ppt for technlogy

8/14/2019 ppt for technlogy

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Chapter 1

Introduction to IT


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Technology

Technology is science which makes your day to day life

comfortable and reduces the time required for doing work.

Example-

Mobile Phones

Computer Software

ERP


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IT

IT is a new science of collecting, storing, processing and transmitting information.

Information Technology

Informatiquefrench word

Informatika- Russian word

Information support with Knowledge

Components of Information Technology

Computer Technology,

Communication Technology and

Printing Technologies


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Communication Technology

Audio Technology

Audio-Visual Technology

Facsimile Transmission (Fax)

Electronic Mail


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Computer

Computer

Introduction-

Computer- Dictionary meaning To Compute Initially designed to perform arithmeticoperation even called as calculator.

Computer are defined as device that operate upon data or information.

It store, process & retrieve data as and when desired so it also called as dataprocessor.

Characteristic-

Speed

Accuracy

Diligence(Dullness & lack of Concentration)

Versatility

Power of Remembering

No Feelings

No IQ


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MAINFRAME

LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER

ONE GIGABYTE RAM AND OVER

COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY

APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA

COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS

In all IT, FMCGLarge & Middle Scale

*

2.9


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MINICOMPUTER

MIDDLE-RANGE

BELOWONE GIGABYTE RAM

UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS

USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR

MAINFRAME

*

2.10


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MICROCOMPUTER

DESKTOP OR PORTABLE

UP TO ONE GIGABITE

PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS

AFFORDABLE

MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS

CAN BE NETWORKED

*

2.11


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LAPTOPS & SMALLER

LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): Briefcase type package, very portable, can be

inexpensive, can connect to other computers or networks

2.12


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Zeroeth Generation

Man used his fingers, ropes, bones and other objects for counting.

Electricity was not yet invented


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FIRST GENERATION,

19511958: The Vacuum Tube The first generation of computers, characterized by vacuum tubes, started in 1951

with the creation of -

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)a tabulating machine which won thecontest for the fastest machine which could count the US 1890 census.

VACUUM TUBESelectronic tubes about the size of light bulbs.


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SECOND GENERATION,

19591964: The Transistor

The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors, which characterized the secondgeneration of computers.

TRANSISTORwas a three-legged component which shrunk the size of the firstgeneration computers. Occupied only 1/100thof the space occupied by a vacuum tube

More reliable, had greater computational speed, required no warm-up time and consumedfar less electricity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Transistor-photo.JPG


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THIRD GENERATION,

19651970: The Integrated Circuit

Third generation computers arose in 1965 with the invention of smaller electronic

circuits called integrated circuits (ICS)

INTEGRATED CIRCUITSare square silicon chips containing circuitry that can

perform the functions of hundreds of transistors.
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FOURTH GENERATION,

1971Present: The Microprocessor

Marked by the use of microprocessor

MICROPROCESSORis a silicon chip that contains the CPUpart of the

computer where all processing takes place.

4004 chipwas the first microprocessor introduced by Intel Corporation.
http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062857/K=microprocessor/v=2/SID=w/l=II/R=14/SS=i/OID=3687cae1a9f30154/SIG=1gb0kkujn/EXP=1121298252/*-http%3A//images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dmicroprocessor%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3DFP-tab-img-t%26fl%3D0%26x%3Dwrt&h=184&w=245&imgcurl=www.goldkist.net%2FIBM-MICROPROCESSOR1.jpg&imgurl=www.goldkist.net%2FIBM-MICROPROCESSOR1.jpg&size=26.0kB&name=IBM-MICROPROCESSOR1.jpg&rcurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldkist.net%2F..%2FIBM-686cpu.htm&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldkist.net%2F..%2FIBM-686cpu.htm&p=microprocessor&type=jpeg&no=14&tt=30,550&ei=UTF-8


