Preventing the Financial Abuse of Older People by their Family Members Assoc. Professor Dale Bagshaw, PhD Adjunct, School of Social Work & Social Policy,

Preventing the Preventing the Financial Abuse of Financial Abuse of

Older People by their Older People by their Family MembersFamily Members

Assoc. Professor Dale Assoc. Professor Dale Bagshaw, PhDBagshaw, PhD

Adjunct, School of Social Adjunct, School of Social Work & Social Policy, Work & Social Policy, University of South University of South AustraliaAustralia

Workshop, September 2012Workshop, September 2012

18/04/23

Copyright: Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, 2012. 1

18/04/23(c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw,

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Our prior UniSA research 2007Our prior UniSA research 2007 Associate Professor Dale BagshawAssociate Professor Dale Bagshaw Dr Sarah WendtDr Sarah Wendt Dr Lana Zannettino Dr Lana Zannettino

In 2007, we conducted research and wrote In 2007, we conducted research and wrote the following South Australian State Plan the following South Australian State Plan for the Government’s Office for the for the Government’s Office for the Ageing:Ageing:

Our Actions for the Prevention of Abuse of Our Actions for the Prevention of Abuse of Older South Australians Older South Australians

http://www.sapo.org.au/pub/pub11143.htmlhttp://www.sapo.org.au/pub/pub11143.html

A related publicationA related publication

Bagshaw, D., Wendt, S & Zannettino, L. Preventing the Abuse of Older People by their Family Members. Stakeholder Paper 7, Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearing House, September 2009. http://www.adfvc.unsw.edu.au


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Our current research team: Australian Our current research team: Australian Research Council Linkage GrantResearch Council Linkage Grant

Associate Professor Dale Bagshaw (UniSA)Associate Professor Dale Bagshaw (UniSA) Dr Sarah Wendt (UniSA)Dr Sarah Wendt (UniSA) Dr Lana Zannettino (Flinders University)Dr Lana Zannettino (Flinders University) Dr Valerie Adams (UniSA Research Associate)Dr Valerie Adams (UniSA Research Associate)in partnership with in partnership with SA Dept for Families & Communities (Disability, SA Dept for Families & Communities (Disability,

Ageing and Carers Branch), Ageing and Carers Branch), Relationships Australia SA, Relationships Australia SA, Office of the Public Advocate, Office of the Public Advocate, Alzheimer’s Australia SA Alzheimer’s Australia SA Guardianship Board andGuardianship Board and supported by the Aged Rights Advocacy Service.supported by the Aged Rights Advocacy Service.


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The focus of our current research, funded by The focus of our current research, funded by the Australian Research Councilthe Australian Research Council

Preventing the Financial Abuse of Preventing the Financial Abuse of Older People by a Family Older People by a Family member:member:

Designing and Evaluating an Designing and Evaluating an Older Person-Centred Model of Older Person-Centred Model of Family MediationFamily Mediation


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The importance of languageThe importance of language

We use the phrase We use the phrase

‘‘abuse of older people’abuse of older people’ not not

‘‘elder abuse’ elder abuse’

out of respect for our out of respect for our Indigenous Elders.Indigenous Elders.

What age determines when What age determines when one is ‘old’?one is ‘old’?

Varies from 45-65 depending on the Varies from 45-65 depending on the researcher, organisation or serviceresearcher, organisation or service

ABS – starts at 45 which reflects the ABS – starts at 45 which reflects the lower life expectancy of Indigenous lower life expectancy of Indigenous adults.adults.

Commonwealth Age pension – 65+ for Commonwealth Age pension – 65+ for males, 60-65 for females, depending males, 60-65 for females, depending on when they were bornon when they were born

For our research – 65+For our research – 65+18/04/23

(c) Associate Prof Dale Bagshaw, UniSA 7


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Old Woman Dozing by Nicolaes Maes (1656).


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Definitions and types of abuseDefinitions and types of abuse

The most commonly used definition of The most commonly used definition of abuse of older people in Australia is:abuse of older people in Australia is:

Any act occurring within a Any act occurring within a relationship where there is an relationship where there is an implication of trust, which results implication of trust, which results in harm to the older person. in harm to the older person. Abuse can include physical, Abuse can include physical, sexual, financial, psychological, sexual, financial, psychological, social and/or neglect. social and/or neglect.


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Responses to the definition from service providers Responses to the definition from service providers in our prior research (2007)in our prior research (2007)

The vast majority of respondents to our The vast majority of respondents to our survey of service providers supported survey of service providers supported the the need for a broader understanding of need for a broader understanding of abuse abuse to include:to include:abuse occurring in relationships where abuse occurring in relationships where there is an there is an imbalance of power and imbalance of power and controlcontrol (80%) (central to definitions of (80%) (central to definitions of domestic and family violence).domestic and family violence). abuse of older people can be abuse of older people can be genderedgendered (86%) (86%)

Other additions to the definition from Other additions to the definition from service providers in our prior research service providers in our prior research

(2007)(2007) abuse of an older person’s rights abuse of an older person’s rights

(86%)(86%) cultural abuse (86%) cultural abuse (86%) spiritual abuse (85%)spiritual abuse (85%) abuse of an older person’s pets (85%). abuse of an older person’s pets (85%). abuse can also involve a negligent act abuse can also involve a negligent act

or a failure to act, as in cases of or a failure to act, as in cases of neglect (73%). neglect (73%).


