ProgressivesProgressives

American HistoryAmerican History

Unit II – Becoming a World PowerUnit II – Becoming a World Power

Chapter 6 Section 1- ProgressivismChapter 6 Section 1- Progressivism

Reading QuizReading Quiz1.1. What was the Seventeenth Amendment?What was the Seventeenth Amendment?

2.2. What was the N.A.A.C.P.?What was the N.A.A.C.P.?

3.3. Who were the ‘muckrakers’?Who were the ‘muckrakers’?

4.4. What reform did the progressives want in the What reform did the progressives want in the workplace?workplace?

5.5. What was initiative?What was initiative?

6.6. What was referendum?What was referendum?

7.7. What was recall?What was recall?

8.8. What was the IWW?What was the IWW?

Populist PartyPopulist Party• Farmers as a group did not share in the general

prosperity of the latter nineteenth century, and believed that they had been marked out as special victims of the new industrial system

• Agricultural areas in the West and South had been hit by economic depression years before industrial areas. In the 1880s, as drought hit the wheat-growing areas of the Great Plains and prices for Southern cotton sunk to new lows, many tenant farmers fell into deep debt. This exacerbated long-held grievances against railroads, lenders, grain-elevator owners, and others with whom farmers did business.

• Party of the People- farmers and reformers- 1892

• Governors, Senators and even a presidential candidate

Populist Party- Populist Party- The goal was not just to relieve economic The goal was not just to relieve economic

pressure on agriculture, but also to restore democracy by eliminating what the pressure on agriculture, but also to restore democracy by eliminating what the Populists saw as the corrupt and corrupting alliance between business and Populists saw as the corrupt and corrupting alliance between business and government.government.

• Platform: Omaha 1892Platform: Omaha 1892– Support Labor UnionsSupport Labor Unions

– Wealth belongs to those who make itWealth belongs to those who make it

– Government ownership of Railroads, Government ownership of Railroads, telephone and telegraph.telephone and telegraph.

– Free SilverFree Silver

– Graduated Income TaxGraduated Income Tax

– Secret BallotSecret Ballot

– Shorten work hours.Shorten work hours.

– Initiative and ReferendumInitiative and Referendum

– Direct election of SenatorsDirect election of Senators

– Restriction of ImmigrationRestriction of Immigration

Mary Lease

Who were the reformers? Who were the reformers? What did they want?What did they want?

Mostly middle class people (Roosevelt called them Mostly middle class people (Roosevelt called them MuckrakersMuckrakers) concerned with social issues of the ) concerned with social issues of the times. Issues such as;times. Issues such as;

immigrants - oldcomers and newcomersimmigrants - oldcomers and newcomers

city life- poor and needy, and prohibition city life- poor and needy, and prohibition

crime and corruptioncrime and corruption

strikes, Workman’s compensation, minimum wagestrikes, Workman’s compensation, minimum wage

Political bossesPolitical bosses

city/state governments- direct democracy, tax lawscity/state governments- direct democracy, tax laws

Giant business corporationsGiant business corporations

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage

Child LaborChild Labor

MuckrakersMuckrakersName applied to American journalists, novelists, and Name applied to American journalists, novelists, and

critics who in the first decade of the 20th cent. attempted to critics who in the first decade of the 20th cent. attempted to expose the abuses of business and the corruption in politics. expose the abuses of business and the corruption in politics.

The term derives from the word The term derives from the word muckrakemuckrake used by used by President Theodore Roosevelt in a speech in 1906, in which he President Theodore Roosevelt in a speech in 1906, in which he agreed with many of the charges of the muckrakers but agreed with many of the charges of the muckrakers but asserted that some of their methods were sensational and asserted that some of their methods were sensational and irresponsible.irresponsible.

The muckraking movement lost support in about 1912. The muckraking movement lost support in about 1912. Historians agree that if it had not been for the revelations of Historians agree that if it had not been for the revelations of the muckrakers the Progressive movement would not have the muckrakers the Progressive movement would not have received the popular support needed for effective reform.received the popular support needed for effective reform.

