Project Cad

7/31/2019 Project Cad

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Acknowledgement :

Completing a job has never been an easy go for single

person ; often it is the result of invaluable contributions from

individuals in the surrounding in a direct or indirect manner.

We are deeply grateful to our advisorProf.K.N.Das and

Er.GouttamBhattacharya for having been a constant source of

encouragement for our Project Report on DEVLOPEMENT

OF DESIGN USING CAD .

In association with our guide for this purpose, we experienced

not only his in-depth knowledge but also his affection towardsus. We would like to thank Mr.S.Chand who have helped us

for completion of our report.

Finally we thank Mr. Kedar Nath Das ,for his continued drive

for better quality in everything that happens at C.E.T, This

report is a small contribution towards the greater goal.


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Table of contents :

PREFACE.............

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTRODUCTION...................................

DETAILS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT...................................................................

ADVANTAGES OFCAD..

ARHAPAINT

ARHADRAPE..

ARHAWEAVE

CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................


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PREFACE

As far as thetextiles from our country is considered, we are morerenowned for our handloom products as compared to that of the

mill sector.

The boom in the software sciences have really

enhanced the rate of development in all aspects. Same in textile

also. All machines, manufacturing products, marketing, sales

promotion, everything is done through computers. Computer

aided designing(CAD)and computer aided manufacturing

(CAM)have really catalysed the system.

In a country like ours where there is still massiveunemployment, we can not just do with computerized systems

with lower manpower engagements.We have to think of

alternatives.

CAD system can be very well utilized to solve the

process.Handloom sector can be a very good application of this

developing technology.The following few aspects on CAD are

to be success story in the field of handloom weaving.

Introduction-

Computer Aided Design (CAD) has completely changed the drafting

business and made the storage and retrieval of projects much easier.

However, manual drawing is still very important and provides the basics of

learning to draw.

Advantages of CAD software

On

e of the most obvious advantages of CAD software is the use of digital

models instead of paper blueprints. Here measurements are automatic, and
http://www.westone.wa.gov.au/toolbox8/furniture/toolbox/shared/glossary/c.htm#cadhttp://www.westone.wa.gov.au/toolbox8/furniture/toolbox/shared/glossary/c.htm#cad


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lines, shapes and objects can be created with simple mouse clicks as

opposed to slide rulers and calculators. Models can also be viewed in three

dimensions.

Another advantage of CAD software is data centralization. All digital

blueprints are saved on the same server, not in disparate file cabinets, and

can be accessed by anyone who uses the software. (Some CAD software

also gives users the chance to view files on mobile devices.) This lets

designers in different locations work on the same project, sharing edits and

modifications, which reduces communication bottlenecks and improves

efficiency, accountability and project execution.

Finally, many CAD software tools integrate with cost estimating software

or, at the very least, let users export information such as lists of building

components (windows, doors, pieces of furniture, etc.) This, too, saves timeand reduces the likelihood of transcription errors, since part lists need not be

recreated.

Overall, there are several advantages of CAD software that your company

can and should realize. Computer-aided design should save time (by letting

you produce 2-D and 3-D models faster) and money (by limiting the need

for change orders). CAD software packages will also improve the quality

and integrity of the information that you present to prospective clients and

project stakeholders, reduce the risk of cost overruns and allow you to

standardize the processes that help you finish projects faster.

1.DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DESIGN-A traditional artist or painter needs lot of timeor patience to develop a design and apply the same to textiles. With the help of a

computer system, the paint brush is an easier tool for developing a new and variety of

designs of all natures. Even intricate and colourful carpets, matt, sarees,

shirtings,suttings, furnishing fabrics can be quickly and easily designed to be woven onthe weaving m/c.

2.FABRIC QUALITY ASSESMENT-Normally, a fabric can be assessed as and when

produced. In a computerised design system, before weaving one can examine and see theappearance on the computer monitor.

3.ASSESMENT OF RAW MATERIAL-It is very essential for a handloom fabric to

decide with what kind of yarns it is to be woven. In a cad system, there is ample scope toverify and rectify any defects in the quality of yarns to be used, count, colour, shade,


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ends/inch, picks/inch etc. Can be set and the proper kind of raw material can be chosen

on the basis of optimised fabric with the aid of computers.