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Abuse is more than physicalAbuse is more than physical

It is likely that many members of the It is likely that many members of the community may not have heard the term community may not have heard the term ‘elder abuse’ and/or may only believe ‘elder abuse’ and/or may only believe that behaviour is abusive if it is physical. that behaviour is abusive if it is physical.

Non-physical forms of abuse may be Non-physical forms of abuse may be subtle and hard to detect.subtle and hard to detect.

The older person may be subjected to The older person may be subjected to several different kinds of abuse at the several different kinds of abuse at the same time to a lesser or stronger same time to a lesser or stronger degree.degree.

‘‘Mistreatment’ – a term sometimes Mistreatment’ – a term sometimes used instead of abuseused instead of abuse

It can involve an act of commission It can involve an act of commission (abuse) or omission (neglect) which (abuse) or omission (neglect) which can be can be intentional, wilful, deliberate or intentional, wilful, deliberate or

malicious, malicious, oror unintentional, benign, passive or unintentional, benign, passive or

reckless. reckless.


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Types of abuseTypes of abuse

physicalphysical abuse can include abuse can include being pushed, hit, sexually being pushed, hit, sexually assaulted, burned or physically assaulted, burned or physically restrainedrestrained

psychologicalpsychological abuse can include abuse can include humiliation, insults, threats or humiliation, insults, threats or being treated like a child. being treated like a child.


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NeglectNeglect

NeglectNeglect can include can include passive neglectpassive neglect: being left alone, : being left alone,

isolated, or forgotten andisolated, or forgotten and active neglectactive neglect: withholding of : withholding of

items that are necessary for daily items that are necessary for daily living, such as food and medicine, living, such as food and medicine, or placing older people in isolated or placing older people in isolated or substandard care.or substandard care.


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Types of abuseTypes of abuse

Medical abuse Medical abuse can include the can include the inappropriate use of restraints or the inappropriate use of restraints or the withholding or careless withholding or careless administration of drugs, failure to administration of drugs, failure to treat an illness etc treat an illness etc

Social and environmental Social and environmental abuse can abuse can include a failure to provide necessary include a failure to provide necessary human services and involuntary human services and involuntary social isolationsocial isolation


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Financial abuseFinancial abusemaking improper use of an older making improper use of an older person’s property or money without his person’s property or money without his or her knowledge or permission such asor her knowledge or permission such asforgery forgery stealing stealing forced changes to a will forced changes to a will involuntary transfer of money or property to involuntary transfer of money or property to another person another person withholding funds from the older person and withholding funds from the older person and thethefailure to repay loans.failure to repay loans.


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Financial abuseFinancial abuse Can also include the Can also include the misappropriation misappropriation

of enduring powers of enduring powers when a trusted when a trusted person (usually a family member) is person (usually a family member) is legally appointed with enduring powers legally appointed with enduring powers to manage the financial affairs of the to manage the financial affairs of the older person whose frailty is increasing older person whose frailty is increasing and can no longer manage their own and can no longer manage their own affairs. affairs.

With the ageing population and the With the ageing population and the increasing complexity associated increasing complexity associated with financial management, this with financial management, this type of abuse is likely to increase. type of abuse is likely to increase.


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Our findings from 2007 researchOur findings from 2007 research

The abuse of older peopleThe abuse of older peopleis an under-researched and hidden is an under-researched and hidden problemproblemoccurs across the spectrum of our occurs across the spectrum of our societysociety is often unrecognised, unreported, is often unrecognised, unreported, and hard to detect. and hard to detect.


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Prevalence Prevalence Australian and overseas studies have Australian and overseas studies have

estimated that estimated that between 3 and 5% of between 3 and 5% of older people aged 65 years and over and older people aged 65 years and over and living at homeliving at home suffer from various forms suffer from various forms of abuse or neglect (Kurrle 2004, p.809). of abuse or neglect (Kurrle 2004, p.809).

These figures These figures vary withvary with the methods and the methods and definitions used.definitions used.

Most of the abused older people are Most of the abused older people are women women

(Rabiner, O’Keefe & Brown, 2004). (Rabiner, O’Keefe & Brown, 2004).

Prevalence in AustraliaPrevalence in Australia

Australian Institute of Criminology Australian Institute of Criminology found that found that ‘4.6% ‘4.6% of older people are of older people are victims of physical, sexual or victims of physical, sexual or financial abuse, perpetrated by financial abuse, perpetrated by family members and those in a duty family members and those in a duty of care relationshipof care relationship’ ’ (Kinnear & Graycar (Kinnear & Graycar 1999, p.1). 1999, p.1).


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Abuse of older people with dementiaAbuse of older people with dementia Strong link between abuse of older Strong link between abuse of older

people and dementia.people and dementia.

