Prelude to Revolution Prelude to Revolution French Indian WarFrench Indian War

conflict between GB & France (and conflict between GB & France (and Indian allies) for control of American Indian allies) for control of American colonies; ended in 1763 with Treaty of colonies; ended in 1763 with Treaty of ParisParis

GB claimed Canada & virtually all of GB claimed Canada & virtually all of N. American east of Mississippi RiverN. American east of Mississippi River

Caused financial crisis for GBCaused financial crisis for GB

Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763

British govt banned all settlement British govt banned all settlement west of Appalachian Mts, hoping to west of Appalachian Mts, hoping to avoid further conflicts with Native avoid further conflicts with Native Americans; Impossible to enforce, Americans; Impossible to enforce, further weakening British authorityfurther weakening British authority

Taxes Anger Colonists Taxes Anger Colonists

Sugar Act, 1764Sugar Act, 1764

placed duties on imports not previously taxed, including sugar

colonial merchants felt the British govt was violating their rights…”taxation w/o representation”

Townshend Acts, 1767 (repealed 4/1770)Townshend Acts, 1767 (repealed 4/1770)

new attempt to get money from colonies; indirect taxes on imports coming from Britain (glass, lead, paint, paper & tea)

colonists organized resistance; boycott British goods

later repealed because cost more to enforce than they were making

Stamp Act Stamp Act First tax to affect colonists directlyFirst tax to affect colonists directly

required colonists to purchase special required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every legal document, stamped paper for every legal document, license, newspaper, pamphlets, almanacslicense, newspaper, pamphlets, almanacs

affected all colonists, rich & poor, not just affected all colonists, rich & poor, not just merchants like previous actsmerchants like previous acts

colonists who disobeyed didn’t get jury trialcolonists who disobeyed didn’t get jury trial

caused colonists to lose respect for king’s caused colonists to lose respect for king’s officeholdersofficeholders

protests (boycotts of British goods)protests (boycotts of British goods) started to started to organize; caused eventual repealorganize; caused eventual repeal

While Britain repealed Act, still said it had While Britain repealed Act, still said it had right to pass laws for coloniesright to pass laws for colonies

Boston Massacre Boston Massacre

Fistfight started over jobs (poorly paid Fistfight started over jobs (poorly paid soldiers looked for extra work in shipyards soldiers looked for extra work in shipyards during off-duty time)during off-duty time)

Mob gathered in front of customs house; led Mob gathered in front of customs house; led to armed clashto armed clash

Five colonists killed; Enraged colonists more Five colonists killed; Enraged colonists more than everthan ever

Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party Tea ActTea Act: May, 1773: May, 1773

British East India Tea Company was British East India Tea Company was facing bankruptcy; was only legal supplier facing bankruptcy; was only legal supplier of tea in coloniesof tea in colonies

Tea Act eliminated taxes on British East Tea Act eliminated taxes on British East India tea; colonial tea sellers still had to pay India tea; colonial tea sellers still had to pay taxestaxes

Put colonial tea sellers out of businessPut colonial tea sellers out of business

Tea was cheaper, but colonists Tea was cheaper, but colonists protestedprotested

Boston Tea Party, December 16, 1773

Boston rebels dressed as Native Americans; Dumped 15,000 pounds of East India Company’s tea from three ships

Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party

Intolerable Acts 1774 Intolerable Acts 1774

Called the “Coercive Acts” by the British

Designed to punish Boston for the Boston Tea Party-shut down Boston harbor-placed under martial law

Quartering Act: authorized British commanders to house soldiers in vacant private homes & other buildings

interfered with local government-no town meetings-government officials to be tried in England

or Nova Scotia

Attempt to isolate Massachusetts only served to strengthen colonies’ unity

Lexington & Concord/Bunker Lexington & Concord/Bunker Hill 1775Hill 1775

British marched to Concord to seize illegal weapons

Battle of Lexington lasted 15 minutes (8 colonists, 1 British killed)

at Concord, 3,000 to 4,000 minutemen had assembled; fired on British who fell by the dozen

British troops march on Boston resulted in the Bunker Hill conflict…1200 total wounded or killed in skirmish between minutemen and British soldiers

The Great Debate…The Great Debate…

Set off debate in colonies about what to do next…two sides: Loyalists & Patriots

Loyalists: Those who felt Colonists should remain loyal to Britain

Patriots: Those who felt the Colonists deserved to be free of British rule

The Continental Congress: Delegates of each state that represented the Colonists

First: Fall 1774, met to discuss the Intolerable Acts of the British: decided to boycott British goods