4.FASTER PROCESSING DESIGN DEVELOPEMENTS-Time being the mostessential element for any process, electronics, circuits and their outputs are most

successful. In a computer aided designingsystem it is very very less as compared to

manual designing.5.DESIGN OF DEFECTFUL PRODUCT-Though time consumed in a computerised

process is very less, defects are judged and can be eliminated before actually weaving a

fabric.

6.EASIER MODIFICATION IN PRODUCT QUALITY PARAMETERS-On the

part of a weaver, it is not very easy to modify a product after it is woven. So before

actually producing the fabric with a design, modification if any desired, can be brought

and appearance can be judged.

7.EASIER METHOD TO SELECT COLOUR COMBINATION-Handloom products

can be diversified with application of different colours and their combinations. The

colour ways application module in a CAD system provides this facility. A large number

of colour combinations can be made and even be presented to the customers.8.STORAGE OF DESIGN AND RELATED DATA-Once a design has been

developed that can be stored along with the product specification inside the memory ofcomputers. Storage of design and their re-production will empower the handloom sectors

of different regions to exchange their skills and have an integral development.

9.CONSERVATION OF TIME AND ENERGY-Avoidance of the manual point paperprocess of designing, eliminates chances of error fatigue on the part of the weaver.

10-LEAST CHANCES OF ERROR-All the above aspects lead to overall quality

maintenance and with least cause of any error cause of error in designing.


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Welcome to ArahPaint - a drawing tool, which helps textiledesigners in editing pictures in repeat. These pictures aremainly used for jacquard woven fabrics. ArahPaint is the firststep in preparation of a design for weaving. The programsupports both drawing operations as sophisticated textilefunctions. Drawing operations have unlimited undocapability; allowing you to quickly correct undesiredmodifications to the picture.

The topics of this manual are arranged in a similar way tothe sequence in design preparation procedure. The readershould be familiar with graphical user interfaces, since its

basics (selection with mouse, double click, buttons, fileselection boxes, text entry and editing, etc.) will not beexplained here.

ArahPaint is aimed at designers, who have some knowledgeof the weaving process. Namely, the manual does notcontain complete instructions to develop a design into afabric. ArahPaint contains many tools to assist a textiledesigner, but they can not replace the skills and knowledgeof a professional textile designer.


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ArahDrape

In this software, we will present the whole procedure ofmaking your own drape models from zero; in a real-lifepresentation you will have the models already prepared, soyou will just apply the different fabric textures from your

current collection.

You will need a picture of the model or the product, withfabric areas in white or in single color. We want to keep theshades and ambient of the original photo, and just replacethe fabric. If the model will already have the fabric with apattern, we will not be able to remove the pattern and insert


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a new one, while keeping the shades of the original image.You can scan the picture, or make a photo with a digitalcamera, and transfer the image into the coFirst you have todraw limitation vectors around each region. Region is an

area within the image, where you want to overlay a fabrictexture, or a hole within a fabric.

The default color of the active region is blue, while the colorof unselected regions is red. The colors of lines can bechanged in Files

On many occasions, the limits of one region will border toanother region. You will need to draw the points of your newregion on the same point as the border regions, otherwise

they will not join correctly and some pixels will "shine"through the borders. This can be quite dull and timeconsuming task. We will show you a trick, which will allowthe program to automatically draw the area border vectorsalong the existing area.

You must draw region borders for all areas - including theholes in regions, like the buttons. Once you have drawn allthe borders, you will be ready to load the texture, which youwant to drape over the area.

Texture can be any picture in a supported graphical format(PNG, TIFF, GIF, JPEG). It will probably be in repeat, but youmay also use texture pictures, which do not repeatthemselves. If you scan in the fabric picture, you willprobably spend some time putting it in repeat. The easiestway to make a fabric texture is to save a fabric simulationfrom ArahWeave. This way you can be sure that the imagewill be in repeat. The following screen shot shows the

window for saving fabric textures in ArahWeave.

