Upload
egbert-richards
View
221
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Properties of life
Levels of organization
Subatomicparticles
atoms molecules organelles cells
tissues
organs
Organ systems
MulticellularORGANISM!populationcommunityecosystem
biosphere
Levels of organization
Subatomicparticles
atoms molecules organelles cells
tissues
organs
Organ systems
MulticellularORGANISM!populationcommunityecosystem
biosphere
Smallest living unit
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic EukaryoticPrimitive modernSimple complexDNA is in nucleiod regionDNA is in nucleusNo membrane bound membrane boundorganelles organellesSmaller Larger
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Domains/Kingdoms• Archae: single-celled, prokaryotic, extreme
environments, look like bacteria• Bacteria (Eubacteria): true bacteria, single-celled,
prokaryotic, includes E. coli• Eukarya:
Protista: single-celled plants and animals, eukaryotic, includes Paramecium (pond water organisms)
Fungi: multicellular, eukaryotic, chemotrophs, decompsers, includes: yeasts, molds and mushrooms
Plantae: multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophs (photosynthesis), includes: grass, shrubs, trees
Animalia: multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs, motile, includes: you!
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic EukaryoticPrimitive modernSimple complexDNA is in nucleiod regionDNA is in nucleusNo membrane bound membrane boundorganelles organellesSmaller Larger Bacteria, Archae Protists, Fungi,
PlantsAnimals (Eukarya)
Taxonomy
• Linnaeus/binomial name (Genus species)• Humans = Homo sapiens• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, Species• Homology = similarity in structure due to a
common ancestor• Analogy = similarity in function not due to
a common ancestor• DNA comparison
Homologous Structures
Let’s play:Which is more closely related?
• BAT, BIRD, DOG??• BAT & BIRD?• BAT & DOG?• DOG & BIRD?• BAT & DOG!!• WHY??• THEY ARE BOTH MAMMALS (fur and
teeth)
Schools of Taxonomy
• Phenetics: looks for similarity and differences whether homology or analogy
• Phylogenetics/systematics: use homologies to map evolutionary relationship
Phylogenetic tree: series of branches
Energy flow: Food Chain
Grass(producer)
Mouse(herbivore)
Snake(primarycarnivore)
Hawk(secondarycarnivore)
Should this be drawn in a line as above or another shape???
Energy pyramid
What did we leave out??
Grass(producer)
Mouse(herbivore)
Snake(primarycarnivore)
Hawk(secondarycarnivore)
Decomposers (detritivores) = the recyclers!!!
Food Web (multiple food chains)
Energy Flow/Nutrient Cycle
Natural Selection (best adapted survives and reproduces)
Charles Darwin
English Peppered MothExample
Before industrial revolution After industrial revolution
English Peppered Moth Example
Galapagos Ground FinchStudy by Rosemary and Peter Grant
In dry years average beak depth increases-birds with large bills survive better-more large seeds available
In wet years average beak depth decreases-birds with small bills survive better-more small seeds available
Reznick/Endler Study on Guppies
• Guppies in Trinidad (Caribbean)
• Correlated changes in life history characteristics with type of predator
• Small predator (Killifish) preys on juvenile guppies
• Large predator (Pike Cichlid) preys on large sexually mature guppies
• Guppies with cichlids repro at younger age
The Experiment
• Experimental Group: guppies transplanted from pike cichlid to killifish pools
• Control Group: guppies that remained in pike cichlid pools
• What happened??
• Experimental Group/transplanted guppies gained an average of 14% greater mass