Second: May 1775; took responsibility for Army

Declaring IndependenceDeclaring Independence

July 2, Congress Declares the American Colonies to be free of British Rule

July 4, Congress approves Declaration of Independence

In this Document, author Thomas Jefferson uses Enlightenment and Thomas Paine’s (Common Sense) ideas denouncing King George III; declaring, among other claims, that humans are born with natural rights and that these rights are inalienable and cannot be taken away by a government

Early Republic and the Early Republic and the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

1783-17871783-1787

We Won!!! Now what..?We Won!!! Now what..?After the colonists had won their independence in 1783, they had to decide what time of government they would have

Most favored Republicanism, or a Republic: Elected leaders would make decisions for the whole

After Declaring Independence, Congress asked each state to create their own constitutions. All called for: republics, rights to citizens, limits to leaders’ power

Pertinent Question: Who should have more power, state or federal government?

Created Articles of Confederation: State Government and Federal Government share power

First National Government First National Government (1776 – 1788)(1776 – 1788)

• Governed by the newly created Governed by the newly created Document Document Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

• Continental CongressContinental Congress– No President or Prime MinisterNo President or Prime Minister– One Colony – One VoteOne Colony – One Vote

Problems of New RepublicProblems of New Republic

• Debts – left over from war, Debts – left over from war, which made life difficult b/c..which made life difficult b/c..– No Paper MoneyNo Paper Money– No Taxation PowersNo Taxation Powers– American Interests & TradeAmerican Interests & Trade

• Lack of National MilitaryLack of National Military

• Enforcing Treaty of ParisEnforcing Treaty of Paris

• Western LandsWestern Lands

Consequences of War for Blacks, Indians Consequences of War for Blacks, Indians and Womenand Women

• Blacks – separation of North and Blacks – separation of North and South: fear of revolts and further South: fear of revolts and further oppressionoppression

• Indians – Abandoned by British due to Indians – Abandoned by British due to what was viewed as betrayal by Britishwhat was viewed as betrayal by British

• Women – left out of consideration in Women – left out of consideration in terms of political rightsterms of political rights

• State Power – the Creation of the State Power – the Creation of the Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation

Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of theArticles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederationStates afraid to relinquish power; each state functioned independently

A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]; 13 out of 13 to amend.

Representatives were frequently absent.

Could not tax (how pay debts?) or raise armies--lead to problems in foreign relations

No executive or judicial branches...how enforce laws?

Weakness of Articles led to a push for a Weakness of Articles led to a push for a stronger national governmentstronger national government

Colonial and State Colonial and State GovernmentsGovernments

Democratic/PopulistDemocratic/Populist•Voting Rights for all free Voting Rights for all free men paying taxesmen paying taxes•Unicameral LegislatureUnicameral Legislature•Weaker GovernorsWeaker Governors•Smaller Representation Smaller Representation DistrictsDistricts•Religious TolerationReligious Toleration•States:States:

– New YorkNew York– PennsylvaniaPennsylvania– VirginiaVirginia

Conservative/ElitistConservative/Elitist•Voting rights restricted to Voting rights restricted to property holdersproperty holders•Bicameral LegislaturesBicameral Legislatures•Strong GovernorsStrong Governors•‘‘Established’ ReligionsEstablished’ Religions•States:States:

– MassachusettsMassachusetts– ConnecticutConnecticut

Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist

(strong national gov’t) (states should (strong national gov’t) (states should have more power)have more power)

Occupational Composition of Occupational Composition of Several State AssembliesSeveral State Assemblies

in the 1780sin the 1780s

The United States in The United States in 17871787

American Exports, To & American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789From Britain: 1783-1789

Annapolis Convention Annapolis Convention (1786)(1786)

12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]

GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.

Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.

Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77Daniel Shays, Western MA

Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes; Farmers took up arms to block foreclosure hearings

State army would be called in to suppress this uprising… the military being called in against it’s own people?

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77There could be no stronger

evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.-- George Washington-- George Washington

***The Articles of ***The Articles of Confederations Confederations

weakness and problems weakness and problems at home led to a call for at home led to a call for the formation of a new the formation of a new

national governmentnational government

The The Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

17871787

Federalist v Anti-Federalist DebateFederalist v Anti-Federalist DebateFederalists: Led Federalists: Led by Alexander by Alexander HamiltonHamilton

Anti-Federalists: Anti-Federalists: Led by Thomas Led by Thomas JeffersonJefferson

The Constitution: FramersThe Constitution: Framers

• MadisonMadison

• HamiltonHamilton

• WashingtonWashington

• By 1787, due to the publication of By 1787, due to the publication of The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers, many of the , many of the Anti-Federalist fears had been Anti-Federalist fears had been quelled, and the Philly Convention quelled, and the Philly Convention could go forward in trying to ratify could go forward in trying to ratify the constitutionthe constitution

The Constitutional ConventionThe Constitutional Convention• Summer of 1787 delegates from the 13 Summer of 1787 delegates from the 13

confederated states gathered in Phil. to create confederated states gathered in Phil. to create a new national constitutiona new national constitution– ““We the people of the United States, in Order to forma a We the people of the United States, in Order to forma a

more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.” Constitution for the United States of America.” Preamble.Preamble.