We are at at the point where we need to specify the texturesto our areas, so you must change the View mode fromRegions to Regions and Drape in the toplevel menu. Eachregion can be be any of three types: 6Initially, all the regionswill be of the type color, so the shirt will look like a


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patchwork. We want to change them from color to texture. Itis a very easy thing to do, and experienced ArahWeave userswill know what to do.Every region can have one of two states- flat or shaded

First select a region, which you want to change, and thenclick on the icon on the top right angle to change its state.Flat region will have the whole area replaced with a singlecolor, repeat of fabric texture, or image background. Shadedregion, on the other hand, will be a sum of backgroundimage shades and the specified color or fabric texture. If youare draping based on a photo, you will prefer to have itshaded, while flat might be more appropriate for quickfashion sketches.

We must specify the geometric distortions in the fabriccaused by perspective view, creases or simply the 3Dvolume of the product.

Use Simple when you have an easy perspective mapping,like a carpet on the floor. You will have a rectangle, whichyou should distort into a trapezoid which matches thedesired geometry of the

making a good drape model requires some work, so we wantto use the same model many times with different texture. Ifyour drape model contains many regions, like on the shirtform our example, you will quickly become tired fromclicking on regions with right mouse button to apply adifferent texture. One would like to copy the new fabrictexture to all regions .As always, we are doing this toimpress our potential customers, or to help them choosingbetween the different variations of our products. So we need

to find a good way of showing our draped images to them.One way is to invite them in front of the computer, andinsert the textures from your collection as you talk to them.

This will probably be the most effective way, since it will alsoinvolve the customer.


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In Arhaweave,It is relatively easy to construct a fabric. The whole art is to combine theseelements:

weave (the way the threads interlace) dobby weaves are mostly small and can bedrawn by hand, while jacquard weaves are big, and are constructed from color image,

where each color is replaced by one weave.

warp and weft sequence

yarn, count and structure

colors


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density of weaving

Still, sometimes you will be surprised by what a simple interplay of these factors will produce.

This is the very reason why you should use ArahWeave:

to play with these settings without constraints and with minimal expenses

to communicate the result of your creative work to non-textile people, by printing out

the simulation

and to provide your production departments with printouts of production ticket or CAMdata for production

In this way, expensive design errors will be avoided, and CAD system will soon pay itself back.

You will also gain a lot in response time, since you will be able to give an answer to customerinquiry in just a few minutes.

Shaded integer view

This mode shows the fabric in repeat, but on zoom levelshigher than 300 % adds shadows to threads, so you caneasier see interlacing and distinguish between warp andweft.


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Simulation view setting the density

The Simulation mode shows the fabric in real 1:1 densitywith respect to finished fabric. You must enter the densityfor warp and weft, expressed as the number of threads percentimeter (or inch

You can set the density as number of threads per centimeter(inch), or as size of repeat in cm (inches), for both warp andweft. Note that only number of threads per one cm is savedin file, repeat size is calculated from the other data. You canalso set Zoom (%) to any value between 5% and 1500%. TheSimulation view shows the fabric in real 1:1 size, includingyarn diameter with holes (in background color, which can be

defined in the Edit colors window), if the yarns are thin withrespect to density.

Raised finish simulation

If you want raised finish simulation on your fabrics, activatefunction

Simulation from the Fabric menu. You will be able to enterthe length of

raising in tenth of mm for warp and weft, as well as direction(up / down / left / right) and intensity (0-10). Use length of 10(1 mm) and strength of 4 (40% points affected) to create ahaze around the threads of the fabric. You should play a littlewith these parameters to find values which best representthe finishing that you are actually using. The raised finishwindow automatically shows you the preview of the selectedeffect. Once you are satisfied, click the OK button,

and it will be applied to the whole fabric display window.

Fringe option

This option will enable you to view warp and weft pattern onthe left and bottom of the main ArahWeave window.


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Editing the weave

The weave is basic element of fabric construction, whichcontrols the way in which threads will interlace. Black point

means warp (vertical thread) will be on top, and white pointmeans weft (horizontal thread) will be on top.

While you are editing the weave, you can check at

any time what will the new weave look like in the fabric.

Setting weave size

Repeat - size for warp and weft (maximum 32000 by 32000,

minimum 2x2)

Grid - how many pixels should be used for one weave point(on screen only, proper value depends on your eyesight,monitor size and chosen

resolution of the graphics card

Thicken - every how many lines one should be thickened tofacilitate counting (on screen and in print)

System - the number of threads in warp and weft (leave on1 for single layer fabrics). They are meant only fordocumentation. It shows the user's

intent for this weave, and does not reflect the real effect ofthe weave on the fabric.