Increasing number of people Increasing number of people diagnosed with dementia specifically diagnosed with dementia specifically in the older age groups who will not in the older age groups who will not be able to manage their financial be able to manage their financial affairs.affairs.


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Prevalence and types of abuse Prevalence and types of abuse Researchers have found that Researchers have found that

psychological and financial abuse—non-psychological and financial abuse—non-physical forms of abuse—are physical forms of abuse—are the most the most likely forms of abuse to be likely forms of abuse to be reported reported by by people 65 and over people 65 and over (Schofield et al 2002: 25).(Schofield et al 2002: 25).

Financial abuse is emerging as a Financial abuse is emerging as a significant form of abuse - there is a significant form of abuse - there is a need for financial literacy training, need for financial literacy training, support from the financial services support from the financial services industry, education and specialised legal industry, education and specialised legal services.services. ((Office of Seniors Victoria, 2005 & 2012)Office of Seniors Victoria, 2005 & 2012)


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Financial abuse of older people Financial abuse of older people by relativesby relatives

Many researchers have concluded that the Many researchers have concluded that the people most likely to commit financial people most likely to commit financial abuse are abuse are the older person’s relatives, in the older person’s relatives, in particular their adult daughter or son particular their adult daughter or son

(Brill, 1999; Cripps, 2001; Boldy, Webb, Horner, Davey, & Kingley, (Brill, 1999; Cripps, 2001; Boldy, Webb, Horner, Davey, & Kingley, 2002; Faye & Sellick, 2003; Johnson 1997; Cavanagh 2003). 2002; Faye & Sellick, 2003; Johnson 1997; Cavanagh 2003).

The Office of the Public Advocate in The Office of the Public Advocate in Western Australia found that, during 1995-Western Australia found that, during 1995-1998, 10% of applications alleged financial 1998, 10% of applications alleged financial abuse and abuse and relatives were most often the relatives were most often the alleged perpetrators. alleged perpetrators.

Financial abuse from relativesFinancial abuse from relatives 2004 study – 2004 study – 80-90%80-90% of abusers of of abusers of

older peopleolder people in Australia were close in Australia were close family members. family members. (Kurrle 2004, p.809).(Kurrle 2004, p.809).

Adult children or other family Adult children or other family

members are most likely to provide members are most likely to provide the assistance required by the the assistance required by the disabled or dependent elderly disabled or dependent elderly person. person. (Kinstle, Hodell and Golding, 2008) (Kinstle, Hodell and Golding, 2008)


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Gender and abuseGender and abuse The Aged Rights Advocacy Service in South The Aged Rights Advocacy Service in South

Australia found financial abuse in one third of Australia found financial abuse in one third of 100 cases over a period of 2 years, the 100 cases over a period of 2 years, the majority of which involved women as victims majority of which involved women as victims aged over 75 yearsaged over 75 years (James & Graycar, 2000; Cripps, 2001(James & Graycar, 2000; Cripps, 2001).).

Other studies have found that abuse of older people within the family is still largely the abuse of older women by older and younger men, and that older women are particularly at risk of financial abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse (e.g. see Penhale 1999; Boldy et al. 2002;

Faye & Selleck 2003; Nerenberg 2008).


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Gender and abuseGender and abuse The gendered nature of the abuse of

older people is still relatively invisible in Australia

Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006) found that one in four women who have experienced an incident of physical violence is aged 45 years and older, a finding supported by other Australian research (e.g. Morgan Disney & Associates 2000).


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DV and older womenDV and older women The domestic violence sector has

tended to focus on younger women and their dependent children and until recently has not paid as much attention to older women’s experiences.

Abuse of older adults is highly likely to be ‘spouse abuse grown old’ (e.g. Nerenberg 2008; Leisey, Kupstas & Cooper, 2009; Brandl, 2000).


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Older women’s experiences may be Older women’s experiences may be different to those of older mendifferent to those of older men

They tend to live longer than men and are more likely to be financially abused

after their partner dies (Brozowski & Hall 2004)

They are more likely to be abused by a broader range of family members than men (Livermore, Bunt & Biscan 2001).

They are less likely to have access to superannuation and, therefore, more likely to rely on the Aged Pension (Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia 2011).


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Financial abuse of older Aboriginal Financial abuse of older Aboriginal AustraliansAustralians

Financial abuse has also been Financial abuse has also been found to be the most common found to be the most common form of abuse experienced by form of abuse experienced by older Australian Aboriginal older Australian Aboriginal people people (Office of the Public Advocate, 2005).(Office of the Public Advocate, 2005).

Due to colonisation, Due to colonisation, dispossession and oppression dispossession and oppression

(NT - ‘humbugging’) (NT - ‘humbugging’)

ATSI Social Justice ATSI Social Justice Commissioner…. Mick GoodaCommissioner…. Mick Gooda

… … says a culture of bullying among says a culture of bullying among Indigenous communities is being fed by Indigenous communities is being fed by harsh Native Title laws and feelings of harsh Native Title laws and feelings of dispossession.dispossession.

