Portugal - European Environment Agency · Portugal. Portugal . 1 . Land cover 2012. Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 . In the long term, Portugal is a country with the highest

Country fact sheet

September 2017

Photo: © Toni García, My City/EEA

Land cover 2012

Portugal

Portugal

1

Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 In the long term, Portugal is a country with the highest dynamics of land cover change in Europe. This is documented by very high annual land cover change rate – 0.92% of total area. However, the speed of landscape development was even much higher during the previous period, which was characterized by extremely high annual change rate – 1.43%. Although its intensity significantly decreased, compared to the previous period 2000-2006, forest creation and management remains by far the most extensive land cover flow in the country. The second most intensive driver of land cover development in Portugal are internal agricultural conversions, which occur with more than doubled intensity, compared with the 2000-2006 period. This is caused mostly by rapid increase of conversion of arable land to olive grows, which was not very frequent during the previous period, but also exchanges between pasture and arable/crop land in both directions occur with significantly higher intensity in the period 2006-2012. On the other hand, conversions between agricultural and natural land, which were important drivers of the change during the previous periods, lost most of its intensity currently. The net change balance shows very high consumption of open spaces/bare soils, which had not been observed during the previous period. This transition is caused by afforestation of burnt areas. Compared to these extensive flows, artificial development in Portugal is less significant. However, with the annual land take rate 0.55%, it belongs to the fastest among European countries. It has to be mentioned, that the intensity of land take was even much stronger in the previous period (1.62%) and during the period 1990-2000 (2.17%). These numbers show that artificial development is currently rather in decline in Portugal. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000-2006-2012 - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. The accounts for Azores and Madeira are not included into this analysis. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Portugal: 6

4%

22%

24%

39%

8%

1% Open sp.

0,3% Wetl. 2%

1.1. Land cover 2012[% of total]

-30000

-15000

0

15000

1.2. Net change in land cover 2006-2012 [ha]

-20.0

-15.0

-10.0

-5.0

0.0

5.0

1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year

2006]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

Summary balance table 2006-2012

Art

ific

ial

area

s

Ara

ble

lan

d &

per

man

ent

cro

ps

Pas

ture

s &

mo

saic

s

Fore

sted

lan

d

Sem

i-n

atu

ral

veg

etat

ion

Op

en s

pac

es/

bar

e so

ils

Wet

lan

ds

Wat

er b

od

ies

TO

TA

L

[hu

nd

red

s h

a]

Land cover 2006 3579 20731 22213 35800 6992 1413 353 1352 92432

Consumption of initial LC 69.7 653.6 126.6 3681.9 103.0 373.6 0.6 2.2 5011

Formation of new LC 170.4 623.4 60.8 3824.0 106.8 204.2 0.6 21.1 5011

Net Formation of LC 100.6 -30.2 -65.8 142.1 3.8 -169.4 0.0 18.9 0

Net formation as % of initial year 2.8 -0.1 -0.3 0.4 0.1 -12.0 0.0 1.4

Total turnover of LC 240.1 1277.0 187.3 7505.9 209.8 577.8 1.2 23.3 10023

Total turnover as % of initial year 6.7 6.2 0.8 21.0 3.0 40.9 0.4 1.7 10.8

Land cover 2012 3679 20701 22148 35942 6996 1244 353 1371 92432

Portugal

2

Land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012

1.37%

0.90%

0 50000 100000

2000-2006

2006-2012

2.4. Annual land cover change[ha/year, % of total area]

0 50000 100000 150000 200000

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land

Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils

Wetlands

Water bodies

2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-6000 -3000 0 3000 6000

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land



Wetlands

Water bodies

2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year]

Summary trend figures 2000-2006 2006-2012

Annual land cover change [ha/year] 126627 83521

Annual land cover change as % of initial year 1.37% 0.90%Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 4731 1853

Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 3327 857

Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] -4319 -814

Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] 188 233

Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 4701 2369

Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -3455 -2557

Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 3077 314

0

30000

60000

90000

lcf1

Urb

an la

nd m

anag

emen

t

lcf2

Urb

an r

esid

entia

l spr

awl

lcf3

Spr

awl o

f ec

onom

ic s

ites

and

infr

astr

uctu

res

lcf4

Agr

icul

ture

inte

rnal

con

vers

ions

lcf5

Con

vers

ion

from

for

este

d &

natu

ral l

and

to a

gric

ultu

re

lcf6

Withd

raw

al o

f fa

rmin

g

lcf7

For

ests

cre

atio

n an

dm

anag

emen

t

lcf8

Wat

er b

odie

s cr

eatio

n a

ndm

anag

emen

t

lcf9

Cha

nges

due

to

natu

ral a

ndm

ultip

le c

ause

s

2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Portugal

3

Artificial surfaces sprawl (2006-2012)