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The Central Processing Unit


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The CPU

Converts data into information

Control center

Set of electronic circuitry that executes storedprogram instructions

Three parts

Control Unit (CU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Registers


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Control Unit

CU

Pass the instruction by indexing them

Directs the computer system to executestored program instructions

Communicates with other parts of the

hardware


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Arithmetic / Logic Unit

ALU

Performs arithmetic operations

Performs logical operations


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Arithmetic Operations

Addition

Subtraction

Multiplication

Division


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Logical Operations

Evaluates conditions

Makes comparisons

Can compare

Numbers

Letters

Special characters


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Registers

Special-purpose

High-speed

Temporary storage

Located inside CPU

Instruction register

Holds instruction currentlybeing executed

Data register

Holds data waiting to beprocessed

Holds results from processing


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Executing Programs

CU gets an instruction and places it in memory

CU decodes the instruction

CU notifies the appropriate part of hardware to takeaction

Control is transferred to the appropriate part of hardware

Task is performed

Control is returned to the CU


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The Computer Continuum 3-27

Primary Memory

Primary storageor memory: Is where the data and program that are

currently in operation or being accessed are stored during use.

Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast and

expensive. Two types:

RAM(non-permanent)

Programs and data can be stored here for the computers use.

Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shutsdown.

ROM(permanent)

Contents do not change.


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Types of Storage

Secondary

Data that will near future

Long-term

Memory Data that will be used in the eventually be used

Temporary

Faster access than storage

Registers Data immediately related to the operation being executed

Faster access than memory


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RAM

Requires current to retain values

Volatile

Data and instructions can be read and

modified

Users typically refer to this type of memory


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Whats in RAM?

Operating System

Program currently running

Data needed by the program

Intermediate results waiting to be output


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Types of RAM

SRAM

Retains contents as long as power is

maintained

Faster than DRAM


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Types of RAM

DRAM

Must be constantly refreshed

Used for most PC memory because of size andcost

SDRAM

faster type of DRAM


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ROM

Programs and data that are permanently recorded atthe factory

Read

Use

Cannot be changed by the user

Stores boot routine that is activated when computeris turned on

Nonvolatile


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PROM

Programmable ROM

ROM burner can change instructions on some

ROM chips

EPROM


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Storage Technology

Electronic devices that store, retrieve, and

save instructions and data.

Todays microcomputers or PCs include several

types of storage devices.

Capacityand speedare important

considerations when selecting a new storage

device for a PC.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=216.121.19.246/images/storage.jpg&imgrefurl=http://216.121.19.246/pages/storage.htm&h=258&w=508&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstorage%2Bdevices%26num%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG


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Storage Technology

Magnetic storage devicesstoredata by magnetizing particleson a disk or tape. They have a

limited life-span of 1 to 5 years,depending on the device.

Optical storage devicesstoredata as light and dark spots onthe disk surface. They have anunlimited life-span.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.pns.anl.gov/ckl_science/Images%2520folder/CD-ROM.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.pns.anl.gov/ckl_science/Materials/GaN_application.html&h=276&w=228&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%2522optical%2Bstorage%2Bdevices%2522%26num%3D20%26hl%3Den


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Storage Devices

Hard Disk Drives

Capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB or

billions of bytes).

Typically permanently installed.

Used to store operating system, application

software, utilities and data. Magnetic storage device.

Learn more about how a hard disk drive works from How

Stuff Works website.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htm


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Storage Devices

Floppy Disk Drives

Capacity is 1.44 to 2.0

megabytes (MB or millions ofbytes).

Storage device with the smallest

capacity

Most portable storage media

Magnetic storage device.


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Storage Devices

CD-ROM Drives

Typically installed on all new computer

systems. (Were add-on device until the mid

1990s).

Capacity is 600 to 750 megabytes

(MB or millions of bytes).

Most mass-produced commercial software is

packaged on a CD.


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Storage Devices

CD-ROM Drives

Used more often now for backup storage as

CD-RW (read/write) technology has become

less expensive.

Data is read from CD by a laser.

Optical storage device.


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Storage Devices

Other Types of Drives

Zip DrivesSeveral different capacities are available.

Tape DrivesGenerally used for system backups,

becoming less common.

DVD drivesCan also read CDs, now more common

as a standard device on new computer systems.