MuckrakersMuckrakers• Miss Ida Tarbell had been at work for years on her Miss Ida Tarbell had been at work for years on her

history of the Standard Oil Company, and it began to history of the Standard Oil Company, and it began to run in run in McClure'sMcClure's in November 1902. in November 1902.

• Lincoln Steffen's first novel on municipal corruption, Lincoln Steffen's first novel on municipal corruption, "Tweed Days in St. Louis""Tweed Days in St. Louis" appeared in appeared in McClure'sMcClure's Oct Oct 1902. 1902.

• Henry Demerest Lloyd's Henry Demerest Lloyd's Wealth Against CommonwealthWealth Against Commonwealth, , published in 1894, attacked the Standard Oil Company. published in 1894, attacked the Standard Oil Company.

• How the Other Half LivesHow the Other Half Lives, published in 1890 by Jacob , published in 1890 by Jacob Riis, exposed life in New York's slums. Riis, exposed life in New York's slums.

• John Spargo, an Englishman, published John Spargo, an Englishman, published The Bitter Cry The Bitter Cry of the Childrenof the Children, an account of young kids at work in , an account of young kids at work in sweatshops. sweatshops.

• Perhaps the most famous Muckraking novel, Perhaps the most famous Muckraking novel, The JungleThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair, exposed the horrors of the Chicago by Upton Sinclair, exposed the horrors of the Chicago meat-packing plants and the immigrants who were meat-packing plants and the immigrants who were worked to death in themworked to death in them.

Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffen

Upton Sinclair

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis and Upton SinclairJacob Riis and Upton Sinclair• In 1877 Riis became a police In 1877 Riis became a police

reporter for the reporter for the New York TribuneNew York Tribune. . In the 1880s his work gravitated In the 1880s his work gravitated towards reform and he worked towards reform and he worked with other New York reformers with other New York reformers then crusading for better living then crusading for better living conditions for the thousands of conditions for the thousands of immigrants flocking to New York immigrants flocking to New York in search of new opportunities. He in search of new opportunities. He constantly argued that the constantly argued that the "poor "poor were the victims rather than the were the victims rather than the makers of their fate".makers of their fate".

As a writer Sinclair gained fame As a writer Sinclair gained fame in 1906 with the novel in 1906 with the novel The The JungleJungle, a report on the dirty , a report on the dirty conditions in the Chicago conditions in the Chicago meatpacking industry. The book meatpacking industry. The book won Sinclair fame and fortune, won Sinclair fame and fortune, and led to the implementation of and led to the implementation of the Pure Food and Drug Act in the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. 1906.

Progressive MovementProgressive Movement• The Progressive Movement was an effort to cure many of the ills of American society that had developed The Progressive Movement was an effort to cure many of the ills of American society that had developed

during the great spurt of industrial growth in the last quarter of the 19th century. The frontier had been during the great spurt of industrial growth in the last quarter of the 19th century. The frontier had been tamed, great cities and businesses developed and an overseas empire established, but not all citizens shared tamed, great cities and businesses developed and an overseas empire established, but not all citizens shared in the new wealth, prestige and optimism.in the new wealth, prestige and optimism.

• Progressivism was rooted in the belief that man was capable of improving the lot of all within society. Progressivism was rooted in the belief that man was capable of improving the lot of all within society. Progressivism also was full of strong political overtones and rejected the church as the driving force for Progressivism also was full of strong political overtones and rejected the church as the driving force for change. change. Supporters of the movement were found in both major political parties, Democrat and Republican.Supporters of the movement were found in both major political parties, Democrat and Republican.

• Specific goals included:Specific goals included:– Remove corruption and undue influence from governmentRemove corruption and undue influence from government

– ConservationConservation

– Include more people more directly in the political process.Include more people more directly in the political process.

– Government must play a role to solve social problems and establish fairness in economic matters.Government must play a role to solve social problems and establish fairness in economic matters.

– Race- Blacks and Native AmericansRace- Blacks and Native Americans

– Child Labor, Workers- young and old, workers compensation,Child Labor, Workers- young and old, workers compensation,

– Political Reform- Direct Election, political reform, Political Reform- Direct Election, political reform,

– Anti- monopoly reform.Anti- monopoly reform.