1.43

%

0.52

%

0

2000

4000

2000-2006 2006-2012

3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year,

% of initial year]

Despite rapid slowdown, artificial development is still strong

Compared to both previous periods, the pace of artificial development is much lower in the period 2006-2012. However, a comparison with other European countries shows that it still remains very intensive, considering the European context. It is driven mainly by construction, by the sprawl of sport and leisure facilities and industrial or commercial sites. There is also significant amount of recycling of developed urban land in Portugal, represented by conversion of sites which were under construction during the previous period into transportation, commercial/industrial or residential units. The residential sprawl, which was very intensive in Portugal, especially during the period 1990-2000, lost most of its intensity currently. Geographically, the sprawl shows similar pattern as in both previous periods, although with significantly lower density. Its major concentrations are situated in the surroundings of the capital city Lisabon, along the southern coast and especially around the city of Porto in the north. Also the construction of highway network in the northern part of the country started already during the previous period.

75%

11%

6%5% 3%

3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area]

0 300 600 900

3.10. Artificial land take 2006-2012 [ha/year]

-1000

0

1000

2000

Con

tinu

ous

urba

n fa

bric

Dis

cont

inuo

us u

rban

fab

ric

Ind

ustr

ial o

r co

mm

erci

al u

nits

Roa

d an

d ra

il ne

twor

ks a

ndas

soci

ated

land

Por

t ar

eas

Airpo

rts

Min

eral

ext

ract

ion

site

s

Dum

p si

tes

Con

stru

ctio

n si

tes

Gre

en u

rban

are

as

Spo

rt a

nd le

isur

e fa

cilit

ies

3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]

2000-2012

2006-2012

Portugal

4

Agriculture (2006-2012)

Conversion from arable land to olive groves

The agricultural development in Portugal is driven mostly by internal conversions, which appear with significantly higher intensity currently than in the previous period 2000-2006 and became the second major driver of the land cover development in the country. This increase is driven mainly by rapidly increased conversions from arable land to olive groves. But also the intensity of conversions between pasture and arable/crop land in both directions is much higher than in the period 2000-2006 (however, still lower than in 1990-2000). On the other hand, agro-natural conversions, in particular withdrawal of farming with woodland creation, which were quite frequent during both previous periods, lost most of its intensity in the period 2006-2012. Despite this slow down, withdrawal of farming with transitional woodland creation remains the main source of agricultural land consumption in Portugal. Geographically, this flow is concentrated in the southern part of the country.

21120%

2125%

2131%

2215%

2222%

2237%231

3%2418%

24215%

24319%

24415%

4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area]

-4.8

4%

-6.0

5%

-0.7

3%

-1.3

5%

-1.1

8%

-1.1

0%

-3.1

7%

-0.2

6%

-0.2

0%

-0.3

9%

-0.6

0%

0.48

%

3.57

%

8.32

%

2.00

%

2.72

%

14.1

5%

2.64

%

0.00

%

0.09

%

0.18

%

0.06

%-50000

-25000

0

25000

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land

Ric

e fie

lds

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

pe

rman

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.13. Development of agricultural areas 2006-2012– detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

211 Non-irrigated arable land

212 Permanently irrigated land

213 Rice fields

221 Vineyards

222 Fruit trees and berry plantations

223 Olive groves

231 Pastures

241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops242 Complex cultivation patterns

243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation244 Agro-forestry areas

-8000

-4000

0

4000

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land R

ice

field

s

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

per

man

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Portugal

5

Forest & nature (2006-2012)

78%

15%

3%

1% Wetl.

3%

5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012

[% of total area]

Forest



Wetlands

Water bodies

Internal forest conversions, recovery of burnt areas

The main drivers of natural land development in Portugal, as well as of the landscape exchange in the country in general, are the internal forest conversions. After a culmination in the previous period 2000-2006, their intensity shows decreasing trend currently, however, they still remain by far the most extensive land cover flow in the country. Concerning their direction, the conversion from transitional woodland to forest is more frequent, which is opposite trend compared to both previous periods. The other extensive flow in Portuguese natural landscape is a transition of burnt areas into natural land cover – they are covered by transitional woodland and shrubs, moors and heathlands or sclerophyllous vegetation. On the other hand, there were also observed some cases of forest and shrub fires in the period 2006-2012; in particular in the northern part of the country, however, there extent was smaller than in the previous period.

-7.6

5%

-9.8

9%

-6.8

8%

-1.1

4%

-1.7

3%

-1.2

3%

-13.

16%

-0.4

6%

-92.