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Input, Output, and

Storage

Chapter 1


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2003 The McGraw-Hill

Companies

Devices

Input Devices Output Devices Storage Devices


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Introduction

Examples

pp. 59.-61

Real World

Data

Computer

DataInput device

Dear Mom: Keyboard 10110010

Digital

camera10110010


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2003 The McGraw-HillCompanies

1.4 Input Devices

I nput devicecaptures information and translates it into a formthat can be processed and used by other parts of your computer.

Keyboards

Pointing devices

Game controllersScanners

Styluses

Microphones

Digital cameras

Web cams

p. 5.130 Fig. 5-1


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Input Devices

The keyboard is the most common inputdevice. Types of keyboards include:

Wireless

Multimedia and one-touch access

Portable keyboards for PDAs

p. 5.131 Fig. 5-2


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Types of Input Devices

p. 5.131 Fig. 5-2


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Pointing Devices

Various pointing devices are available

Types of pointing devices:

Mouse

Optical mouse

Wireless mouse

Touchpad

p. 5.132 & P. 5.133 Fig. 5-3 & Fig 5.4

SimNet Concepts Support CD: Mice


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Specialized Input Devices

Other types of input devices include:

Scanners

Styluses

Microphones

Digital cameras

Web cams

p. 5.135 Fig. 5-6


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Scanner

Scanneris a light sensitive device that helps you

copy or capture images, photos, and artwork

that exist on paper. Types of scanners include:

Flatbed

SimNet Concepts Support CD: Scanners


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Styluses

Stylusis an input device consisting of a thin

stick that uses pressure to enter information

or to click and point

Styluses are used with:PDAsTablet PCs

Graphics tablets

p. 5.135 Fig. 5-6


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Microphones

Microphones are used toinput audio

Three main types ofmicrophones are:Desktop microphones

Headsets

Directional microphones

Speech recognition isincreasingly being included inapplication software


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Digital Cameras

Digital cameras are used to: Download images to a computer

Post pictures to the Web

Produce videos Resolution is measured in

megapixels

Higher the resolution, better the

image quality, but the moreexpensive the camera

SimNet Concepts Support CD: Digital Cameras


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Web Cams

Web camis a video camera that

can be used to take images for

uploading to the Web


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5.2 Output Devices

Output devicestake informationwithin your computer and present itto you in a form that you can

understand Main output devices:

Monitors

Printers

Speakers

SimNet Concepts Support CD:

Overview of Output Devices


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Flat Panel Display Devices

Devices with flat-panel displays

Tablet PCs

Cellular phones

Desktop computers
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/pda.htmhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/pda.htm


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Monitors

CRTs

Flat-panel displays

Gas plasma

LCD (liquid crystal display)

p. 5.137 Fig. 5-9

SimNet Concepts Support CD: Monitors


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Screen Talk

Screen sizemeasured as a diagonal line across the screenfrom corner to opposite corner

Resolutionthe number of pixels displayed on the screen(the higher the resolution, the closer together the dots)

800x6001024x7681280x720 (widescreen)1280x768 (widescreen)1280x960 (widescreen)1280x10241920x1440 (widescree

Pixels(or picture element) dots that make up the imageon your screen

Refresh ratethe speed with which a monitor redraws theimage of the screen, and is measured in hertz


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Companies

Printers

Inkjetmost popular

Makes images by forcing droplets

through nozzles

Top speed is 20 pages per minute

Laser

Forms images using an electrostatic

process Prints between 3 and 30 pages per

minute


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Companies

Printers - Cont

Resolution of a printer is the

number of dots per inch (dpi) it

produces.

Higher the resolution, better the

image, and usually the more costly

the printer


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Companies

Printers - Cont.

Multifunction printer:

Scan, copy, fax, and print

Can be either inkjet or laser

Cost less than buying

individual units

Take up less desk space

SimNet Concepts Support CD: Printers

p. 5.139 Fig. 5-11


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Companies

Speakers

A speakeris a device thatproduces computer output assound

Speakers are commondevices in computer systemsExamples include:

Built-in speaker

Two-device set speakers

Surround sound speakers


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IT Application In Management

CORPORATE WORLD:-- Intra networking For connectivity within the organization and Internet for

connectivity the with whole world and information exchange.

