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Population and urbanization in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam)

towards new policies on migration and urban development.

LÊ Van Thanh Institute of Economic Research

28 Lê Quy Don, 3rd district, Hô Chi Minh city, Viet Nam Tel. : 84.8.9321 360 Fax : 84.8.9321 370

E mail : thanhlv@yahoo.com Poster paper prepared for the IUSSP Regional Population Conference, Siam City Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand, 10-13 Jun 2002

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Abstract

Ho Chi Minh City is the largest urban agglomeration in Vietnam. It is certain to

attract the greatest number of migrants from rural areas in the phase of accelerated urbanization in the coming years, due to the liberalization of the economy and to the easing or removal of controls on population movements. In this context, public authorities are going to be confronted with problems of urban planning and management, operating at the intersection between public intervention and the market economy, largely unknown territory in Vietnam.

The purpose of this paper is to identify these problems in the context of the

current demographic evolution coinciding with the process of economic transition, notably the process of spontaneous migration, and to propose alternative solutions for population management in Ho Chi Minh City.

Policies mentioned in this paper are of two different types: those that have a

direct influence, as the government administration affecting population residence in the new context of the government decree 51/CP; and those that have a more or less indirect but important and decisive influence, such as the policies of business investment, the development of infrastructure, urban planning, resident settlement, and to channel spontaneous migrants to specific zones and to employ them in designated economic activities. Apart from the policies mentioned above, other policies that come from local authorities, in the context of administrative decentralization, are presented as new types of population-related policies. This is the first time in Vietnam that policies on population redistribution have been discussed principally at the local level, at the city level.

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Figure 1 : Ho Chi Minh City map

Source : Website of French embassy in Vietnam

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Introduction In the 1990's, Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) applied the policy of Renovation with

macroeconomic and judicial rules favoring the development of the market economy. Potential resources are released for the markets of possessions and services. It is thanks to this generalization at national level, HCMC was able to spread its 'potential' in great dimensions. The economy of HCMC has found all its forces of a centre multi-functions at the level of the Southern region, even at national level.

The development of private sector and foreign investments provoked migration

streams to HCMC in a process of fast urbanization. Policies on population management have to face migration flows with great dimension in the new context of the market economy, the economic liberty. The labour force is also a kind of goods, which asks for the freedom to circulate between the regions of a country.

The migrants of all regions of the country, looking for job and better living conditions, furnished the labour market of the city. They found HCMC as a place that not only they can satisfy necessities themselves but also to improve living conditions of their close relatives in the village. The successes of previous migrants entailed a migration in chain.

In this context, public authorities are going to be confronted with problems of urban planning and management, operating at the intersection between public intervention and the market economy, largely unknown in Vietnam. In this paper, the final aim is to offer an experience on management of urban population, particularly migrant population, which should be considered as an indirect policy on population in the process of urbanization and urban development. I. A fast and stable development and a labour market in perspectives I.1. A fast and stable development of urban economy

If for the periods 1976-1980 and 1980-1985 and 1986-1990, the average rhythm of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) was for low and not stable level, of 2.2 per cent, 8.2 per cent and 5.3 per cent respectively, it could be able to see a considerable increase for all the period 1990-2000 with a raised enough and progressive rate, of about 12 per cent a year, in spite of the Asian financial crisis in recent years. The GDP by inhabitant increased from 552 US dollars in 1990 to 1,230 US dollars in 1999. This means, although there has been a strong increase of the population, economy developed really in a durable way.

It also created new jobs with stable incomes, and contributed so to the

improvement of living conditions of inhabitants. The development of industry sectors,

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notably private sector and the sector with foreign capital, contributed new financial resources for development investments.

Moreover, the economic growth contributed to the national economy a motivation

for the development of the country. Today, Ho Chi Minh city plays a dominating role in the natinal economy more and more determining. It takes a part of 18.7 per cent of the national GDP, 35.7 per cent of the value of manufactured goods, 32.6 per cent of the value of services, 40.1 per cent the value of export, 32.6 per cent the value of import and 36.5 per cent the national budget.