James MadisonJames Madison

• Very well educated in Very well educated in philosophy and gov.philosophy and gov.

• Believed that, Believed that, “Constitutions “Constitutions established political established political structures that structures that encouraged the best encouraged the best in people while in people while restraining their worst restraining their worst tendencies.”tendencies.”

• One of the main and One of the main and most influential most influential architects of the architects of the Constitution.Constitution.

A Convention of CompromisesA Convention of Compromises

• Some members wanted to amend the Some members wanted to amend the Articles of Confederation, others wanted Articles of Confederation, others wanted to scrap the whole thing and start over.to scrap the whole thing and start over.

• MadisonMadison and others entered the assembly and others entered the assembly with a new plan, with a new plan, The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan– Legislature would be bicameral (two houses: Legislature would be bicameral (two houses:

senate & house of representatives)senate & house of representatives)– Each state would send representatives in Each state would send representatives in

proportion to the number of its citizens.proportion to the number of its citizens.– National gov. would have an executive branch National gov. would have an executive branch

and a judicial branch as well as the right to tax and a judicial branch as well as the right to tax its citizens.its citizens.

– Could veto the act of any state legislature.Could veto the act of any state legislature.

The New Jersey PlanThe New Jersey Plan

• Proposed by opponents of The Proposed by opponents of The Virginia Plan as an alt.Virginia Plan as an alt.– Congress the power to tax and Congress the power to tax and

create a executive and judicial create a executive and judicial branches.branches.

– From the Articles it kept a From the Articles it kept a unicameral congress with the same unicameral congress with the same amount of votes for all states.amount of votes for all states.• This ensured that the states would This ensured that the states would

remain the most powerful governments remain the most powerful governments in America.in America.

The Great CompromiseThe Great Compromise

• Legislative branch would be made up of two Legislative branch would be made up of two houses. houses. – But only the number of reps. in the House of Reps. would But only the number of reps. in the House of Reps. would

be based upon a states pop. be based upon a states pop. – In the senate all states would have an equal number of In the senate all states would have an equal number of

reps.reps.

• Should slaves be counted to determine the Should slaves be counted to determine the number of reps. a state receives? This would number of reps. a state receives? This would either make the southern states very strong or either make the southern states very strong or very weak.very weak.– The The Three-fifths CompromiseThree-fifths Compromise: all enslaved people : all enslaved people

would be counted, but then the total would be multiplied would be counted, but then the total would be multiplied by three-fiths.by three-fiths.

– But this did not allow slaves the right to vote or be But this did not allow slaves the right to vote or be represented in congress. Slaves, Native Americans, and represented in congress. Slaves, Native Americans, and women could not vote.women could not vote.

Compromise Cont.Compromise Cont.

• The compromise was negotiated on July 16, The compromise was negotiated on July 16, 1787.1787.

• The compromises did not give nationalists all of The compromises did not give nationalists all of the changes they wanted, like Congressional the changes they wanted, like Congressional rights to veto state legislation, but the changes rights to veto state legislation, but the changes were none the less significant and formed a were none the less significant and formed a stronger nation.stronger nation.

• State conventions, not the people, approved the State conventions, not the people, approved the new constitution. new constitution.

• Only 9 of the 13 states had to approve the new Only 9 of the 13 states had to approve the new constitution to make it law. constitution to make it law.

The US ConstitutionThe US Constitution

Duties of CongressDuties of Congress

• Bicameral (Two Houses) BodyBicameral (Two Houses) Body• All Legislative (Law making) All Legislative (Law making)

Powers vested in the Powers vested in the CongressCongress

• Only congress can… Only congress can… – coin moneycoin money– deal with other nationsdeal with other nations– declare wardeclare war– raise an army/navyraise an army/navy– regulate commerce. regulate commerce.

• Congress is the most powerful Congress is the most powerful legislative body in the nation legislative body in the nation and can override any state and can override any state legislature.legislature.