Lateral violenceLateral violence…..which occurs when …..which occurs when people who are victims of a situation of people who are victims of a situation of dominance, turn on each other instead of dominance, turn on each other instead of confronting the system that oppresses confronting the system that oppresses them …… is a major problem in them …… is a major problem in indigenous communities.indigenous communities.


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Culturally and linguistically diverse Culturally and linguistically diverse (CaLD)(CaLD)

older adults are at risk of abuse because of older adults are at risk of abuse because of poor English skills poor English skills social isolationsocial isolationdependency on family membersdependency on family memberscross-generational factors which result in cross-generational factors which result in differing expectations of care and supportdiffering expectations of care and supportfear of being shamed by and excluded fear of being shamed by and excluded from their communitiesfrom their communities(Office of the Public Advocate in Western Australia, 2006) (Office of the Public Advocate in Western Australia, 2006)


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New and emerging populationsNew and emerging populationsface additional challenges in re-face additional challenges in re-settlement settlement

For exampleFor examplefamily unemployment, family unemployment, poverty, poverty, the changed roles and rights of older the changed roles and rights of older people (particularly older women), people (particularly older women), lack of family support and intervention,lack of family support and intervention, social isolation, and inter-generational social isolation, and inter-generational conflictsconflicts (Bonar & Roberts 2006).(Bonar & Roberts 2006).


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Our researchOur research

Aims of the Aims of the first stage first stage of our researchof our researchTo critically analyse the current national and To critically analyse the current national and international research and identify models of international research and identify models of intervention designed to prevent the abuseintervention designed to prevent the abuseTo identify and analyse individual, structural & To identify and analyse individual, structural & ecological factors which place people at risk of ecological factors which place people at risk of financial abusefinancial abuseTo identify the existing strengths & gaps in national To identify the existing strengths & gaps in national legislation, organisational policies & service legislation, organisational policies & service provision currently responding to older people provision currently responding to older people experiencing financial abuse from a family memberexperiencing financial abuse from a family member


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Methods used to gather data Methods used to gather data

1.1. Extensive review of the literatureExtensive review of the literature

2.2. Ethics approval from UniSA’s Human Research Ethics Ethics approval from UniSA’s Human Research Ethics CommitteeCommittee

3.3. Online national survey of CEOs of organisations Online national survey of CEOs of organisations servicing older people and of family mediation servicing older people and of family mediation agenciesagencies, using , using SurveyMonkeySurveyMonkey (the link to the survey (the link to the survey emailed to CEOs and adverts placed in relevant emailed to CEOs and adverts placed in relevant publications) – quantitative & qualitative data collectedpublications) – quantitative & qualitative data collected

4.4. 2-day phone-in 2-day phone-in with older people and their relativeswith older people and their relatives

5.5. National on-line survey of older people and their National on-line survey of older people and their relatives relatives (asked CEOs and service providers to (asked CEOs and service providers to distribute the link and placed adverts in publications and distribute the link and placed adverts in publications and The AustralianThe Australian).).


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Total number of survey responsesTotal number of survey responses

CEOs CEOs 228 responses 228 responses Service providers Service providers 214 responses214 responses Relatives Relatives 69 responses 69 responses Older people Older people 45 responses45 responses

TOTAL: TOTAL: 556 responses 556 responses


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Causal and risk factorsCausal and risk factors

CEOs and service providers were CEOs and service providers were asked to check the factors which asked to check the factors which contributed to the financial abuse of contributed to the financial abuse of older people (multiple responses older people (multiple responses were possible) and to add other were possible) and to add other factors if they wished.factors if they wished.


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Risk factors for the financial abuse of older people by their relatives

CEOs(n=164

)

Service providers(n=160)

Total(n=324)

1 Family member having a strong sense of entitlement to older person’s property/possessions

128 135 263

2 Family member with a drug or alcohol problem

128 127 255

3 Older person dependent on a family member for care

126 129 255

4 Older person with diminished capacity, e.g. dementia, depression, mental illness

115 131 246

5 Family member with a gambling problem 122 109 2316 Older person feeling frightened of a family

member110 117 227

7 Older person lacking awareness of his/her rights and entitlements

110 115 225

8 Family member who has a history of using violence/abuse

111 108 219

9 Older person lacking awareness of financial or other services

104 107 211

10 Older person who has felt coerced into granting Power of Attorney to a family member

94 99 193

11 Family member who is mentally ill 98 91 189


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Risk factors for the financial abuse of older people by their relatives

CEOs(n=164

)

Service provider

s(n=160)

Total(n=324)

12 Family member who is poor or unemployed 94 95 18913

Cultural attitudes to ageing and to older people

90 98 188

14

Families caring for older people having limited or no access to support networks or services

86 86 172

15

Older person living with a disability 81 88 169

16

Older person having limited or no access to their money, housing or other resources

76 93 169

17

Older person who has been a victim of violence/abuse from a family member

82 83 165

18

Cultural beliefs and customs in relation to older people’s finances and/or property