By observing the rhythm of the GDP in the recent years, it was able to notice the emergence of sectors having foreign capital, with an average rate always more raised than that of domestic sectors in the recent years, 17.4 per cent with regard to 7.6 per cent. The participation of the foreign companies pushed the economic efficiency of HCMC.

Consequently, the current distribution of the GDP in 2000 according to industry

sectors shows that private sector exceeded public sector in the general economy of the city, which played a role dominating during several years. In the point of view of the industry branches, the development of manufacturing and service industry takes a part more and more important in the economical structure of HCMC.

Moreover, HCMC is not only a city developed at economical level but also in

terms of human development. According to the report 2001 of the UNDP on the human development, Doi Moi and human development in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh city is considered in 2nd rank, after Hanoi, in level terms of human development among the 61 provinces of Vietnam. The level of human development is determined by three key indexes: index of human development (HDI); index of the human poverty (HPI); and, index of development (GDI).

I.2. A labour market in perspectives The development of the economy entailed an increase of job. The number of created jobs, in the four recent years, 1997-2000, about 300,000 jobs, illustrate that remark (2,237,168 employed persons in 2000 with regards to 1,974,996 in 1997). In spite of an increase of the working population, the unemployment rate has been decreased gradually from 10.3 per cent in 1997 to 6.9 per cent in 1999 (see table 1, category ‘Not working-have demand). This tendency indicated an absorption capacity of the labour market of the city. However, it may be considered a proportion of female doing household work, have demand for work. Table 1 : Population aged 13 and over by type of activity and sex in HCMC

(Unit: 1 000 Persons)

Type of activity

Total Male Female

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Number % Number % Number %Total 4,008,755 100.0 1,891,838 100.0 2,116,917 100.01.Worked 2,195,658 54.7 1,227,870 64.9 967,788 45.72.House- hold work

565,651 14.1 7,817 0.4 557,834 26.3

3.Student 554,588 13.8 291,270 15.4 263,318 12.44.Invalid 239,457 6.0 109,099 5.8 130,358 6.15.Not working-have demand

278,068 6.9 163,291 8.6 114,777 5.4

6.Not working-no demand

174,145 4.3 91,917 4.9 82,228 3.9

7.Not stated

1,188 - 574 - 614 -

Source : Completed census results of the population and housing census 1999

New jobs were for the greater part in private sector. Recently, employed population in the private sector has taken a part of 62.9 per cent (1,381,000 / 2,195,700 personnes, see table 2). It is thanks to the development of this sector that a lot of jobs were created and more particularly, most of them are stable jobs (with oral or verbal contracts of which duration is more than 6 months).

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Table 2 : Employed population aged 13 and over worked during 12 months prior to census by age group and employment sector in HCMC (Unit: 1000 Persons) Age group Total Govern

mentCollecti

veCapital Private Mixed Foreign Not

stated Total 2 195.7 507.2 20.1 102.2 1 381.0 123.4 61.4 0.4 13-14 11.4 0.2 0.06 0.3 10.6 0.2 0.05 0.002 15-17 63.4 3.4 0.35 3.5 50.1 4.3 1.7 0.005 18-19 83.9 10.8 0.5 5.7 52.4 8.9 5.4 0.003 20-24 329.5 65.0 2.4 22.3 190.1 30.8 18.9 0.05 25-29 415.5 91.9 3.4 24.2 247.5 31.2 17.3 0.06 30-34 375.6 90.0 3.1 16.8 238.1 19 0.2 8.5 0.05 35-39 329.4 91.6 2.8 11.8 206.2 12.4 4.4 0.05 40-44 267.1 77.3 2.5 8.7 167.0 8.8 2.8 0.03 45-49 155.0 42.5 1.7 4.7 100.2 4.4 1.4 0.04 50-54 74.2 20.0 1.0 2.0 48.9 1.7 0.5 0.04 55-59 46.9 9.8 0.8 1.1 34.0 1.0 0.3 0.006 60+ 43.7 4.6 1.4 1.0 35.8 0.7 0.2 0.03

Source : Completed census results of the population and housing census 1999 The development of HCMC with a fast rhythm, a transition of economical

structure towards the modernization, and a labour market in perspectives entailed disparities between HCMC and the other provinces, which had no same advantages, in terms of living conditions and job opportunities. So, the attraction towards HCMC became more and more evident.