It saves time and in corporate world Time is money

HOSPITALITY:--

Online live help from Dot. Of other country with the help of WEBCAM. Most ofthe surgery has studied 1st on PC, near about all the test has done with help of technow days.

It makes to diagnosis the dieses and cure them.

GOVERNMENT SECTOR:--

DTE all MBA procedure totally based on internet from filling the application fromup to taking admission.

CONSTRUTION BUSNIESS:--

CAD/CAM For design of building Arc. With accuracy also used for machine design


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IT Application In Management

Banking1. To day Banking totally depend on Computer and networking

Like ATM,Online Banking, Online Money Transfer (WUMT).

2. Proper communication between all types of Bank(Co-operative, national,

international) So business become easy.

3. Foreign currency rates.Business Application

All types of company(MNC, Small scale) are almost depend on there computer for

office work and on internet for getting ,giving and updating information purpose.

We can also use E-Commerce (B2B,B2C,B2G)

Payroll & Personal Reco.1. We can keep record. Individually of Wages and Salaries

2. On Line Acct. Facility

3. We Can keep Current Balance Deposit, overdrafts, shares.


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Companies

5.3 Storage Devices

Storage devicestores information to berecalled and used at a later time

Three major technology types forinformation storage:

Magnetic

Optical or laser

Flash memory

SimNet Concepts Support CD: Storage Concepts


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Companies

Storage Medium Terms

Byte

Kilobyte (KB)

Megabytes (MB)

Gigabytes (GB)

Terabytes (TB)

Petabyte (PB) Exabyte (EB)

= 8 bits

1 Thousand Bytes

1 Million Bytes

1 Billion Bytes

1 Trillion Bytes

1 quadrillion Bytes1 quintillion Bytes

Magnetic Storage Devices: Internal


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Companies


Magnetic Hard Disk

Magnetic storage devices can be

either internal or external

Internal magnetic hard disks are

fixed inside the system unit

External magnetic hard disks are

portable

SimNet Concepts Support CD: Removable Disks



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Companies


Magnetic Hard Disk

Internal hard diskis a magneticstorage device with

One or more thin platters that store

information sealed inside the disk drive. Read/write heads access the information

on surface

Heads readinformation while copying itfrom disk to RAM

Heads writeinformation when copying itfrom RAM to disk

Magnetic Storage Devices: External


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Companies

Magnetic Storage Devices: External

Magnetic Hard Disk

External hard disksare magnetic

storage media which are portable

storage units that you can connect

to your computer as necessary

Great for backup storage devices

Ability to transport your hard disk

from one computer to another


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Companies

Floppy Disks and Zip Disks

Removable magnetic storage mediacome in two basic types:

Traditional floppy disks

Zip disks These storage media are useful for:

Storing files for backup or securitypurposes

Transferring files from one computer toanother

Removable Magnetic Storage: Floppy


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Companies

Removable Magnetic Storage: Floppy

Disk

Floppy Mylar disk

Housed inside a hard plastic

casing

Thin, flexible plastic disk

3.5 inch floppy disks

also called floppies, diskettes,

floppy disks

Holds about 1.44 megabytes of

information

High-capacity disks

Zip disk

p. 5.144 Fig. 5.15


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Companies

Optical Storage

CDs

DVDs

Both are optical storage

and have three formats: Read-only

Write-once

Read-and-write


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Companies

Optical Storage Media

Read-Only CD-ROM

DVD-ROM

One-Time Writable CD-R

DVD-R

Fully Read-and-Write CD-RW

DVD-RW or

DVD-RAM

SimNet Concepts Support CD: CDs and DVDs


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Companies

Flash Memory Cards

Flash memory cards have high-

capacity storage laminated

inside a small piece of plastic

Flash flash memory cards do notneed a drive with moving parts

to operate


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Companies

Flash Memory Talk

CompactFlash (CF)

xD-Picture Card (xD)

SmartMedia (SM) Card

SecureDigital (SD) card and

MultiMediaCards (MMC)

Memory Stick Media


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Memory Components Types:

Volatile: Random Access Memory (RAM):

SRAM "static" (work still power is there)

DRAM "dynamic" (need to refresh capacitor)

Non-volatile: Read Only Memory (ROM):

PROM programmable"

EPROM "electrically programmable"

EEPROM "erasable electrically programmable


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RAM

RAM is basically a computer's short-term memory, it temporarily stores theinformation a program requires to run while it is running.