81 84 165

19

Reluctance of professionals to intervene in family matters

78 75 153

20

Older person having limited or no access to formal support services

72 80 152

21

Poor communication between members of an older person’s family

62 86 148

22

Older person having limited or no access to informal support networks

68 72 140

23

Older people with limited use of the English language

61 69 130

Causes and risk factors – CEOs & service providers


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24

Older people from Indigenous communities 61 54 115

25

Service providers lacking awareness of the issue

53 60 113

26

Inadequate legislation in relation to financial abuse of older people

54 54 108

27

Older people from culturally and linguistically diverse communities

51 48 99

28

Older people living in rural or remote areas 49 45 94

29

Inadequate provision of services for older people

45 48 93

30

Older person who has abused his/her children in the past

37 53 90

31

Older person sharing a farm or business with a family member

37 48 85

32

Poor communication/collaboration between agencies

38 42 80

33

Poor communication/collaboration between professionals

37 35 72

34

Family members living a long way from the older person and/or each other

37 29 66

35

Family member who has particular religious or spiritual beliefs

19 19 38

Preventative strategiesPreventative strategies

Respondents were asked to Respondents were asked to rank 12 rank 12 strategies that may enhance the strategies that may enhance the prevention of financial abuse prevention of financial abuse of older of older people by a family member in order people by a family member in order of importanceof importance

Responses were received from 132 Responses were received from 132 CEOs & 123 service providers = total CEOs & 123 service providers = total 255 responses.255 responses.


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Strategies to prevent the financial abuse of older people

CEOs(n=132)

Service providers(n=123)

Total(n=255)

1 Acknowledge, support & uphold the rights of older people

110 61 171

2 Raise the status of older people in Australian communities with acknowledgement & support for their rights

113 46 159

3 Provide information/education to older people and their families

112 40 152

4 Raise family & community awareness of financial abuse of older people

110 38 148

5 Increase education & training of relevant professionals

114 30 144

6 Increase resources/funding for preventative services to vulnerable older people and their families

112 30 142

7 Increase accessibility of culturally appropriate services to older people at risk of abuse

109 32 141

8 More family services that directly address the issue of prevention and early intervention

110 27 137

9 Increase accessibility of culturally appropriate services to families with older members

109 20 129

10 Change legislation and policies 106 22 12811 Improve inter-disciplinary and inter-agency

collaboration106 21 127

12 More research of ways to prevent the financial abuse of older people b y a family member

103 15 118

Reasons for concernReasons for concern Older people and their family members Older people and their family members

were asked how concerned they were were asked how concerned they were about the management of the older about the management of the older person’s property, finances or other assets person’s property, finances or other assets now, or as s/he gets oldernow, or as s/he gets older

Respondents who answered ‘Yes’ or Respondents who answered ‘Yes’ or ‘Maybe’ were asked to ‘Maybe’ were asked to check a list of 13 check a list of 13 concerns concerns as a multiple response question as a multiple response question

31 participants responded.31 participants responded.


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Reasons for concern (responses from 31 OP and relatives)Reasons for concern (responses from 31 OP and relatives)

Reason for concern Percentage

No of responses

A family member borrowed property or money and not repaid the older person or given things back as agreed

48.4 15

A family member coerced or persuaded the older person to sign papers or make financial or property arrangements

45.2 14

A family member makes decisions about the older persons finance or property without consulting him/her

29.0 9

The older person is frightened of being put in a home or of being left alone if s/he does not agree to what a relative wants

29.0 9

A family member assumes that s/he can take money or assets as part of their future inheritance without the older person’s agreement

25.8 8

The older person’s concerns about finances, assets or property are not understood or believed by family members or others

22.6 7


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Reason for concern % No of response

s

A family member controls the finances or property of the older person and does not give the older person access to things that they need or want

16.1 5

The older person is unable to pay bills because a family member has taken his/her money

16.1 5

A family member is divorced or separated and expects or demands financial help beyond what the older person can afford

9.7 3

A family member is mentally ill and therefore financially dependent on the older person

6.5 2

A family member has a gambling problem 6.5 2No-one in the family asks what the older person wants or needs or his/her answers are not respected

6.5 2

A family member is addicted to drugs or alcohol and is therefore financially dependent on the older person

3.2 1


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Case examples from Case examples from older women:older women: Daughter refusing to visit or communicate until her

mother gives her money or buys her significant assets - the older person complies out of loneliness and feeling to blame for the daughter's life-outcomes (daughter is single, unhappy and alcoholic)

Since her husband’s death, her son has become more aggressive and demanding and her daughter requires a lot of money to send her child to a private school

Former partner took all her superannuation and then abandoned her. She now lives on the age pension in government housing with no extra income and major health problems

Gave family member a loan and is now unable to retrieve the funds


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Examples of family members’ concerns: Relatives challenging the older person’s wishes

regarding who gets what. The older person’s relatives and carers taking

advantage of her age, memory and financial position. Daughters finding it difficult to convince the relevant

government departments that their brother is financially abusing their mother – he even controls when they can visit her and for how long.

Dementia making their older relative an easy target for financial abuse from other family members.