II. A strong migration, main contribution to the process of urbanisation

HCMC is a big city, where the campaign of the family planning was determined as an advanced region. HCMC's favorable conditions allowed to put in it campaign the sufficient means. That is why it could be able to notice a remarkable reducing of the rate of natural increase from 1976 to 2000 in the entire conglomeration and in particular in the rural part of the rural districts. The disparities of the birth rate, that of mortality and natural increase enters urban and rural HCMC grew shorter, in other words the rural part became urbanized in terms of evolution of the population. The campaign of the family planning had some results in the context of development and urbanization of the city. HCMC's demographic transition is in the phase in which birth rate and mortality rate decreased also. The rate of current natural increase is 1.34 per cent.

In the point of view of demographic behavior in HCMC, if on one side there is a demographic transition with the reducing of birth rate and mortality, on the other side, the increase of the migration appeared. According to the report of the results of the census in 1999, the number of the migrants during the previous five years is about

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433,000 persons. It should be noted that in ten years (1989-1999) the entire population of HCMC has been increased only over one million. That led to a proof that migration become a main contribution to population growth of HCMC. II.1. A presence of the 'illegal' population in all districts

According to the data of the system of management of the population of HCMC, administered by a computer network of a centralized centre at the level of the city, one was able to continue and update the evolution of the population. It is surprising to see that the 'illegal' population (without license of permanent residence) is present in all the districts and the districts of the city, even the districts 'push off' as Can Gio, Nha Be. In other words, the migrant population is an important part, 15.15 per cent of the total population, integral in the structure of the population of HCMC. By comparing data in 1998 and those in 2000, one was able to notice an increase of the proportion of those without license of permanent residence with regard to the total, rather strong population not only at the level of the city, of 12.84 per cent in 1998 and 15,15 per cent in 2000, but also in almost districts (20/22 districts).

Besides, it could be noted that there are districts where rate is raised (less or

more than 20 per cent of the total population) as Go Vap, Tan Binh, Binh Thanh and the five new districts, notably the district 12 there where the proportion of the inhabitants without license of permanent residence is relatively high, until 28.5 per cent of the total population in 2000.

Particularly, in some sub-districts (in Binh Chanh District1), such as Binh Hung

Hoa, that proportion has been very high 75 per cent ( 52,141 inhabitants without license of permanent residence / 69,397 inhabitants); sub-district Binh Tri Dong 43.4 per cent (26,995 / 62,152); sub-district An Lac 36.3 per cent (14,564 / 40,138); sub-district 3 (in Tan Binh District2) 51% (33,115 / 64,869).

So, even the migrant population spread over all districts of HCMC, there is a

choice in permanent residence. This choice probably depends on relations with the close relatives but perhaps due to the price of ground in these districts, current urbanised, stays relatively low and job opportunities are present currently.

II.2. Population policies in crisis After the economical liberalization in 1986, the system of rationing (or the system

of two prices, subsidy and black market) was replaced by the system of market (system 1 A rural district, in the south west of HCMC, is in the process of urbanisation 2 The biggest district of HCMC in term of population size

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for a single price). Most of the privileges of subsidies were abolished. The development of private sector and foreign investments contributed to job creation, especially in cities. The economical context was modified fundamentally. However, measures carrying on activities deprived small firms of production and of business, on the right of immovable property, on the medical care, on the education, and that concerns the non-permanent residents and their family, are still valid.

Cities, with their advantages (concentration of entreprises, infrastructures)

attracted important investments and developed faster than the other zones. Disparities became more and more big between the city and the rural areas. An effort to restore balance by migratory streams is inevitable.

