Johannesburg• Founded in 1952 as Jan Smuts Airport, was renamed to

Johannesburg International Airport in 1994, and then again in 2006

• It handles more than 50% of the nation’s air passenger traffic• It is operated by the Airports Company South Africa (ACSA)• It is the biggest and busiest airport in the continent• Currently has a capacity to handle 28 million passengers per

annum, after an expansion project in 2008 aimed at handling the influx of passengers expected during the 2010 FIFA World Cup

Facilities at OR Tambo• 6 terminals that are broken down into 3 major areas: Terminal

A used for international operations, Terminal B used for domestic operations, and a Central Terminal Building which is used as a transit between the other two

• Terminal A has 3 levels: ground level is for international arrivals; first level is for international departures; mezzanine level is for both international departures and arrivals

• Terminal B has 4 levels: ground level is for domestic arrivals; first level has retail outlets for both arriving and departing passengers; second level is for domestic check-ins and departures; third level has several offices and lounges

Facilities at OR Tambo Cont.• 2 parallel runways which run north-south, and a disused cross

runway• Western runway is oriented 03L/21R and has a length of

4,418m – making it one of the world’s longest international runways; attributed to the rarefied atmosphere problem (OR Tambo is a “hot and high” airport

• Eastern runway is oriented 03R/21L and is 3,400m

FY07/08 FY08/09 FY09/10 FY10/11 FY11/12 FY12/13 FY13/140

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

Passenger Movements at OR Tambo

Total PassengersYear-To-Date

FY07/08 FY08/09 FY09/10 FY10/11 FY11/12 FY12/13 FY13/140

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

Aircraft Movements at OR Tambo

Aircraft MovementsYear-to-Date

Expansion of OR Tambo (Performed in readiness of the 2010 FIFA World Cup)

• Construction of a new central passenger terminal building ($220 million)

• Reconfiguration and upgrade of the existing international terminal building

• Construction of additional structural car parking• Additional fuel tanks• Widening of runway and taxiway shoulders in order to

accommodate the Airbus A380The total cost of the expansion was estimated to be

$497million

The Aerotropolis Initiative• ACSA plans to develop airports in South Africa with the long-

term strategic plan taking its cue from current urban design thinking around a new kind of urban form – the aerotropolis, or airport city

• At OR Tambo, plans include development of the midfield are by constructing an X-shaped satellite as well as a possible construction of a third and fourth runway

Conclusion• Is there a justification for investing in new airports in Africa?• Looking at traffic per airport, there is no current need of new

airports, but rather the need to optimize the existing facilities• Capacity constraints show up on taxiways, aprons and jet ways

Conclusion Cont.• Although capacity expansion is warranted in some African

airports, the focus of improving the industry should be on the following:• allowing more participation from the private sector (both in

airlines and airports• improvement and installation of air traffic control surveillance

and communications systems, and weather dissemination systems

• implementation of a proper legal framework and oversight• improvement of safety and environmental standards• continued liberalization• implementation of a proper data collection system in order to

better understand the industry

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