Sister inappropriately withdrawing money from her mother’s bank account


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Examples of family members’ concernsExamples of family members’ concerns Older person feeling obligated to assist

children/grandchildren financially, to her detriment

Relatives bringing things that they know the older person will want to buy

Substantial assets being managed by the older person’s son with minimal consultation with the other children

The older person pressured to purchase a property in her son’s name. He does not pay anything on the principal.


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Daughter and granddaughter taking money from the older person without asking.

Siblings borrowing money from their father based on the prospect of assumed inheritance with ‘gifts’ being made to purchase new motor vehicles.

Relative an addicted gambler who is always asking the older person for monetary support.

Brother taking advantage of his mother’s memory loss and poor eyesight – getting her to sign cheques for him.

Money has been withdrawn from mother’s bank account that her mother cannot account for.


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Examples of family members’ concernsExamples of family members’ concerns


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Barriers to older people reporting abuseBarriers to older people reporting abuse..

diminished cognitive capacity diminished cognitive capacity mental or physical disabilitymental or physical disability poor or restricted mobility poor or restricted mobility lack of awareness of what constitutes lack of awareness of what constitutes

abuse abuse lack of knowledge of their rights or lack of knowledge of their rights or

resources resources social isolation or fear of alienation social isolation or fear of alienation


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Barriers to older people reporting abuseBarriers to older people reporting abuse

the need to preserve a family relationshipthe need to preserve a family relationship dependency on others in the family dependency on others in the family the stigma and shame associated with the stigma and shame associated with

abuse abuse literacy and language barriersliteracy and language barriers religious, generational and cultural barriers religious, generational and cultural barriers fear of reprisal from the perpetrator andfear of reprisal from the perpetrator and a perceived or actual lack of options or a perceived or actual lack of options or

access to services.access to services.


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Barriers to reporting for older Barriers to reporting for older Indigenous AustraliansIndigenous Australians

In Indigenous communities another In Indigenous communities another layer of complexity relates to the layer of complexity relates to the negative, historical experiences of negative, historical experiences of interventions which led to separation interventions which led to separation and loss for many people. and loss for many people.

Older Indigenous people mostly want Older Indigenous people mostly want to stay in their families and to stay in their families and communities and fear removal if they communities and fear removal if they say anything about the abuse. say anything about the abuse.

Barriers to reporting for victims from Barriers to reporting for victims from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Culturally and Linguistically Diverse

backgroundsbackgrounds Lack of knowledge of the law and Lack of knowledge of the law and

services, reliance on family members services, reliance on family members and their communities for support, as and their communities for support, as well as communication and language well as communication and language difficulties, can result in older CaLD difficulties, can result in older CaLD victims tolerating abusevictims tolerating abuse

(Bagshaw, Wendt & Zannettino 2007; Bonar & (Bagshaw, Wendt & Zannettino 2007; Bonar & Roberts 2006).Roberts 2006).


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Need for a common understanding of what Need for a common understanding of what constitutes abuse of an older personconstitutes abuse of an older person

Social and cultural (rural, ethnic, Social and cultural (rural, ethnic, professional etc) constructions of professional etc) constructions of ageing, gender and of what ageing, gender and of what constitutes ‘abuse’ are definitional constitutes ‘abuse’ are definitional factors which influence how the factors which influence how the community, older people and service community, older people and service providers understand and respond to providers understand and respond to what is happening in abusive what is happening in abusive relationships. relationships.


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Explanations for abuseExplanations for abuse

Ramsey-Klawsnick (2000) points out Ramsey-Klawsnick (2000) points out that there are a variety of theoretical that there are a variety of theoretical explanations for abuse of older explanations for abuse of older people by their family members people by their family members which give rise to various which give rise to various descriptions of and responses to the descriptions of and responses to the abuser.abuser.


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Complex nature of abuseComplex nature of abuse

Domestic violence research has Domestic violence research has shown that all forms of abuse are shown that all forms of abuse are often interconnected and are part of often interconnected and are part of a complex, shifting kaleidoscope or a complex, shifting kaleidoscope or mosaic of abuse, often with the mosaic of abuse, often with the misuse or abuse of power and control misuse or abuse of power and control at the centre (Bagshaw 2003).at the centre (Bagshaw 2003).


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Models of preventionModels of preventionNerenberg (2008, p.35-74) explores the Nerenberg (2008, p.35-74) explores the strengths and limitations of seven strengths and limitations of seven models of prevention which I do not models of prevention which I do not have time to address today (see our have time to address today (see our Stakeholder Paper): Stakeholder Paper): Adult Protection Services Adult Protection Services Domestic Violence Prevention Domestic Violence Prevention Public Health approaches Public Health approaches Victim Advocacy Victim Advocacy Restorative Justice Restorative Justice Family Caregiver Support & Family Caregiver Support & Family PreservationFamily Preservation


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Approaches to preventionApproaches to prevention Abuse of older people is a public issue Abuse of older people is a public issue

requiring a requiring a community response community response and and in in serious cases serious cases a a criminal justice criminal justice responseresponse. In the United States, growing . In the United States, growing numbers of cases involving the abuse of numbers of cases involving the abuse of older people are given increased older people are given increased penalties and or prosecuted due to new penalties and or prosecuted due to new techniques, procedures and statutory techniques, procedures and statutory innovations and to a wide range of innovations and to a wide range of professionals receiving training in abuse professionals receiving training in abuse detection and response.detection and response.