23%

-0.0

6%

-0.7

5%

-0.3

0%

-100

.00%

13.8

7%

5.49

%

6.35

%

0.80

%

1.84

%

1.43

%

11.7

2%

0.24

%

50.4

4%

0.28

%

0.16

%

3.44

%

-210000

-140000

-70000

0

70000

140000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

area

s

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s/pe

rp.

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.16. Development of forest & nature areas 2006-2012 – detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

-40000

-20000

0

20000

40000

60000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

are

as

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s an

d pe

rpet

ual

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.17. Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Portugal

6

Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 2006-2012

1%13%

3%

74%

2%7%

Wet. 0,01%

Wat. b. 0,04%

6.18. Consumption of land cover2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

3%13%

1%

76%

2%4%

Wetl. 0,01%

Water 1%

6.19. Formation of land cover 2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

lcf11%

lcf20.1% lcf3

2%lcf412%

lcf52%

lcf63%

lcf774%

lcf80.4%

lcf96%

6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS)2006-2012 [% of total change area]

lc f1 U rban land management

lc f2 U rban res idential sprawl

lc f3 Sprawl of economic s ites and infras truc tures

lc f4 A griculture internal convers ions

lc f5 C onvers ion from fores ted & natural land to agriculture

lc f6 Withdrawal of farming

lc f7 Fores ts c reation and management

lc f8 Water bodies c reation and management

lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes

Portugal

7

Artificial areas

Arable land &

permanent crops16%

Pastures & mosaics

18%

Forested land54%

Semi-natural

vegetation8%

Open spaces / bare soils

2%

Water bodies

2%

7.21. Consumption by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

Disc. urban fabric3% Industrial/

commerc. 17%

Road/rail network

8%

Port areas0.4%

Airports1%

Mineral extraction

8%Dump sites4%

Construct.51%

Green urban0.3%

Sport/leisure

8%

7.22. Formation by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

1.41%

0.47%

0 2000 4000

2000-2006

2006-2012

7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year]

-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(cons.)

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(form.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (cons.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (form.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (cons.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (form.)

lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl

lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl

lcf31 Sprawl of industrial &commercial sites

lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks

lcf33 Sprawl of harbours

lcf34 Sprawl of airports

lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarryingareas

lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites

lcf37 Construction

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (cons.)

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (form.)

lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture

lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation

lcf81 Water bodies creation

lcf911 Semi-natural creation

lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(form.)

7.24. Artificial development by change drivers(LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Portugal

8

Agriculture

Industrial/ commercial

0,03%Mineral

extraction1%

Dump sites0.3%

Construct.1%

Broad-leaved forest15%

Coniferous forest7%

Mixed forest5%

Natural grassland

3%Moors and heathland

9%Sclerophyllous veg.

17%

Transition. woodland/

shrub43%

Burnt areas0.2%

8.25. LC consumed by agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Non-irrigated arable15%

Perm. irrigated

land9%

Vineyards18%

Fruit trees/berry plantations

6%

Olive groves19%

Pastures15%

Annual crops/perm

anent crops0.2%

Complex cultivation patterns

2%

Agriculture with

natural veg.11%

Agro-forestry areas5%

8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]


Perm. irrigated

land2%

Rice fields0.02%

Vineyards4%


1%

Olive groves

7%

Pastures10%

Annual crops/perm

anent crops2%


3%

Agriculture with

natural veg.16%


8.27. Consumption of agricultural landby non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Disc. urban fabric1%

Industrial/commer.

5%

Road/rail network

2% Airports0.3%

Mineral extraction

1%Dump s.0,2%

Constr.11%

Green urban0,2%

Sport1%


Conif. f.0,3%

Mixed f.t0.4%

Nat. grass.5%

Moors and heath.

0,2%

Scleroph. veg.9%


shrub54%

Water bodies

8%

8.28. Formation of non-agricultural landfrom agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

-1600 -800 0 800

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to

agriculture

Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation

8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land

2006-2012 [ha/year]

-800 -400 0 400

Extension of pasture, set asideand fallow land

Conversion from pasture toarable and permanent crops

8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Portugal

9

0 3000 6000

lcf411 Uniform extension ofset aside fallow land and

pasture

lcf412 Diffuse extension of setaside fallow land and pasture

lcf421 Conversion from arableland to permanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf422 Other internalconversions of arable land

lcf431 Conversion from olivesgroves to vineyards and

orchards

lcf432 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards to

olive groves

lcf433 Other conversionsbetween vineyards and

orchards

lcf441 Conversion frompermanent crops topermanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf442 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards tonon-irrigated arable land

lcf443 Conversion from olivegroves to non-irrigated arable

land

lcf444 Diffuse conversion frompermanent crops to arable

land

lcf451 Conversion from arableland to vineyards and orchards

lcf452 Conversion from arableland to olive groves

lcf453 Diffuse conversion fromarable land to permanent

crops

lcf461 Conversion frompasture to permanentirrigation perimeters

lcf462 Intensive conversionfrom pasture to non-irrigatedarable land and permanent

crops

lcf463 Diffuse conversion frompasture to arable and

permanent crops

lcf47 Extension of agro-forestry

9.31. Mean annual agriculture internalconversions [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-9000 -6000 -3000 0 3000