RAM runs at a very high speed when compared to hard-drive speed because it is

used and needed more.

In fact RAM is so important that RAM size and speed can play an equal or greater

part in the computer's speed than the CPU. However the data stored in RAM is lost when the computer is switched off, so it

can not be used for long term storage.

Modern computers can get up to 4GB of ram, and 512MB is required to install the

latest version of Windows, "Vista."


Companies


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SOFTWARES - are programs that make a

computer run. They are sets of instructions

which tell the computer what to do to come

up with the desired result.

DEFINITION

Concept


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Concept

The HW needs SW to be useful; the SW

needs HW to be useful

When the user needs something to bedone by the computer, he/she gives

instructions in the form of SW tocomputer HW

These instructions need to be written in a

language that is readily understoodby thecomputer.

C i f C S f


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Categories of Computer Software

General-Purpose

Programs

Application-Specific

Programs

SystemManagement

Programs

ApplicationSoftware

ComputerSoftware

SystemSoftware


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SystemSoftware

ApplicationSoftware

Software

S t S ft


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System Software- Programs that work automatically once you open or

boot your computer.

- Their task include loading and running programs,

checking and protecting computers, and controlling

hardware.- It is the control software that operates the hardware and

allows the application to run.

Operating System (OS)


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p g y

Performs its work invisibly to control the internal functions

of a computer, e.g. maintaining fileson the disk drive,managing the screen, controlling which tasks thecomputer performsand in what order

It interacts directly with the computer HW

Other SW normally does not directly interact with the HW,but through the OS

E l


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Examples

Windows XPhome and business

Windows 2000business network use

Mac Operating SystemGUI, graphics

UNIXgeneral purpose, mainframe Linuxalternative to Windows

Doscommand driven

O ti S t


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Operating Systems

Operating Systems run in thebackground without the users

being aware of it.

It controls the inputs, outputs,interrupts, and storage of files as

requested by the applications

software.

LINUX


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LINUX

DOS


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DOS

APPLICATION SOFTWARE


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Are programs installed in the computer. Itenables the user to do different tasks.



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Used for a specific purpose or application. Word processing;

Numerical analysis and storage;

Recording of data; Designing and graphics;

Image processing;

Presentations;

Desk top publishing;

Web design.

WORD PROCESSORS


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WORD PROCESSORS

Used in creating letters, memos, reports andother write-ups.

Examples: Wordstar

MS Word

WordPerfect

MS Word


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ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET


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ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET

Software that are equipped with rows andcolumns where data may be entered and

processed automatically or tabulated.

Examples:

Visicalc Quattro

Supercalc Ms Works

Lotus 123

Excel

EXCEL 2007


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EXCEL 2007

DATABASE


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DATABASE

Programs that can be use to organize data in acustomized way.

Examples:

MS Access MySQL

Dbase Oracle

Foxbase Lotus Approach

Dbase


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Dbase

Oracle Database


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Oracle Database

Utility Programs


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Utility Programs

Virus checking and cleaning.

Security using identification and passwords.

File and hard disk management for efficiency and

storage. Customising the computer to the users

requirements, i.e. short cut menus from mouse click.

Setting peripheral devices to the users requirements,

i.e. setting the monitor resolution.

Utilities


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Computer programs that perform a particularfunction related to computer systemmanagement and maintenance

Examples:

1. Anti-virus SW

2. Data compression SW

3. Disk optimization SW

4. Disk backup SW

5. Disk cleaner


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Entertainment Software


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Entertainment Software

Specially designed for fun and relaxation.

Example

Real Player WinAmp QuickTime

Windows Media Player VLC Media


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Multimedia, Desktop and Image


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Editing Software

Used to create graphics and publications andto edit images

Examples

Adobe Photoshop Adobe Pagemaker

Corel Draw Publisher


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Documents

ppt for technlogy