Progressive MovementProgressive Movement• The efforts and successesThe efforts and successes::

– Interstate Commerce ActInterstate Commerce Act (1887) and the (1887) and the Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust Act (1890). (1890).

– A minority supported A minority supported socialismsocialism with government ownership of the means of with government ownership of the means of production. production.

– conservation movementconservation movement

– railroad legislationrailroad legislation

– food and drug lawsfood and drug laws. .

– elect senatorselect senators

– prohibitionprohibition

– suffrage to womensuffrage to women. .

– Workers compensation, civil service, and minimum wageWorkers compensation, civil service, and minimum wage

– efforts to place limitations on efforts to place limitations on child laborchild labor were routinely thwarted by the courts. were routinely thwarted by the courts.

– The needs of blacks and Native Americans were poorly served by the The needs of blacks and Native Americans were poorly served by the Progressives.Progressives.

– Secret Ballot, Direct Election, direct primary and initiative, referendum and Secret Ballot, Direct Election, direct primary and initiative, referendum and recallrecall

• Robert LaFollette- Leader in reform measures and the candidate of Robert LaFollette- Leader in reform measures and the candidate of the reform element of his party for the nomination for governor in the reform element of his party for the nomination for governor in 1896 and 1898: in 1900 unanimously nominated for Governor of 1896 and 1898: in 1900 unanimously nominated for Governor of Wisconsin and elected by the largest plurality ever given a candidate Wisconsin and elected by the largest plurality ever given a candidate for that office.for that office.

Reforming SocietyReforming Society

• Housing ReformHousing Reform

• Civil Rights- N.A.A.C.P.; Civil Rights- N.A.A.C.P.; A.D.L. (Anti-Defamation A.D.L. (Anti-Defamation League)League)

National Association for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleAdvancement of Colored People

19091909On February 12th The National On February 12th The National

Association for the Advancement of Colored Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded by a multiracial group of People was founded by a multiracial group of activists, who answered "The Call." They initially activists, who answered "The Call." They initially called themselves the National Negro Committee. called themselves the National Negro Committee. Organized to end discrimination and to prevent Organized to end discrimination and to prevent violence against blacks, especially lynching.violence against blacks, especially lynching.

FOUNDERS: FOUNDERS:

Ida Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. DuBois, Ida Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. DuBois, Henry Moscowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Henry Moscowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villiard, William English Walling and Garrison Villiard, William English Walling and led the "Call" to renew the struggle for civil and led the "Call" to renew the struggle for civil and political liberty.political liberty.

N.A.A.C.P.N.A.A.C.P.• The NAACP started its own The NAACP started its own

magazine, magazine, CrisisCrisis in November, in November, 19101910

• NAACP campaigned, especially NAACP campaigned, especially in the Supreme Court against in the Supreme Court against lynching, segregation and racial lynching, segregation and racial discrimination in housing, discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting education, employment, voting and transportation.and transportation.

• NAACP also fought for NAACP also fought for Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage..

Reforming the WorkplaceReforming the Workplace• Florence Kelly and the 1904- National Child Labor Committee.Florence Kelly and the 1904- National Child Labor Committee.

• Limiting Women’s workdaysLimiting Women’s workdays

• No minimum wage.No minimum wage.

• Courts and Labor LawsCourts and Labor Laws

– Lochner v. New York- sided with business owners and denied.Lochner v. New York- sided with business owners and denied.

– Muller v. Oregon- set a 10 hour workday for women.Muller v. Oregon- set a 10 hour workday for women.

• Triangle Shirtwaist fire- death of over 140 men and women. Helped bring Triangle Shirtwaist fire- death of over 140 men and women. Helped bring about tougher fire-safety laws.about tougher fire-safety laws.

• UnionsUnions

– ILGWU- International ladies Garment workers Union.ILGWU- International ladies Garment workers Union.