In past, the control of the job was used as an economical measure to limit

movements; today the probability to find a work attracts necessarily the spontaneous migrants. In fact, people with their job in different sectors (private, foreign, informal) can survive by paying market prices and by asking a close to lend them a title of permanent resident for opening a business or for purchasing a house. They well adapted themselves to the advantages of the new mechanism of the market economy.

Moreover the police, charged to respect strictly the conditions of place of

residence and to avoid illegal residences, was not able to really face the situation. Efforts to expel the migrants " illegal " towards their hometown failed.

So, one begins to speak about a relaxation in the management of the residents

" illegal ". In other words, one is rather in front of a crisis to administer urban population " illegal " that of an evolution towards the liberalization of places of residence. One cannot change from day to day.

Reasonable solution would be to face in problems instead of ignoring them. One

notices that local authorities changed gradually attitude to the migrants by bringing them help for the administrative recording of the place of residence. Is it a sign of acceptance of the migrant and of passage of the idea of " not to accept the migrants " towards that of " to recognize to administer them and to direct them to wished directions »? Reforms carrying not only on measures but also on institutes would be also necessary in future.

Recently, the decree n° 51 / CP of the Government assured that whoever has a

stable work and a flat (owner or tenant) could be recognized as city-dweller of the city. This would probably entail a considerable increase of the licenses of permanent place of residence in big cities in future.

On the other hand, the policies of management of the population " illegal " must

be replaced altogether policies of urban management and policies of development of the country. Moreover, a good urban management should emphasize the living conditions of the inhabitants of the city, more exactly the quality of urban services: water, electricity, transport, collection of the garbage, law and order, schools, hospitals,

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etc. A strategy of harmonized development of the various regions would be compulsory to erase regional disparities.

Globally, one can notice that economical factor plays a role mattering for the

Government. In an underdeveloped economy and " passive ", as the one that existed before the economical reform, the gaps between urban and rural and between different regions were not considerable; so the population needed to move to improve its conditions of life. As soon as opportunities appear, people are ready of tempting their chance. The labor force becomes then a kind of goods that it would be sold and bought on free market, destroy the spatial barriers of administrative units. III. An effort to master the process of urbanization

During a long period, the absence of an adequate urban management caused problems of traffic, environment, and population settlement that brought restricted to the urban development. Local authorities, having faced the pressure of population, are trying to build up regulations to manage migrants and workers. However it would be concerned to many actors such as migrants themselves, employers, and different departments of local authorities. Up to now, the direct policies have not been renewed. In other hand, the indirect policies such as the policies of business investment, the development of infrastructure, urban planning, resident settlement, show their effectiveness in the process of population decentralization.

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Figure 2 : Population density of HCMC by districts (hab./ km2)

Legend82,607 to 1 305,2971 305,298 to 3 181,8673 181,868 to 19 193,57019 193,571 to 40 020,33240 020,333 to 52 382,000

Population / Area (Ratio): Ho Chi Minh City

Source : CD-ROM of Completed Census Results of The population and Housing

Census on 1/4/1999

III.1. A new phenomenon: a population decentralisation in the process of urbanisation

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By observing the table 3, an evolution of density between districts and districts is seen well. The urban districts tend to decrease whereas the new districts and the rural districts increase. In particular five new districts (semi-urban) have a remarkable increase. Nevertheless there is a considerable difference in term of density between districts. One can notice the three groups: (1) from 40,000 to 60,000 inhabitant /km2, (2) from 1,000 to 3,500 inhabitant / km2, (3) less than 1,000 inhabitant / km2.