Shafts - how many shafts do you intend to use (do not be

disturbed by large value on jacquard weaves, just leave it asit is)

Elements of the Weave editor


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The weave itself is in the lower left angle. To draw a blackpoint (warp over weft),. Starting point of the weave firstwarp thread, first weft thread is in the lower left corner.

On top you have the drafting, on right is the dobby card andin the upper right angle you see tie-up. Tie up is fixed, sinceit can not be changed on industrial dobby looms. You can,however, choose between configuration of dobby on left anddobby on right of the loom.

warp pattern (starting from left). This can be very usefulwhen warp and weft patterns must be aligned with weave.

A denting is displayed on top of the weave and below

drafting.

A regulator is displayed to the right of the dobby card.

There are three ways to draw a weave:

Set the size of the weave you want to use, draw the weave,apply the function Check weave > Optimize the number ofshafts from the Dobby menu in the Edit weave window. Thedobby card

and drafting will be drawn automatically.

Just draw the dobby card followed by drafting, while theweave will be drawn automatically.

You can also draw the weave (or load it from a database),set the number of desired shafts, and draw the drafting withmiddle mouse button yourself the card is drawnautomatically. This case is most common in industrial set-ups (and small weaves), when users want to have certainnon-optimal drafting with bigger number of shafts, which ismore suitable for weaving (for example, step 2 or step 3instead of straight draft).


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When you insert a drafting point, the program automaticallytranslates the points drawn anywhere in the pattern draftacross other elements. In this way, pattern draft staysconsistent. This can be disturbing, if you want to freely draw

the weave, while you have a drafting, which you plan tochange. To avoid this effect, clear drafting by Dobby >Drafting > Clear (keyboard shortcut is x). You can

The Edit weave window title displays some additionalinformation: weave filename, weave repeat size in warp andweft, the number for shafts used in this weave (if it is adobby weave), and the number of

warp / weft threads system (if different from 1).

If number of shafts is not minimal, it will display them as 8/6,which means 8 shafts, but only 6 are really needed. Biggernumber of shafts is often used in weaving to balance weightof shafts.

Weave editor supports very big weaves; actually - fulljacquard weave can be loaded in ArahWeave. In such case,the program does not show dobby card and drafting. It stopsdisplaying this data when the number of shafts is superior to

99. Actually, nobody uses more than 36 shafts, but havingup to 99 shafts can be useful for editing purposes.

Weave editor view modes

YarnIf you enable the Yarn colors toggle button from the Viewmenu, the weave will be

rendered in warp / weft colors. On the card, weft points aredrawn in weft colors, while warp points remain black. Otherelements of weave remain unchanged. Mouse drawing incolor weave is also supported.

Jacquard


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Jacquard colors is additional view of weave in weave editor.You can access it from the View menu of weave editor. It isintended for use in jacquard design, when you are fixing thelong floats, and want to

be able to precisely see the transition between the two coloreffects. If you only see the weave in black and white, youcan not see the exact transition from one weave effect toanother, since weaves are sometimes similar. This view isenabled only if jacquard weave size in jacquard conversionmatches the weave size. This view mode also works ondecomposed weave view.

Regulator view

The Regulator view helps you to distinguish betweennormal and regulator wefts. It is useful on a large Jacquardweaves, especially if you want to draw some regulatorcontrols manually (with mouse). Warp points of the extraweft are drawn in blue, weft points are drawn in yellow.

Dobby view

The dobby view just enables you to switch dobby card on oroff, since sometimes you do not wish to be

disturbed by it. For examples, customers who only havejacquard looms, don't need to look a the dobby card anddrafting.

Cross section view

You can also enable the display of horizontal and vertical

cross section. Cross section is interactive - it shows you thecut at the current mouse position. You can draw over crosssection with mouse to change position of threads, and weavewill be modified accordingly.


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To control a number of threads in the cross section at a time,set the System parameter in the Change weave dimensionwindow

Decomposed colors viewThe Decomposed colors view mode is the great tool forcomposing multilayer weaves, especially for placing thestitching points between the fabric layers. Each layer hasdifferent color pair for presenting

warp and weft points, which enables faster and moreaccurate placement of stitching points.