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Approaches to prevention of abuse Approaches to prevention of abuse However, abuse of older people is However, abuse of older people is

largely undetected by service providers’ largely undetected by service providers’ as it is invisible and, therefore, service as it is invisible and, therefore, service providers (e.g. doctors, carers, providers (e.g. doctors, carers, household help, police, clergy) need household help, police, clergy) need education and resources education and resources to assist them to assist them to identify abuse, establish or adhere to to identify abuse, establish or adhere to appropriate protocolsappropriate protocols, , screen for abusescreen for abuse, , respond effectively, and respond effectively, and make make appropriate referrals. appropriate referrals.


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Approaches to preventionApproaches to prevention Raising awareness Raising awareness of the problem is of the problem is

the first step towards reducing it - the first step towards reducing it - public education will help combat public education will help combat ageist beliefs. ageist beliefs.

Specific education for legal, health care Specific education for legal, health care and social service providers and social service providers is is important to reduce the risk associated important to reduce the risk associated with ageism and other societal beliefs with ageism and other societal beliefs that contribute to abuse of older people that contribute to abuse of older people


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Approaches to preventionApproaches to prevention

There is a need for family support and There is a need for family support and other other informal forms of social support informal forms of social support for older people to maintain their for older people to maintain their independence and quality of life.independence and quality of life.

Participatory models Participatory models hold the most hold the most potential to address the ageist context potential to address the ageist context in which abuse occurs, allowing older in which abuse occurs, allowing older people to own responses instead of people to own responses instead of relying on professional expertise.relying on professional expertise.


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Interagency collaborationInteragency collaboration We stress the importance of We stress the importance of

interagency collaboration as the interagency collaboration as the abuse of older people is a ‘abuse of older people is a ‘legal, legal, medical, and mental health issue as medical, and mental health issue as well as a social phenomenonwell as a social phenomenon’. ’.

The Alliance for the Prevention of The Alliance for the Prevention of Abuse (APEA) is one example of a Abuse (APEA) is one example of a collaboration between South collaboration between South Australian agencies.Australian agencies.


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Second stage: Developing, piloting & evaluating Second stage: Developing, piloting & evaluating mediation as a potential preventative approachmediation as a potential preventative approach

In the final phase of our research we In the final phase of our research we developed and trialled a model of older-developed and trialled a model of older-person-centred family mediation person-centred family mediation with our with our Linkage partners to evaluate the short and Linkage partners to evaluate the short and long-term effectiveness of the mediation long-term effectiveness of the mediation from the perspective of the mediators and from the perspective of the mediators and the participants. the participants.

Relationships Australia (Adelaide and Berri Relationships Australia (Adelaide and Berri offices), the SA Office of the Public offices), the SA Office of the Public Advocate and Mark Braes (Mt Gambier) Advocate and Mark Braes (Mt Gambier) offered a free service to older people and offered a free service to older people and their families for this trial.their families for this trial.


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The mediators involved in the The mediators involved in the trial were highly experiencedtrial were highly experienced

Elly Nitschke – Office of the Public Elly Nitschke – Office of the Public AdvocateAdvocate

Virginia Leeuwenburg, Kate Brett and Virginia Leeuwenburg, Kate Brett and Prue Sinoch – Relationships Australia Prue Sinoch – Relationships Australia in the City and Berriin the City and Berri

Mark Braes –Braes Mediation Mark Braes –Braes Mediation Solutions, Millicent.Solutions, Millicent.


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Stage 2: Aims of the mediation trialStage 2: Aims of the mediation trial To design, pilot & evaluate a specialised To design, pilot & evaluate a specialised

older-person-centred model of family older-person-centred model of family mediation which focuses on the best mediation which focuses on the best interests & safety of older family interests & safety of older family members, directly or indirectly includes members, directly or indirectly includes their voices in decision-making & builds their voices in decision-making & builds resilient & protective family relationships.resilient & protective family relationships.

To actively engage industry partners in the To actively engage industry partners in the research process to enhance their capacity research process to enhance their capacity to respond to older persons who are at risk to respond to older persons who are at risk of financial abuse from family members.of financial abuse from family members.


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Family mediation can be Family mediation can be beneficial …beneficial …

when an older person wishes to involve family members in decisions or plans about their finances and assets, and/or

when family members believe that an older person is vulnerable to, or is experiencing, financial exploitation or abuse from a family member, and/or

where family conflict involves an older person’s finances or assets.


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National survey findingsNational survey findingsDominant survey responses from OP Dominant survey responses from OP and relatives to a question about what and relatives to a question about what people did in these situations that was people did in these situations that was helpfulhelpfulAssisted with Assisted with communication and communication and planning planning (n=24 of 44) (n=24 of 44) Gave Gave legal advice legal advice (n=11) and (n=11) and Human services agencies provided Human services agencies provided information about Powers of Attorney information about Powers of Attorney etc. etc. (n=9). (n=9).