Article I: Article I: House of RepsHouse of Reps

• Qualifications for State Reps• Citizen of the State• 25 years of age

• One Representative per 30,000• 2 year terms• Census every ten years

• Elected by citizens qualified to vote in each state• Including bound to servitude for a term of

years• Excluding Indians (not taxed)• “three fifths of all other Persons”

• Sole Power of Impeachment

The SenateThe SenateArticle I, Section 3Article I, Section 3

• Qualifications• Citizen of the State• 30 years of age• Nine years a citizen of US

• Two Senators per state• Lead by Vice President and president pro

tempore • Six year terms• Holds trials of those impeached by the

House

PresidentPresident• Elected every four years and could originally be Elected every four years and could originally be

reelected as many times as the people wished.reelected as many times as the people wished.• Voters chose Voters chose electorselectors to do the voting for them. to do the voting for them.

Each state would receive as many electoral votes Each state would receive as many electoral votes as members it had in congress. Most electoral as members it had in congress. Most electoral votes wins-- House of Reps. chooses Pres. if votes wins-- House of Reps. chooses Pres. if electors fail and each state gets one vote. electors fail and each state gets one vote.

• President is commander-in-chief of the armed President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces and could veto acts of congress. forces and could veto acts of congress.

The ExecutiveThe ExecutiveArticle IIArticle II

• Elected by the Electoral College every 4 years• Qualifications

• Natural Born Citizen• 35 years old• Lived in US for 14 years

• Powers• Veto• Commander in Chief Military• Write Treaties (2/3rds Advise and Consent of Senate)• Appoint (with Advise and Consent of Senate)

• Ambassadors• Judges• Officers

• Duties• Inform the Congress• Convene Congress• Carry out/Enforce duties of government

Judicial BranchJudicial Branch• Pres. chooses judges for Pres. chooses judges for

the national court system. the national court system.

• Judges serve for life as Judges serve for life as long as they act long as they act “honorably.”“honorably.”

• Removing judges is Removing judges is extremely difficult.extremely difficult.– Must be impeached by Must be impeached by

congress (majority vote) congress (majority vote) and then voted out by a 2/3 and then voted out by a 2/3 majority vote from the majority vote from the senate…no Supreme Court senate…no Supreme Court justice has ever been justice has ever been removedremoved

The JudiciaryThe JudiciaryArticle IIIArticle III

• One Supreme Court plus inferior courts created by Congress

• Jurisdiction• Laws of the US• Treaties• Ambassadors, Ministers, Consuls• Military and Maritime Law

• Original jurisdiction• Disputes between States• Ambassadors & Ministers

The New GovernmentThe New Government

• A separation of powers.A separation of powers.– Powers divided among three Powers divided among three

branches:branches:• LegislativeLegislative• ExecutiveExecutive• JudicialJudicial

• System of checks and System of checks and balances.balances.– Each branch would be able to Each branch would be able to

check, or stop, the others with check, or stop, the others with vetoes and 2/3 majority votes vetoes and 2/3 majority votes from congress.from congress.

Relations among the StatesRelations among the StatesArticle IVArticle IV

• Full faith and credit to the Union Full faith and credit to the Union and with each otherand with each other

• Privileges and ImmunitiesPrivileges and Immunities– CitizenshipCitizenship– ExtraditionExtradition– Fugitive Slave ClauseFugitive Slave Clause– Equal Protection Equal Protection – Creates own ConstitutionCreates own Constitution

Powers DiagramPowers Diagram

Articles 5, 6, 7Articles 5, 6, 7• Article V- 2/3 Majority from Article V- 2/3 Majority from bothboth

houses needed for Amendment of houses needed for Amendment of ConstitutionConstitution

• Article VI- Constitution is the Article VI- Constitution is the Supreme law of the land… All states, Supreme law of the land… All states, citizens and members of the citizens and members of the government are bound by the government are bound by the ConstitutionConstitution

• Article VII- Nine states needed to Article VII- Nine states needed to ratify the Constitutionratify the Constitution

• The First 10 Amendments to The First 10 Amendments to the US Constitution are the US Constitution are referred to as the ‘Bill of Rights’referred to as the ‘Bill of Rights’

• Their purpose: To provide Their purpose: To provide rights to the individual citizens rights to the individual citizens of this countryof this country

• James Madison, the architect James Madison, the architect of the Constitution, believed of the Constitution, believed theses were necessary for two theses were necessary for two reasons:reasons:

1.1. Appeasing the Anti-Appeasing the Anti-FederalistsFederalists

2.2. The constitution had not The constitution had not done an adequate job of done an adequate job of addressing individual rightsaddressing individual rights

ENDEND