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas

lcf2 Urban residential sprawl

lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites andinfrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion fromforest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forestto agriculture

lcf521 Intensive conversion fromsemi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. cons.)

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. form.)

lcf53 Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation


lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. form.)

9.32. Mean annual conversions between agricultureand other LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Portugal

10

Forest & nature

Mineral extraction

3%

Dump sites0.4% Construct.

3%

Sport/leisure0,1%


Perm. irrigated

land1%Vineyards

3%


1%

Olive groves

7%

Pastures9%

Annual crops/per.

crops0.3%


0.3%

Agriculture with

natural veg.13%


10.33. LC consumed by forest & nature2006-2012 [% of total]


Conifer. forest0,3%

Mixed forest0.5%

Natural grassland

6%

Moors and heathland

1%

Scleroph. veg.11%


shrub67%

Sparsely vegetated

areas1%

Water bodies11%

10.34. Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature 2006-2012

[% of total]


Coniferous forest11%

Mixed forest10%

Natural grassland

3%

Moors and heathland

8%Scleroph.

veg.10%


shrub46%

Sparsely vegetated

areas1%

Burnt areas1%

Water bodies

1%

Sea and ocean0.3%

10.35. Consumption of forest & nature landby non-forest/nature 2006-2012 [% of

total]

Disc. urb. fabric1%

Industr./commer.

7%

Road/rail network

4%Port areas

0.3%Airports

1%

Mineral extraction

5%Dump sites2%

Construct.26%

Sport/leisure

5%

Non-irrigated arable

7%

Perm. irrigated

land5%

Vineyards9%


3%

Olive groves10%

Pasture7%

Annual crops/per.

crops0.1%

Complex cult. pat.

1%

Agric. with nat. veg.

5%


10.36. Formation of non-forest/nature landfrom forest & nature 2006-2012 [% of total]

Portugal

11


Conifer. forest14%

Mixed forest14%

Transit. woodland

shrub43%

10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area]

0 20000 40000

Consumption of forest land byurban sprawl

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Recent fellings and transitions

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Forest creation, afforestation

Conversion from transitionalwoodland to forests

Forest creation over wetlands

10.38. Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Natural grassland

15%

Moors and

heathl.44%

Scleroph. veget.29%

Beaches, dunes

and sand plains1%

Bare rock0.5%

Sparsely veget. areas11%

Burnt areas3%

11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area]

0 2000 4000 6000

Consumption of dry semi-naturalland cover by urban sprawl

Conversion of semi-natural landcover to agriculture

Forest creation, afforestation overdry semi-natural land

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Decrease of permanent snow andglaciers

11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Inland marshes

1%

Peatbogs2% Salt

marshes10% Salines

4%

Intertidal flats2%

Water courses

12%

Water bodies37%

Coastal lagoons

5%

Estuaries28%

11.41. Wetlands & water 2012[% of total area]

0 200 400

Consumption of wetlands byurban sprawl

Conversion of wetlands toagriculture

Forest creation and afforestationover wetlands

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Net water bodies creation

Net wetlands creation

11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Portugal

12

-80000 -40000 0 40000 80000

lcf13 Development of green urban areas


lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.)

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.)


lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.)

lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.)

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

11.43. Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland[ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-8000 -4000 0 4000




lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous…

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf74 Recent felling and transition

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf82 Water bodies management

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.)

lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Portugal

13

-1000 0 1000 2000 3000




lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.)


lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (otherthan LCF91)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (otherthan LCF912)

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Portugal

14

CLC Changes 2006-2012

CLC Changes 2000-2006

Portugal

15

Drivers of change 2006-2012

Drivers of change 2000-2006

Portugal

16

Artificial sprawl 2006-2012

Artificial sprawl 2000-2006

Portugal

17

Agriculture 2006-2012

Agriculture 2000-2006

Portugal

18

Forest and nature 2006-2012

Forest and nature 2000-2006

Documents

Portugal - European Environment Agency · Portugal. Portugal . 1 . Land cover 2012. Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 . In the long term, Portugal is a country with the highest