Drafting

The drafting determines which shaft controls which warpthreads, and the number of shafts used depends on thecomplexity of the weave.

left mouse button click draws a draft point and copiescorresponding shaft points from card into weave

middle mouse button click draws a draft point and copies

corresponding warp points from weave into card

You can access to the drafting functions trough the Dobbymenu of the Weave editor.

Optimizing the number of shafts

Balancing the weight of shafts

In practice it is sometimes better to use more shafts then theleast possible number, mainly because of high warp threadsnumber.

Reducing the number of shafts (dobby)


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In dobby weaving, we will often weave a simple weave on abigger number of shafts then its minimal value. For example,we will weave plain weave on 6 or 8 shafts. In thisparagraph, we will deal with the opposite situation our

weaving looms can operate at a maximum of 16, 20 or 24shafts, and we want to weave a fairly complex weave. Ofcourse, we first try to optimize the number of shafts, andcomputer will automatically display the minimum number ofshafts, draw the card and drafting. But what if the number ofshafts is still too big for our production?

With ArahWeave, you have one more possibility we canmake a small change in the weave, which will enable furtherreduction of number of shafts

Denting

Denting is used to make variations in warp density. You canuse parenthesis in denting / regulator like: 2 2 10(3) whichwill expand to: 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3. You can have severaldents within repeat section, like 2 2 7(1 2 3).

ArahWeave supports up to 125 threads in one dent.

Empty dents

To mark an empty dent enter 0 in the denting pattern. Agreen line and a number in the Weave editor indicate aposition of empty dent(s) Important note: a fabric inArahWeave can not start on empty dent.

Weave, which has empty dents in the denting pattern looksslightly different on a printout as it does in the Weave editor.

Empty space in the weave area and dents in a green colorindicate empty dents .To get a proper fabric simulation offabric with empty dents, you need to set technical data(Threads in fabric width, Reed width, Finished width,Denting, Weft density) in the Calculation of threadconsumption window (Fabric > Consumption), and mark theDensity from technical data check box.


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Denting and regulator are handled in a different way inweave editor, The denting, on the other hand, is not directly

linked to the weaveDobby and Jacquard

Some looms have both lifting mechanisms, dobby andjacquard. Dobby threads pass through heddles, which arehold and lifted by shafts, Jacquard part of warp ends arelifted by hooks. To distinguish between threads, which arelifted by dobby (shafts), and threads, lifted by jacquard(hooks), mark the dents, where the jacquard warp ends are,with negative number. Jacquard dents are indicated bygray color in the Weave editor

Regulator

Looms advance (take-up) the fabric after each weft insertion.Sometimes we need to stop automatic advance on certainwefts, so that two or more weft threads can be insertedduring one advance. When we do this, we use regulator.Regulator is also called dead pick in USA. It makes sense,since on weft with regulator on, the fabric does not advance.In England, it is sometimes called cramming, since we cramtwo or more threads in the same space. In ArahWeave,

regulator has the same format of entry as denting. If you donot use regulator, just leave it at 1, or even empty. You canuse parenthesis in the regulator like: 2 2 10(3) which willexpand to: 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3. In the regulator we don'tuse 0 for marking weaving without weft (fringe). Instead weuse y in the weft pattern. The weave is

extended on the y. Fabric can not start with active regulatoron the first weft thread. Maximal number consecutive weftswith regulator active is 125 (that is 1 normal thread plus 8crammed, or in other words, 1 advance of warp beam and 8wefts without advance).

Denting and regulator are handled in a different way inweave editor, in spite of the fact that they can be bothentered in the


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Edit weave window in the same way. The reason is, that aregulator is directly linked

to the weave, since it must be present on the dobby card(punched or electronically transmitted on jacquard floppy).

The repeat size of the regulator shouldnot be bigger than the weave; if it is, theweave must be enlarged accordingly. Theprogram gives you a warning if yourregulator pattern does not divide the heightof the weave it draws the regulator fieldin red. If it divides, the regulator field isgreen.

ADVANTAGE OF ARHAWEAVE-

Extending weaves

which helps you copy (extend) the weave across the wholesub-section.

Replacing weave (Jacquard)

Replace weave is a very useful function for loom editing,which enables you to replace a single weave in a finished

jacquard card design, or also reconstruct the original colorimage based on the jacquard

card image. This function is mainly intended for jacquardmills with old designs on floppies in jacquard formats, whichthey would like to modify and re-use, to create new designswith different weaves inserted.