Nevertheless the density of the whole city is only on 2,419 person / km2, that of

the internal part of the city is much more raised, about 24,246 inhabitant / km2. Even in this part, there are also differences between districts. For districts 3, 4, 5 and 11 there is from 40.000 to 50.000 inhabitant / km2, whereas district Tân Bình, Binh Thanh, Go Vap and District 8 has below 20.000 inhabitant / km2. For the rural districts situation is much less populated. The concentration of the population, at some level, brought to the economy efficiency in the usage of resources, lowers it with costs of transport, but if it exceeds this level, it threatens durable development with socioeconomic nuisances. HCMC is on the alert of this state of density. It is the problem that remains to resolve during several years. The evolution of the population densities in the semi-urban districts illustrates not only consequences of the decentralization from the inner but also the process of urbanisation in new urban lands. The creation of five new districts with new infrastructure projects and the appearance of industrial zones have really brought a new face to the city.

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Table 3: Evolution of densities according to districts Administrative units

Number of municipalities

Surface (km2)

Density (hab./km2)

1979 (+) 1989 (+) 1997 1999 HCMC 306 2,093.7 1,633.0 1,905.0 2,383.0 2,419.0Urban dist. 182 140.3 16,878.0 19,930.0 25,239.0 24,246.0 1 10 7.6 33,483.0 33,733.0 37,114.0 29,983.0 3 14 4.8 51,094.0 50,594.0 54,254.0 46,588.0 4 15 4.0 35,437.0 45,717.0 55,163.0 48,246.0 5 15 4.1 46,849.0 52,977.0 61,314.0 51,392.0 6 14 7.0 25,113.0 30,972.0 40,048.0 36,359.0 8 16 18.8 11,355.0 13,768.0 18,462.0 17,575.0 10 15 5.7 40,914.0 40,939.0 47,648.0 42,314.0 11 16 5.0 39,860.0 45,788.0 52,032.0 47,864.0Go vâp 12 19.2 6,663.0 8,602.0 12,238.0 16,167.0Tân Bình 20 38.5 6,865.0 8,812.0 13,304.0 15,113.0Bình Thanh 20 20.5 12,178.0 15,924.0 20,378.0 19,714.0Phu Nhuan 15 5.1 28,311.0 34,035.0 39,697.0 36,222.0Semi urban districts

56 299.7 1,480 1,775.4 2,337.4 2,821.2

12 10 52.5 1,773.0 2,091.0 2,428.0 3,224.0 Thu Duc 12 48.0 2,064.0 2,557.0 3,566.0 4,388.0 2 11 50.2 1,151.0 1,422.0 1,897.0 2,043.0 9 13 113.1 839.0 954.0 1,056.0 1,320.07 10 35.9 1,573.0 1,853.0 2,740.0 3,131.0Rural districts 68 1,653.7 531.4 620.0 782.2 860.4Cu Chi 21 428.5 477.0 508.0 623.0 598.0Hoc Mon 10 109.5 1,165.0 1,261.0 1,697.0 1,876.0Bình Chanh 20 303.3 544.0 674.0 870.0 1,101.0Nha Be 10 98.4 416.0 587.0 641.0 645.0Can Gio 7 714.0 55.0 70.0 80.0 82.0

Sources: statistical book of 1981’s, 1997 and 1999, HCMC's statistical Department. (+) Report on the results of the census 1/4/1999, Executive committee of the census to HCMC, 1/2000.

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III.2. Industrial parks and urbanization towards the urban economic planning

A very recent phenomenon, from years 1996,1997, is the appearance of industrial parks. It is zones with modern infrastructures that were built with the aim of attracting the foreign and domestic investors and to concentrate industrial production. At present, HCMC had two free export zone EFZ and 10 industrial parks : Tân Thuân (surface: 300 ha, district 7), Linh Trung (60 ha, District Thu Duc), Binh Chieu (27,3ha, Tan Binh), Hiêp Phuoc (332 ha, district Nha Be), Tan Tao (181,1 ha, district Binh Chanh), Tan Binh (173 ha, district Tan binh), VINH LOC (200ha, Binh Chanh district), Tam Binh 1 (33,7 ha, Thu Duc), Northwest Cu Chi (215,7ha, Cu Chi district), Tan Thoi Hiep (215,4 ha, district Hoc My), Lê Minh Xuân (100 ha, Binh Chanh district), Cat Lai (127 ha, district 9).

