PRODUCTION OF CITRIC ACID FROM POME

GROUP 3

WASTE MANAGEMENT ENGINEERINGBTE 4414

LECTURER: PROF DR.SULEYMAN A.MUYIBILECTURER: PROF DR.SULEYMAN A.MUYIBI

GROUP MEMBERS

ROHANI BT ROMLI (0718538) S.FARADILLA ANSTASIA (0717116) NUR ASILAH (0712388) CHE AFALILI (0717952) RABIATUL ADAWIYAH DANIAL (0534314) NURUL AIMA BT. DAUD (0537358) AZURAIDAH BT ARIFIN (0538682) NUR HASYIMAH HAMZAH (0533618) SITI FARHANA BT SAMSUDDIN (0535788) SITI FAIRUS BT SAHUL HAMID (0538170) HUSNA BT MUHD NADZRI (0533548) SITI SUBAIYAH BT SHAHUDIN (0532074) N00RSAYYIDATUL KARIMAH (0630444) ATIQAH NADIAH BT ABD RAHIM (0519822)

INTRODUCTION

CURRENT METHOD FOR TREATMENT OF

POME

MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY

High separation capability. possibility of developing systems that can recover

valuable pharmaceutical components . Method step-1) Raw POME 2) centrifugation 3) Memrane unit 4) Effluent

ANAEROBIC DIGESTER

alternative for wastewater treatment and simultaneous fuel gas production

low costs, energy production, relatively small space requirement

AEROBIC ATTACHED –GROWTH SYSTEM :TRICKLING FILTER Non-energy intensive process with far less

operating area requirement . Able to withstand shock load and influent

quality fluctuation With aerobic, anaerobic as well as nitrifying

bacteria populating the trickling filter, the wastewater can be treated with high efficiency using this treatment method

In a trickling filter, the microorganisms grow as a bio-film on an immobile solid support over which the liquid flows in thin sheets .

PONDING SYSTEM The raw effluent is treated using a ponding

system comprising of three phases,i.e. anaerobic, facultative, and algae processes.

Although the system takes a longer retention time of 90 days, it is less sensitive to environment changes, stable, efficient and could guarantee excellent pollutant biodegradation efficiency of above 95%.

PONDING SYSTEM

BIOREACTOR SYSTEM This is a simple and innovative bioreactor

process that is capable of treating POME efficiently.

The system is superior to the conventional system as it operates with very short hydraulic retention times, takes high organic loading, requires less space and is more environmentally friendly.

BIOREACTOR SYSTEM

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

Multistage biochemical process in which complex organic substances are fermented by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen and the presence of anaerobic microorganisms

Advantages: cost effective processes that utilize microbial communitieshigh organic removal rateslow energy requirementlow sludge productionenergy production

Major Stages

Hydrolysis

filtration

Fermentation

crystallization

Design Of Process Flow Diagram

For The Bioconversion

Process

DESIGN OF PROCESS

Ca(OH)2 Tank

BIOREACTOR SPECIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE

Specification PerformanceBioreactor capacity

500 m3 COD removal efficiency

95%

Bioreactor system

Continuous Solid discharge

8 g/L

pH 7 Operating temperature

37-42 0C

ALL ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS SYSTEM DESIGNS INCORPORATE THE SAME BASIC COMPONENTS:

A pre-mixing area or tank A digester vessel(s) A system for using the biogas A system for distributing or spreading the

effluent (the remaining digested material).

FLOW DIAGRAM OF BIOCONVERSION PROCESS

UNIT OPERATIONS, UNIT PROCESS,

AND PROCESS KINETICS

1) HYDROLYSISo In the first stage of hydrolysis, the polymeric

organic materials are hydrolysed to monomers such as glucose, fatty acids and amino acids by hydrolytic bacteria (Aspergillus niger).

o The hydrolysis process is of significant importance in high organic waste and may become rate limiting. Solubilisation involves hydrolysis process where the complex organic matter is hydrolysed into soluble monomers.

o Fats are hydrolysed into fatty acids or glycerol; proteins are hydrolysed into amino acids or peptides while carbohydrates are hydrolysed into monosaccharides and dissacharides.

Fats long chain fatty acids, glycerol

Proteins amino acids, short-chain peptides

Polysaccharides monosaccharides, disaccharides

2) FERMENTATION

In fermentation stage, the hydrolysed products are converted to volatile fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ammonia, carbon dioxide, water and hydrogen by the acid-forming bacteria.

The organic acids formed are acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid.

 CITRIC ACID PRODUCTION

After the fermentation is over, calcium citrate is precipitated from the fermented broth by adding calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).

It is then filtered, washed, and treated with sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to precipitate calcium sulphate and to find citric acid.

Then, evaporation process will be used to futher isolate and purified the product. Finally, the citric acid will be crystallized.

Process Kinetic Reaction

Hydrolysis:Polysaccharides monosaccharide’s, disaccharides

Fermentation:Monosaccharide(glucose) + Ca(OH)₂ organic acid, water , oxygen and sulfide

Process Kinetic Reaction cont..

Filtration: organic acid (calcium citrate) + H₂SO₄

calcium sulphate

ESTIMATED QUANTITIES OF BIOCONVERSION

According to MPOB the production of the Palm oil Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is estimate 16700k tones and 38900k tones respectively.

The potential yield is 1m3 of completely digested POME produces 25m3 Citric acid.

Since 50 m³/day POME are produced every day, we will estimate that the citric acid production is about 1250 m³/day.

The citric acid is made up of 50-60 % C6H8O7.

citric acid production:

For 50% C6H8O7

Quantity of citric acid produce = 50 x 25m³

100 = 12.5 m³

For 60% C6H8O7

Quantity of citric acid produce = 60 x 25m³ 100 = 15.0 m³

The quantity of citric acid produce is estimated about 12.5 m3 – 15.0 m3

Production of citric acid in one day is about 625 m3 – 750 m3

So, the estimated quantities of citric acid that produce annually is about 228 125 m3 – 273 750 m3 or 228.1 L – 273.8 L.

HANDLING WASTE BY PRODUCT FROM THE BIOCONVERSION

The by product can be consist of small fraction of POME residue, fungi cells and carbon dioxide (CO2), gluconic acid, oxalic acid.

Segregate the final by product bioconversion into products that we can still utilize and products that cannot be further utilized.

Gluconic acid and oxalic acid can be used in cleaning products and detergents.

The unutilized products can be categorized as hazardous waste because it consists of oil, corrosive (pH value lower than 2.0) and contain fungi cells from the fermentation.

biohazardous waste must be biologically inactivated before disposal in order to avoid any potentially hazardous agent inside the waste prior to the bacteria cells.

The corrosive component can be neutralized using bench top treatment.

Neutralization or dilution will properly treat these wastes for safe storage.

The waste will be finally sent to hazardous waste landfill.

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

By converting the POME waste product into citric acid, we can reduce organic waste that can lead to pollution.

We should establish a project team to evaluate the system

and investment option to minimize the cost.

Further research should be conduct to find an alternative way to treat this agricultural residue and convert it into beneficial by products especially citric acid.

The bio hazardous waste must be biologically inactivated before disposal in order to avoid any potentially hazardous agent inside the waste prior to the bacteria cells.

By developing a treatment plant for bio-conversion of POME into citric acid, it will make our environment cleaner and safer.

THANK YOU..=)WASSALAM..