Inserting and deleting warps or wefts in weave

If the warp / weft pattern toggle button in the Insert/deletewarps/wefts window is on, then the program will also insert


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the thread pattern, which you write in the field on the rightof toggle button,

into main thread pattern. Figure 70 shows example, wherewe insert four threads in the weave, and the pattern ofinserted threads is 1a1b (one orange thread, one bluethread).

Extending the weave

Extracting the weave from floppy (jacquard)

ArahWeave enables you to adapt / change / correct olddesigns prepared for weaving. Choose Weave > Read

Jacquard floppy. Wait until the program reads the floppy, andthen load the desired file. To

work within the logic of ArahWeave, you must extract onlythe weave information, deleting the fields for empty hooks,selvedges, control information, etc. Once you have only theweave, you can correct the long floats, if any, and save the

jacquard floppy in a different format or layout.

Long floats statistics and correction (jacquard)

One of the most important properties of the weave is themaximal length of floats that is over how many warp (weft)threads does one weft (warp) thread pass withoutinterruption (stitch point). There are no golden rules forthese it all depends on your density and the purpose of thefabric.

Usually you will only remove long floats in jacquard fabrics;dobby weaves are relatively simple, so that long floats are

not an issue. In any case, it can be quite informative to lookat the report of long floats. Why do we have problem withlong floats in jacquard, and not in dobby? In jacquard, we areputting together many different weaves, each of them will beOK, but on their junctions (point where one weave will


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change into another), long floats are almost certain to pop-up.

The quality of weave selection, and resulting number of longfloats, depends a lot on the experience of the designer. Youcan use the long float report as an early warning something could be wrong with your weave selection, if youhave many long floats. You can also use the automatic floatcorrection, but do not over exploit it. If you have over 1000long floats, you should reconsider your design and weaves.Spelling checker can hide your language incompetence tosome extent, but bad writing will remain bad, even if all thewords are correct. Same goes for automatic float correction.

Saving and loading yarns

Editing warp and weft pattern

Loading and saving thread patterns

Replacing yarns in thread pattern

Inserting or deleting yarns from thread pattern

Adjusting warp symmetry

Splitting or merging weft threads

Sorting

The Sort option will rewrite the pattern so that it starts withyarn A, followed by B, etc., as this is required by productiondepartment of many mills

Remapping yarns

The yarn remapping function helps to change yarn letters inthe complex patterns (in simple pattern you can just retypeit). For instance, if you want to change yarn a to yarn c, but


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there are one hundred entries with letter a, retyping wouldbe a time consuming task. But with Remap yarns, you can doit in

Editing decomposed

The purpose of this function is to enable designer to easilyenter complex warp and weft patterns with one pattern onthe face, and another on the back of the fabric, or to entercomplex ground patterns in the extra warp/weft fabric.

Resizing warp or weft pattern

Changing design from one density to another

Exchanging warp and weft (rotation by 90)

Gamma correction

Monitor gamma correction is a function with which we try tomake the non-linear response of monitor phosphorperceptually linear. It can be set in the box labeled Gammaon the right of color edit window.

Converting images into Jacquard weaves

About Jacquard conversion

Jacquard image conversion enables the user to load a colorimage, select a weave for each color and make a jacquardweave. You can load a full 256-color image, if you want touse that many different weaves.

Changing the Jacquard weave size

Reverse shading

The Reverse shading function enables you to check theinternal picture of the color shading conversion.

Loading and saving jacquard conversion


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Loading / saving loom layout

Converting the jacquard design from one loom layout intoanother loom layout

CONCLUSION-

CAD technology has come a long way since the early, esoteric, command-drivensystems, which required as much if not more of an engineer s attention as the actual

process of design, and now helps manufacturers to streamline their design processes,

reduce costs, and improve product quality. Today s engineering and manufacturingprofessionals need a design platform that complements their creativity, innovation, and

engineering skills so that they can approach design and manufacturing challenges withoutdistraction.

Today s CAD systems have progressed a great deal toward achieving that goal, requiringless mental energy to run so that an engineer can focus more on bringing better products

to market faster. CAD technology operates efficiently on affordable computing hardware.


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Yarn with twist sense S, Z, and without twist


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Documents

Project Cad