One can say that the development of free zones and industrial parks are a proof

and also a solution important for the process of the industrialization and the modernization of the city. One was able to notice a formidable transformation of the not cultivable lands in industrial parks with infrastructures satisfying the necessities of the industrial development of the foreign and domestic investors. A total of more than a billion dollars of the investors is invested for the construction of factories. About 45,000 employees found their job in these industrial parks. Free zone Tân Thuân, placed in the district 7, that it is more attractive foreign investors of the country, even an important zone of Asia of the Southeast. Nevertheless, it is only first results, industrial parks contributed really to the transformation of the economical structure the modernization of industries, the increase of export value and to the resolution of the problem of job of the city. Moreover, among 10 industrial parks, the zone Lê Minh Xuân, in the South West of HCMC, in the district Binh Chanh, has a function to receive polluted companies, moved from the inside of the city.

Besides, the construction of residential zones next to industrial parks was

established. The prizes of ground are sold especially to the rich with a raised enough price from 1.5 to 2.3 millions by square meter (equivalent from 100 to 150 US dollars). The objective of decentralization the population in such sort was not able to achieve for the majority of the population. The employees in industrial parks often came bordering regions need flats. The direction of industrial parks has no function to assure the problem of environment. So, the houses of people on the spot were built spontaneously to hire. The other social infrastructures were not established next to industrial parks at the same time. One can say that a muddled urbanization is starting in these regions. Recently, the people committee has launched a program to build apartments for workers in these regions. That will be a solution to put the situation in order and to allow the development follows the planning of the city master plan.

III.3. The creation of the five new urban districts and new projects on urban infrastructure

From 1990's, the system of the permit of residence, which became supple, allowed the mobility of people between districts, between town center and suburb. A

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campaign of decentralisation of the population in the town centre is realized to keep a population minimum, about of three millions inhabitants. The movement of people lived in slums towards the suburb to find a wider flat, rich wishing a second environment, created a need to go to the suburb. Besides, with the organization of the government, five new districts were created with the construction of the new infrastructures, which values grounds. The prizes of grounds became goods with high value by the founders.

From 1996, according to the master plan of the city, several projects were

realized. The project to move ten thousands of households piloted illegally on the canal Nhiêu Lôc Thi Nghe is a good example of HCMC's improvement. It is a project multi-objectives: environment, decentralization of the population, traffic and tourism.

The creation of five new districts: 2,9, Thu Duc (of the former district Thu Duc),

12 (of the former district Hoc Mon) and 7 (of the former district Nha Be) established advantageous conditions for the extension of the city.

The projects of traffic to ease congestion in the entrances of the city and to widen

the road axes, which improve communication between the various districts of the city, until the suburb. The project of the East-west highway, which crosses the city, along canals, is in progress. One can quote also the project of improvement of the town centre with a disposal harmonized between towers and ancient buildings and the reorganization of slums quarters.

The appearance of several schools, hospitals, leisure centres, shopping centres,

restaurants, hotels much changed the physiognomy of the city and improved the living conditions of the inhabitants.

Projects for the organization of the territory, the improvement of the construction

and the limitation of the population are in progress. These solutions will make new changes not only on the population but also on the environment.

Several projects were, are and will be envisaged to build zones of export

production, of new industrial parks, of road main trunk roads through the city, to reorganize the city center, to move industrial concerns and markets, responsible for the urban pollution, towards suburbs. All these projects aim to embellish the city and they will have a great influence on the redistribution of the inhabitants and on the quality of the urban environment. So, the planned movement which takes place between the rural and the city will result in great part of the macroscopic adjustment, the strategy and the program of urbanization, industrialization and rural development.

The fact that the government chose a model of multi-polar and non-centralized

town planning will allow to help in the development of the secondary cities, to reduce gaps between poverty and wealth, to promote new professional branches, to create jobs and to improve the conditions of life of the inhabitants, with for objective to slow down the migratory streams.

