Production Methods Swann

7/29/2019 Production Methods Swann

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LaDon SwannMississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium

Auburn University

Production Methods


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Production Methods

Ponds

Raceways

Cages and Pens

Recirculating systems


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Levee Ponds

Levee ponds are the most common fishproduction method

Common food species red drum

catfish

trout and salmon

hybrid striped bass

tilapia

cobia


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Levee Ponds

Site selection

topography

pesticides utilities

drainage

wetlands

clay content

Types

Construction

levee

depth slope

water

drains

Production rates


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Site Selection

Time spentanalyzing a site is

time well spent. Many problems

associated withlevee ponds can

be traced back topoor site selection.


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Site Selection

Criteria

topography

gentle slope pesticide residuals

test

utilities

essential


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Site Selection

Criteria

drainage

locate for gravity drainage wetlands

regulatory difficulties

clay

10-20% is idea, but goodponds can be constructedwith less or more.

depends soil composition


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Types Spawning

less than 1 acre

easy to drain/fill

Fingerling

1-5 acres easy to drain/refill

Finishing 5 acres or larger

draining

continual -- no batch -- yes

5 1-51


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Spawning


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Fingerling


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Finishing


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Construction

Ponds last decades when properly constructed.

$3-5 K per acre

Components levee

depth

slope

water supply

drains


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Levee

Core trench

dug to anchor levee

to existingtopography

core depth equaldepth of pond

filled with high claycontent soil

compacted


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Levee

Remove soil fromcentral part ofpond to construct

levees Add 8-10 layers

Compact


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Levee

20 ft wide main

harvesting

equipment 16 ft wide side

feed trucks


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Slope

Horizontal distance in feet for each foot ofheight or a2 + b2 = c2 or s = Rise/Run

3:1 minimum inside

3 1


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Depth

Shallow end

2.5-3.5 ft

prevents rootedplant growth

Deep end

6-7 ft (drain)

preventsunnecessarydraining to harvest

2.5-3.5 6-7 ft


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Freeboard

Freeboard

height of the levee

from the watersurface to the topof the levee

2 ft recommended

prevents overflow erosion control

2 ft


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Water Supply Ponds should be

able to fill in 7 daysor less

Use gate or alfalfavalves to controlflow


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Drain

Ponds should ableto completely drainin 2 days or less.

PVC pr galvanized

Anti-seep collar prevents seepage

around drain pipe

collar should be 3times the diameterof the pipe


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Drain Swivel drain

Vertical standpipe


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Production Rates

Variables

feed

aeration harvest method

continual

batch

1,000 to 10,000lbs./acre

Feed

Aeration

Continual Harvesting

Increased

Yield

s

No Inputs Feed FeedAeration


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Raceways

Site selection

water supply

location topography

Types

series

parallel

Construction

material

dimensions earthen construction

concrete construction

Production rates


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Site Selection

Water supply

use large quantities of water

gravity springs are most

economical Location

near water supply

Topography

8-10 percent slope

18-24 inch water drop


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Types

Series

flow through multipleraces

Parallel flow through one race

Series

Parallel


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Construction

Materials any non-toxic material

must hold water

Earthen

Concrete


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Dimensions

Ratio of 30:3:1

aids in water flow

self-cleaning easier harvest

For Example: 120 ft x 12 ft x 4 ft

120 ft

12 ft

4 ft


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Production Rates

Variables

feed


continual

batch

20,000 to 45,000lbs./ft3/sec.

(449 gals/min)

Feed

Aeration


Increased

Yield

s

No Inputs Feed FeedAeration


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Cages

Site selection

water sources

water quality Types

round

rectangular

Construction

bag

frame feeding ring

lid

floatation

Placement

Production rates


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Site Selection

Types Farm Ponds

Bays and Fiords

Open Ocean

Specifications Freshwater

1 acre minimum

4-5 ft. average depth

Saltwater 70-100 ft

20 acre barrow pit


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Types

Types

Small cages

Large net pens Size

is based oneconomics and

management


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Construction

Sizes

small cages less than200 ft3.

large net pens for nearand offshoreproduction

Materials

non-toxic

durable

retains fish

allow floatation

Salmon net pens


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Cage Placement

Specifications

open areas of waterto allow goodcirculation

provide spacebetween cages

number dependson size of pond(carrying capacity)


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Production Rates

Variables feed

aeration

harvest method continual

batch

Carrying capacity 10-20 lbs. per ft3

no more than1,500-2,000 lbs./acre

Inc

reased

Yields

No Inputs Feed FeedAeration FeedAeration



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Recirculating Systems

Site components

pump house

emergency generator 3 phase electricity

bulk feed storage

oxygen supply

building

System components

oxygen

biological filter buffering system

heaters/chillers

solids filter

lighting tanks

Production rates


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Site Components

Building

Water

Electricity 3 phase

Other

bulk feed

oxygen tanks

emergency generator


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Building

Pole barn enclosed or semi-enclosed

access

foam insulation

moisture proof floor drains


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Electricity

3 phase electricity

electricity is a majorcost and 3 phase willreduce the expense

Emergency generator

in event of power

outage there is a 30minute window torestore power tosystem.


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System Components

Primary biofilter

solids filter

tanks

pump

buffering system

Secondary oxygen

pumps

heaters/chillers lighting


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Biological Filter

Function nitrification

oxidizes ammonia and nitrite to nitrate

NO3-NH3

1 O2

nitrosomonas nitrobacter

1 O2NO2-


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Solids Filter

Types

sand filter

settling chambers inclined tubes

screen filters

Function

settleable (feces and food)

also some suspended


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Tanks

Criteria

non-toxic

durable

corrosion resistant Materials

fiberglass

concrete

plastic

glass

others with liners


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Pump

Types

impeller driven

airlift Purpose

to return water through system

usually placed after biofilter


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Oxygen

Sources

aerators

agitators

blowers

ventura pumps

oxygenation

packed towers

U-tubes

conesPacked tower


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Bicarbonate Drip

Rational

CO2 from respiration

nitrification is an acidifyingprocess

Purpose

add alkalinity to water


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Other Components

Lighting

low light levels reducestress to fish

Heaters/chillers

depending on species


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Production Rates

Variables

feed


continual

batch

to 1 lb./gallon Increased

Yields

No Inputs Feed FeedAeration FeedAeration


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Production Methods Swann