– IWW- Industrial Workers of the WorldIWW- Industrial Workers of the World

Child LaborChild Labor The rise of child labor in the United The rise of child labor in the United

States began in the late seventeen and States began in the late seventeen and early eighteen hundreds. early eighteen hundreds. Industrialization was a strong force in Industrialization was a strong force in increasing the number of working increasing the number of working children.children.

By nineteen hundred more than two By nineteen hundred more than two million U.S. children worked. Children million U.S. children worked. Children worked in factories, mines, fields and in worked in factories, mines, fields and in the streets. They picked cotton, shined the streets. They picked cotton, shined shoes, sold newspapers, canned fish, shoes, sold newspapers, canned fish, made clothes and wove fabric. Children made clothes and wove fabric. Children were forced into this situation in order were forced into this situation in order to help support their families.to help support their families.

Sadie Pfeifer, 48 inches high. Has worked half a year.

Child LaborChild Labor Working conditions were often Working conditions were often

horrendous. Children would horrendous. Children would work twelve hours a day, six work twelve hours a day, six days a week throughout the year. days a week throughout the year.

The hours were long, the pay was The hours were long, the pay was low and the children were low and the children were exhausted and hungry. exhausted and hungry.

Factory children were kept inside Factory children were kept inside all day long, children who all day long, children who worked the fields spent long, hot worked the fields spent long, hot days in the sun or went barefoot days in the sun or went barefoot in mud and rain. in mud and rain.

These young workers could not These young workers could not attend school and rarely knew attend school and rarely knew how to read or write how to read or write

Breaker Boys" were used in the anthracite coal mines to separate slate rock from the coal after it had been brought out of the shaft. They often worked 14 to 16 hours a day.

Child LaborChild Labor Children in the United States Children in the United States

continued to work under deplorable continued to work under deplorable conditions until well into the mid-conditions until well into the mid-twentieth century. twentieth century.

In the early nineteen hundreds, In the early nineteen hundreds, reformers began working to raise reformers began working to raise awareness about the dangers of child awareness about the dangers of child labor and tried to establish laws labor and tried to establish laws regulating the practice. regulating the practice.

In 1904, the National Child Labor In 1904, the National Child Labor Committee was formed. Throughout Committee was formed. Throughout the nineteen hundreds, Congress and the nineteen hundreds, Congress and the Supreme Court were at odds over the Supreme Court were at odds over child labor regulation. child labor regulation.

1938- the Fair Labor Standards Act 1938- the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed and children were freed was passed and children were freed from the bondage of dangerous workfrom the bondage of dangerous work

Lewis HinesLewis HinesIn 1908 the National Child Labor In 1908 the National Child Labor

Committee employed Lewis Hines as their Committee employed Lewis Hines as their staff investigator and photographer. Hines staff investigator and photographer. Hines traveled the country taking pictures of traveled the country taking pictures of children working in factories. Hines also children working in factories. Hines also lectured on the subject and once told one lectured on the subject and once told one audience: "Perhaps you are weary of child audience: "Perhaps you are weary of child labor pictures. Well, so are the rest of us, labor pictures. Well, so are the rest of us, but we propose to make you and the whole but we propose to make you and the whole country so sick and tired of the whole country so sick and tired of the whole business that when the time for action business that when the time for action comes, child labor pictures will be records comes, child labor pictures will be records of the past."of the past."

Congress Attempts to Control Congress Attempts to Control Child LaborChild Labor

In 1916 Congress made its first effort to control child labor by passing In 1916 Congress made its first effort to control child labor by passing the the Keating-Owen ActKeating-Owen Act. The legislation forbade the transportation . The legislation forbade the transportation among states of products of factories, shops or canneries among states of products of factories, shops or canneries employing children under 14 years of age, of mines employing employing children under 14 years of age, of mines employing children under 16 years of age, and the products of any of these children under 16 years of age, and the products of any of these employing children under 16 who worked at night or more than employing children under 16 who worked at night or more than eight hours a day. In 1918 the Supreme Court ruled that the eight hours a day. In 1918 the Supreme Court ruled that the Keating-Owen ActKeating-Owen Act was unconstitutional. was unconstitutional.