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National survey findingsNational survey findings Older people and their families Older people and their families

were asked to identify the potential were asked to identify the potential advantages and disadvantagesadvantages and disadvantages of organising family mediation early in the ageing process to discuss an older person’s concerns about the management of their finances, property or other assets


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Potential advantages of family mediation?Potential advantages of family mediation?

There were 61 responses which can be grouped under the four main themes: enhancing the rights and wishes of older

people opening and facilitating communication

between family members and between family members and older people

enhancing the accountability and responsibility of family members and

reducing family conflict.


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Potential disadvantages of family mediation?Potential disadvantages of family mediation?

Of 57 respondents, 12 said there were no disadvantages. However, three themes emerged from the other responses:it may be hard to get families to commit to the process or to see the value in preventionfamily members could misuse the financial information provided the older person may feel uncomfortable discussing financial matters with family members.


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Potential clients?Potential clients? Any older person and family members who Any older person and family members who

wish to have difficult conversations and/or wish to have difficult conversations and/or make plans to protect the older person’s make plans to protect the older person’s finances and assets.finances and assets.

We hypothesise that family mediation may be more We hypothesise that family mediation may be more useful where financial abuse useful where financial abuse has not yet occurred has not yet occurred or or where financial exploitation by a family member where financial exploitation by a family member has been has been unintentional, benign, passive or reckless unintentional, benign, passive or reckless . .

However, even where there has been However, even where there has been intentional, intentional, wilful, deliberate or maliciouswilful, deliberate or malicious financial exploitation financial exploitation or abuse, or where there has been a or abuse, or where there has been a family history of family history of abuseabuse, in some cases plans can be put in place by , in some cases plans can be put in place by the older person and/or non-abusive family the older person and/or non-abusive family members to safeguard the older person and his/her members to safeguard the older person and his/her assets in the futureassets in the future


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Ethical considerationsEthical considerations The research was approved by The research was approved by UniSA’s UniSA’s

Human Research Ethics Committee. Human Research Ethics Committee. Involvement in mediation is Involvement in mediation is voluntary and voluntary and

confidentialconfidential Support persons and advocates can be Support persons and advocates can be

included.included. Potential participants are first seen Potential participants are first seen

separately and a separately and a screening tool screening tool is used to is used to identify violence or abuse identify violence or abuse

The focus is on ensuring that the The focus is on ensuring that the voices of voices of older people are heard older people are heard and their and their safety, safety, rights and best interests are upheld.rights and best interests are upheld.


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In conclusion…In conclusion… No two cases of abuse of older people No two cases of abuse of older people

are alike and a variety of assessment are alike and a variety of assessment tools and preventative approaches are tools and preventative approaches are needed to meet the needs of each needed to meet the needs of each situationsituation

Safety and empowerment of the victim Safety and empowerment of the victim should be given the highest priorityshould be given the highest priority

Need to develop responses that are Need to develop responses that are specific to each individual, family and specific to each individual, family and community (inc. Indigenous, CaLD) and community (inc. Indigenous, CaLD) and to rural areasto rural areas


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It is also essential It is also essential to develop models of prevention that address to develop models of prevention that address the ageist and gendered contexts in which the ageist and gendered contexts in which abuse occurs abuse occurs to provide opportunities for older people to to provide opportunities for older people to take ownership of and be empowered by take ownership of and be empowered by processes of interventionprocesses of interventionto develop interdisciplinary understanding and to develop interdisciplinary understanding and collaboration and collaboration and to provide a coordinated, multiple service to provide a coordinated, multiple service system response to the victim, the perpetrator system response to the victim, the perpetrator and the social network surrounding the victimand the social network surrounding the victim. .

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Above all we need to respect Above all we need to respect and value older people in our and value older people in our

families and communitiesfamilies and communities

A climate needs to be created that is A climate needs to be created that is ‘user friendly’ toward older people, ‘user friendly’ toward older people, with messages framed in positive, with messages framed in positive,

respectful language and an emphasis respectful language and an emphasis on celebrating older people’s on celebrating older people’s

contributions and worth to societycontributions and worth to society..


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For more information about the projectFor more information about the project

Dale’s email address: Dale’s email address:

[email protected]@unisa.edu.auDale’s University Homepage: Dale’s University Homepage:

http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/staff/http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/staff/homepage.asp?name=dale.bagshawhomepage.asp?name=dale.bagshawElder Abuse and Family Mediation Project Elder Abuse and Family Mediation Project

website:website:

http://w3.unisa.edu.au/http://w3.unisa.edu.au/hawkeinstitute/research/elder-hawkeinstitute/research/elder-

mediation/default.aspmediation/default.asp

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Documents

Preventing the Financial Abuse of Older People by their Family Members Assoc. Professor Dale Bagshaw, PhD Adjunct, School of Social Work & Social Policy,