19th century Nationalism & Imperialism

Napoleonic Empire 1812

Congress of Vienna

Austria, Russia, Prussia & England (later France)

Age of Diplomacy

Will govern by accord, diplomatic balance of power within Europe.Decides to restore order in the old, conservative ways with KINGS.No wars between the states of EuropePromotion of national interestsWHAT IS NATIONALISM? How do you get people behind it?

European Imperialism

Imperialism becomes intricately tied to Nationalism both economically and politically.An expression of a nations wealth and influenceFurthering the previous colonial interests to supply raw goods for production of finished goods through industrialization.Primary areas: Africa, Asia, Latin America

Imperial Problems

German and Italian Unification in the 1860-70s.Attempts to control the rate of change and prevent political upheaval.Nationalism fuels unification through non-wars. Franco-Prussian War, Austrian-Prussian War.Crimean War 1855

Concerns over Russias expansion in Crimean War (1855)

Declining Ottoman Empire, including SE Europe.Access to MediterraneanShift of balance of power

Fr & Eng. Help the Ottomans AGAINST Russia

British Empire 19th c.

French English venture for access to the Red Sea from Mediterranean; crucial for access to Asia by Europe.

akg-images

Opening of Suez Canal, 1869

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Congress of Berlin 1872

Gathered to apportion the empires of EuropeCompetition for colonies among non-empires sets up alliances for WW IOtto von Bismarck sets up this conference to try to deal with Partitioning of AfricaDecline of the Ottoman EmpireTerritories in AsiaStop expansion of Russia

Ottoman Empire ca. 1900 -- Decline

Ottoman Empire declines over several centuriesAttempts to save by reforming Sultans over the 19th centuryMajor Problems:Provincial structure, unruly army (Janissaries)Economic threat from European industrialization as well as colonial interestsSome Ottoman provinces resist colonization by Europeans.Egypt is critical to Englands overseas trade.Egypt is semi-autonomous, under governer Muhammad Ali (after napoleon)

Selim III

Tried to initiate reforms of

Ottoman military

Killed in coup detat in1806.

Muhammad Ali

Born: Macedonia, 1769

Led Albanian contingent against Napoleon: 1799

Granted title of Pasha and made governor of Egypt: 1805

Conquered Sudan: 1822-1823

Put down insurrection in Crete: 1824

Conquered Ottoman provinces of Palestine, Syria: 1831

Treaty of London denies Ali rule over Levant but forces emperor to recognize Alis dynastic rule over Egypt

Died: 1849

Mahmud II

Born: 1785

Became Sultan: 1808

Abolished Jannisaries: 1826

Initiated Tanzimat reforms: 1839

Died: 1839

Young Turks

Calls for a new Ottoman constitution1876: radicals seize power and force Sultan Abdul Hamid II to grant constitutionHamid then suspended the constitution and ruled without parliamentCommittee/Society of Union and Progress formed in 1889 Wanted restoration of constitutional rule

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Asia in 1914

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Europe in 1914 at the outbreak of war

Russia at the end of the 19th century

Autocratic, antiquated military, under-industrialized.Sergei Witte urged Nicholas II to accelerate industry, refused.1905 Russo-Japanese War, navy destroyedShocking blow; the last war had been the Napoleonic, which the Russians won against Nap.Little social reform since liberation of serfs 1861No constitution under Nicholas IIFinally forced to call the Duma in 1905, disbands shortly thereafter (aborted revolution)

Romanov Dynasty

Russia enters WW I as part of the Triple Entente (England, Russia, France) against Germany, Italy and Austro-Hungary

After 3 years and massive destruction, Bolshevik Revolution breaks out at home; Russia forced to withdraw.

Romanov family exiled, later killed.

Bolsheviks come to power

Treaty of Brest Litovsk

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gets Russia out of the war; tremendous losses to Russia.Most of western lands that were industrialized, natural resources, agricultural lands.

Western Front WW I

War continues on western front for another year.Trench WarfareTechnology of warTremendous losses to allAttritionCollapse in 1918, Treaty of VersaillesAct 231 = War Guilt Clause to Germany

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