After the Supreme Court ruled that the After the Supreme Court ruled that the Keating-Owen ActKeating-Owen Act was was unconstitutional, Congress passed a Second Child Labor Law. This unconstitutional, Congress passed a Second Child Labor Law. This levied a tax of ten per cent on the net profits of factories employing levied a tax of ten per cent on the net profits of factories employing children under the age of 14, and of mines and quarries employing children under the age of 14, and of mines and quarries employing children under the age of 16. This legislation was declared children under the age of 16. This legislation was declared unconstitutional as a result of the Drexel Furniture Company case unconstitutional as a result of the Drexel Furniture Company case in 1922in 1922.

Fair Labor Standards ActFair Labor Standards Act

June, 1938, that Congress passed the June, 1938, that Congress passed the Fair Labor Fair Labor Standards ActStandards Act. .

The main objective of the act was to eliminate The main objective of the act was to eliminate "labor conditions detrimental to the "labor conditions detrimental to the maintenance of the minimum standards of maintenance of the minimum standards of living necessary for health, efficiency and well-living necessary for health, efficiency and well-being of workers". This included the being of workers". This included the prohibition of child labor in all industries prohibition of child labor in all industries engaged in producing goods in inter-state engaged in producing goods in inter-state commerce. It set the minimum age at 14 for commerce. It set the minimum age at 14 for employment outside of school hours in non-employment outside of school hours in non-manufacturing jobs, at 16 for employment manufacturing jobs, at 16 for employment during school hours, and 18 for hazardous during school hours, and 18 for hazardous occupations.occupations.

Reforming GovernmentReforming Government

• City Government reformsCity Government reforms

– New rules for police, releasing debtors from prison and New rules for police, releasing debtors from prison and a fairer tax system.a fairer tax system.

– 5 member commission system5 member commission system

– Council-manager modelCouncil-manager model

• State government reformsState government reforms

• Election reformsElection reforms

– Seventeenth AmendmentSeventeenth Amendment

– Initiative, referendum and recall.Initiative, referendum and recall.

City GovernmentCity Government

Commission PlanCommission Plan Replaced the mayor and council with a Replaced the mayor and council with a

small board of commissioners, each elected small board of commissioners, each elected at large and each responsible for a single at large and each responsible for a single area of municipal administration.area of municipal administration.

Under the new plan voters could easily Under the new plan voters could easily identify and punish those responsible for identify and punish those responsible for shortcomings in city services.shortcomings in city services.

City GovernmentCity GovernmentCity Manager schemeCity Manager scheme

Under this plan an elected city council determined Under this plan an elected city council determined basic policy and appointed a professional, basic policy and appointed a professional, nonpartisan city manager who was in charge of the nonpartisan city manager who was in charge of the day-to-day operation of the municipality. Worked day-to-day operation of the municipality. Worked well in small cities.well in small cities.

Critics of corruption urged adoption of nonpartisan Critics of corruption urged adoption of nonpartisan elections, new methods of municipal accounting, a elections, new methods of municipal accounting, a civil service system for city employees, and state civil service system for city employees, and state constitutional amendments to halt state legislative constitutional amendments to halt state legislative interference in municipal affairs. interference in municipal affairs.

Direct DemocracyDirect Democracy Secret BallotSecret Ballot

Direct Primary- Direct Primary- People select the candidatesPeople select the candidates

INITIATIVE: INITIATIVE: The people may initiate(propose) by 5-The people may initiate(propose) by 5-8% petition of voters a bill to a legislature. 8% petition of voters a bill to a legislature.

REFERENDUM: REFERENDUM: The people may use referendum The people may use referendum (popular ballot) to enact, approve or reject acts of the (popular ballot) to enact, approve or reject acts of the legislature.legislature.

RECALL: RECALL: All elected public officials in the State, except All elected public officials in the State, except judicial officers, are subject to recall (by petition) by the judicial officers, are subject to recall (by petition) by the voters of the State and forced to stand for re-election at voters of the State and forced to stand for re-election at any time.any time.

17th Amendment: 17th Amendment: Direct Election of Senators. The Direct Election of Senators. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one votefor six years; and each Senator shall have one vote