Proses Berpikir & Belajar

Proses Berpikir & BelajarIntan Kusuma Wardhani, M.Psi, PsikologPsikologi kognitifMempelajari bagaimana manusia memproses informasi Bagaimana seseorang memperoleh, memproses dan menyimpan informasiPersepsi, atensi, bahasa, memori, probem solving & kreativitas

Information processing models consist of a series of stages, or boxes, which represent stages of processing. Arrows indicate the flow of information from one stage to the next.

*Input processes are concerned with the analysis of the stimuli.* Storage processes cover everything that happens to stimuli internally in the brain and can include coding and manipulation of the stimuli.* Output processes are responsible for preparing an appropriate response to a stimulus.

Sensasi & Persepsimerupakan suatu proses yang didahului oleh penginderaan, yaitu suatu stimulus yang diterima oleh individu melalui alat reseptor yaitu indera. Alat indera merupakan penghubung antara individu dengan dunia luarnya. Persepsi merupakan stimulus yang diindera oleh individu, diorganisasikan kemudian diinterpretasikan sehingga individu menyadari dan mengerti tentang apa yang diindera.

Faktor yang mempengaruhi persepsiFaktor internalFisiologisPerhatianMinatKebutuhanPengalaan & ingatanSuasana hatiFaktor eksternalUkuran & penempatan objekWarnaKeunikan & kekontrasanIntensitas & kekuatanGerakanAtensiPemusatan pikiran terhadap suatu objek dan pada saat yang sama mengabaikan objek-objek yang lain.

Dua macam atensi:Atensi terbagiAtensi selektif Otomatisasi / proses otomatisitas

Pemprosesan otomatisAktivitas yang telah dilatih dengan baik (atau sering) menjadi otomatis sehingga memerlukan atensi yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan melakukan aktivitas baru/belum dikuasai.Tiga karakteristik pemprosesan otomatis (Posner & Snyder):Pemprosesan otomatis terjadi tanpa ada niat sadar. Pemprosesan otomatis tersembunyi dari kesadaran. Pemprosesan otomatis menggunakan hanya sedikit (atau tidak sama sekali) sumber daya sadar.

9Kapasitas pemprosesan & atensi selektifKita memilih hanya sebagian kecil stimuli dari seluruh stimuli yang ada di sekeliling kita, tampak dari berbagai peristiwa sehari-hari, sebagaimana yang disebutkan sebelumnya. Selektivitas stimuli terjadi akibat kurangnya kapasitas saluran, yakni ketidakmampuan kita memproses seluruh stimuli sensorik secara bersamaan. Keterbatasan kapasitas & atensi selektif mengimplikasikan adanya kemacetan (bottleneck) struktural dalam pemprosesan informasi.

10Fenomena-fenomena dalam PersepsiSubliminal Perception/persepsi bawah sadarIllusion/kesalahan persepsiHallucination Delusion: a false or mistaken belief or idea about something.

Teori-teori Atensi:Bottle-neck conceptFilter TheoryCapacity Theory

Memori

EncodingWhen information comes into our memory system (from sensory input), it needs to be changed into a form that the system can cope with, so that it can be stored. Picture, sound, meaningStorage This concerns the nature of memory stores, i.e. where the information is stored, how long the memory lasts for (duration), how much can be stored at any time (capacity) and what kind of information is held. The way we store information affects the way we retrieve it. There has been a significant amount of research regarding the differences between Short Term Memory (STM ) and Long Term Memory (LTM).RetreivalThis refers to getting information out storage. If we cant remember something, it may be because we are unable to retrieve it. When we are asked to retrieve something from memory, the differences between STM and LTM become very clear.

STM is stored and retrieved sequentially. For example, if a group of participants are given a list of words to remember, and then asked to recall the fourth word on the list, participants go through the list in the order they heard it in order to retrieve the information.

LTM is stored and retrieved by association. This is why you can remember what you went upstairs for if you go back to the room where you first thought about it.

ForgettingRetrieval failuredecay memoryIf information is not retrieved and rehearsed, it will eventually be lost.2. Interferance some memories compete and interfere with other memories. When information is very similar to other information that was previously stored in memory, interference is more likely to occur.

Forgetting3. Failure to storenever made information into long-term memory in the first place4. Motivated forgettingSometimes, we may actively work to forget memories, especially those of traumatic or disturbing events or experiences. BelajarPsikologi kognitifBelajar meruakan usaha untuk mengerti tentang sesuatu. secara aktif oleh pembelajar. Keaktifan tersebut dapat berupa mencari pengalaman, mencari informasi, memecahkan masalah, mencermati lingkungan. Para psikolog kognitif berkeyakinan bahwa pengetahuan yang dipunyai sebelumnya, sangat menentukan terhadap perolehan belajar Information processingBehaviorismeBehavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.Clasical conditioningDiscovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Operan ConditioningOperant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior (B.F Skinner)Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior.

Social Learning TheoryAlbert BanduraPeople can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling)Learning does not necessarily lead to a change in behaviorAtention, retention, repoduction, motivation