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East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia,
Albania, and Bulgaria all became satellites of the Soviet Union.
Illingworth,
Leslie
Gilbert,
1902-1979
(ILW1059)
First
published
on 6 March
1946
Churchill’s Fulton Speech March 5, 1946
Communist Joke
Question: "Is there a way to insure your
refrigerator will always be full?"
Radio Armenia: "Yes! Plug it into Radio
Moscow."
Containment
George Kennan, American Diplomat
Truman Doctrine
Addressing a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947, President Harry S. Truman asked for $400 million in military and economic assistance for Greece and Turkey and established a doctrine, aptly characterized the Truman Doctrine, that would guide U.S. diplomacy for the next forty years. President Truman declared, "It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."
Truman Doctrine
The sanction of aid to Greece and Turkey by a Republican Congress indicated the beginning of a long and enduring bipartisan cold war foreign policy. The Truman Doctrine has raised profound questions from historians regarding its origins, long-term consequences, and the relationship between domestic and foreign policy. However, one thing is for certain, the Truman Doctrine signaled America's post war embrace of global leadership and ended its longstanding policy of isolationism.
Marshall Plan
In Europe, over 21
million people were
homeless. Over 20 %
of the Polish population
had died. One of every
five houses in France
and Belgium had been
damaged or destroyed.
Industries, agriculture,
and transportation
networks were in ruin.
The Marshall Plan was
America’s financial aid
for the economic
recovery of Europe.
Secretary of State George C. Marshall
unveiled the plan in 1947.
Thirteen billion dollars in grants and loans were made available to Western Europe.
Russia forbade Soviet Satellite nations from participating in the program.
The Candy Bomber
After finishing his share of round-trips from Rhein-Main to Berlin one day in mid-July 1948, Halvorsen grabbed his camera and hitched an aircraft ride back to Berlin. Once at Tempelhof, the Utah State ROTC graduate made his way to the base perimeter, where he encountered about 30 children aged 8 to 14. Not one pestered or begged Halvorsen for candy or gum, the tokens of affection that so many German children had come to expect from GIs in World War II.
"Don't worry about us," the kids told Halvorsen in broken English. "Just give us a little to eat for now and someday we'll have enough."
The Candy Bomber
Halvorsen was so touched by their sentiment that he dug into his pocket for his last two pieces of Wrigley's Doublemint gum. He promised to surprise them on his next run the next day.
"How will we know it's you?" the boisterous kids asked Halvorsen.
"When I come over the beacon, I'll wiggle my wings. Watch that plane and get ready," Halvorsen replied.
The Candy Bomber
On his next flight, Halvorsen pushed three tiny packs of candy and gum attached to handkerchief "parachutes" out the flare chute behind the pilot's seat on his C-54.
The simple gesture sparked the spirits of Berliners on the ground and the imaginations of Americans back home. Halvorsen's one-man airlift won the endorsement of Air Force superiors. Candy collection points were set up in Europe and the United States. Special flights were arranged for Halvorsen to circle the city to drop candy.
Americans donated thousands of pounds of candy and handkerchiefs and other pieces of scrap cloth to sustain what became known as "Operation Little Vittles." By the spring of 1949, the "candy bombers" rained candy-bearing parachutes down upon a picnic for thousands of Berlin children that had been arranged at Peacock Island in Lake Hegel by the airlift detachment at Tempelhof. All told, the pilots eventually dropped 23 tons of candy.
Communist Joke
"How's it going with you these days?" one
old classmate asks another when they
meet in a line for milk.
"Really great!"
"Got any time to read the papers?"
"Sure! How else would I know?"
Soviets Detonate Atomic Bomb
US Develops Hydrogen Bomb
Physicists at Berkeley in the 1950’s develop the hydrogen bomb.
China Falls to the Communists
Communist Mao Zedong overthrew the Kuomintung Party led by Jiang Jieshi (aka
Chiang Kai Shek) 1949
Communist Joke
"Comrades!" a Party boss addresses the workers. "For the sake of your radiant Communist tomorrow, the Party suggests cutting your wages in half. Anyone against? No one? Unanimously approved."One week later: "Comrades, to faster reach the Communist future, the Party recommends cutting your wages entirely. No one against? Unanimously approved!"Two weeks after that: "Dear Comrades, for the sake of international Communist happiness, the Party proposes you all hang yourselves tomorrow. All agreed? Any questions?"From the crowd: "Yes, should we scrounge for rope or will the powers supply it?"
The Cold War at HomeLoyalty Program/Loyalty Review Board
House Un-American Activities Committee
Hollywood Ten
I DO NOT CONSIDER THIS COMMITTEE TO BE STUPID. ON THE CONTRARY, I CONSIDER IT TO BE EVIL. IT IS NOT COMMUNISM THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES FEARS, BUT THE HUMAN MIND, REASON ITSELF. IT IS NOT FORCE AND VIOLENCE THIS COMMITTEE IS INVESTIGATING, BUT EARNEST, UNCEASING CITIZENSHIP. THIS COMMITTEE IS IN THE COURSE OF OVERTHROWING NOT KARL MARX, BUT THE CONSTITUTIONAL WAY OF AMERICAN LIFE.
- Herbert Biberman, 1947
The Last of the Hollywood Ten Dies
Ring Lardner Jr, the double Oscar winner and last of the Hollywood Ten, has died of cancer aged 85. The screenwriter was the last surviving member of the band of 10 writers and directors who were jailed and blacklisted in Hollywood during the McCarthy era in the 1950s.
Ring Lardner Jr won two Oscars in a career spanning more than 50 yearsLardner and others were called to the stand to answer the infamous query, "Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party of the United States?".
The writer was indeed a communist but believed that his political views were none of the government's business.
"I could answer the question exactly the way you want," Lardner said under questioning in 1947 from J Parnell Thomas, a republican representative.
He added: "But if I did, I would hate myself in the morning."
He and 10 others refused to answer the question while some, such as director Elia Kazan, named names.
Jail sentence
Lardner, with Michael Kanin, won an Oscar for best original screenplay in 1942 for Woman of the Year, starring Katherine Hepburn and Spencer Tracy.
In 1970 he won the Academy Award for best adapted screenplay for the Robert Altman film M*A*S*H.
Lardner was jailed for nine months in the 1950s because of his refusal to answer questions about his politics.
From 1947 to the 1960s he found it almost impossible to find work in the US and was forced to look abroad or use pseudonyms to work in Hollywood.
He was blacklisted along with Albert Maltz, Dalton Trumbo, Samuel Ornitz, John Howard Lawson, Herbert Biberman, Robert Adrian Scott, Lester Cole, Alvah Bessie and Edward Dmytrk, the only one of the 10 eventually to answer the committe's questions.
Earlier this year, the Writers Guild of America corrected the credits of eight blacklisted writers on 14 films from the 1950s and 1960s.
Lardner eventually began working in the film business again under his own name and worked on 1965's The Cincinnati Kid, starring Steve McQueen and Edward G Robinson.
He is survived by his wife and five children.
A film about the events of the period, One of the Hollywood Ten, is in production and stars Jeff Goldblum and Greta Scacchi.
The Hollywood Ten were blacklisted for almost 30 years
McCarran-Walter Act
Established a quota system for each
country, discriminating against potential
immigrants from Asia and Southern and
Central Europe.
Truman: “…one of the most un-American
acts I have witnessed in my public career.”
Passed over his veto
McCarthyism
McCarthy was a Republican
Senator from Wisconsin who
held up a paper claiming to
have a list of 205 known
Communists in the State
Department. These were
people already accused of
disloyalty under Truman’s
loyalty program.