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The results that could be seen in table 4 are although still modest, have changed a lot the trend of population concentration. In the central districts as the district 1, 3, 4, 5, 11, one was able to notice a strong mobility towards directions decentralized of one side but on the other side there is also a certain number of migrants come from provinces is going to replace and so restored balance. In the rural districts Can Gio, Cu Chi, Nha Be, a little put off, the number of persons goes and comes is very limited. On the other hand, in districts peripherals, Go Vap, Tan Binh, Binh Chanh, Thu Duc, 12, one sees at the same moment, an internal mobility and a migration come from provinces important. In all the districts and districts, there be an important mobility, phenomenon goes and comes, did not exist or under a very weak dose in the 1980's.

To conclude, it can be said that the urban development throughout the creation of

industrial parks and new urban districts in the periphery and many other projects on building infrastructure, has brought a regulation of the population distribution. That resolved the problem the ‘congestion’ of the city population in the inner, which remained for a long time. Besides, the urban development policies permit to guide migration flows from other provinces in the regions expected. Apart from the policies mentioned above, other policies that come from local authorities, in the context of administrative decentralization, should be considered as new types of population-related policies. The role of the government could be realised in the process of urbanisation of HCMC.

However, there are not only positive aspects. The movement of millions of

inhabitants, and the creation of new urban communities will entail certainly a profound turnover of the populations concerned in their customs of daily life and work. The farmer, having lost his ground, is with difficulty to change another profession because of his specialty. New factories could not absorb the whole family. It becomes unemployment on the native ground. Compensation for concerned people is not satisfactory.

Furthermore, this redistribution of the inhabitants will spread out over a long

period of time, maybe dozens of years, and will exercise a great influence on the population, especially the poor, at present badly settled. In spite of all these difficulties, the redistribution of the population is necessary in the process of the urbanization.

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Table 4: Mobilities inside and migration during the period 1994-1999 (persons)

Mobilities inside the city Migrants from

provinces and from foreigner

Net migration

Entry Exit Net Dist. Tân Binh 54,795 28,706 26,089 78,317 104,406 Dist. Go Vap 39,425 9,556 29,869 41,660 71,529 Dist. Binh Chanh 37,654 4,863 32,791 31,491 64,282 Dist. Thu Duc 10,740 4,903 5,837 37,006 42,843 Dist. 12 17,491 1,223 16,268 23,362 39,620 Dist. Bình Thanh 23,510 26,467 -2,957 30,360 27,403 Dist. 9 5,099 1,310 3,789 23,373 27,162 Dist. 7 8,604 1,347 7,257 8,764 16,021 Dist. 8 11,732 14,082 -2,350 15,557 13,207 District Hoc Mon 7,069 4,162 2,907 7,999 10,906 Dist. 2 5,762 1,218 4,544 6,285 10,829 Dist. Phu Nhuan 13,194 21,576 -8,382 13,686 5,304 Dist. 6 9,811 16,755 -6,944 11,355 4,411 Dist. 10 10,792 26,503 -15,711 19,305 3,594 District Cu Chi 2,691 5,034 -2,343 5,084 2,741 District Can Gio 304 846 -542 1,287 745 Dist. 5 9,587 23,781 -14,194 14,562 368 District Nha Be 866 On 2130 -1,264 1,580 316 Dist. 4 4,645 14,315 -9,670 8,257 -1,413 Dist. 11 11,435 24,834 -13,399 11,101 -2,298 Dist. 3 8,889 33,455 -24,566 16,589 -7,977 Dist. 1 7,001 34,030 -27,029 14,064 -12,965

Source: Census in 1999 It should be insisted on relations between urban population and economical

environment and social in the process of urbanization. It is necessary to choose an optimal project among different propositions. A project which will be able to be considered as effective only when the majority of the inhabitants will have accepted positively the change of place of residence and all its consequences and when they will have completely made a success of their relocation in the new environment proposed by the project.

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