PROTECTING MARINE FISH STOCKS THROUGH MORE SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE;

A REVIEW OF INSECT MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE IN FISH FARMING

KRISTINA VORKAPITS, GEORGE HIDE, STEVE WOOD, JO PRESTON, JOSEPHINE PEGG

AQUACULTURE

• WORLD POPULATION ↑ DEMAND FOR FOOD ↑

• ECONOMIES RELY ON FISH PRODUCTION

• INCREASED FISH CONSUMPTION

• 2009-2014: 32.5% INCREASE IN AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION

AQUACULTURE

ADVANTAGES

● SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION

● SOURCE OF NUTRITIONALLY COMPLETE FOOD

● SUPPORTING ECONOMIES

DISADVANTAGES

●ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE

●DISEASE – LOSS OF STOCK

●USE OF WILD CAUGHT FISH IN FEED

88%

3%9%

FOOD USE

NON-FOOD USE

FISH MEAL/OILPRODUCTION

Utilisation of total fish production in 2014 (FAO, 2016, p.4)

FISH MEAL USE IN AQUACULTURE

● VALUABLE INGREDIENT IN FISH FEED

● VARIATIONS IN AVAILABILITY➢ INCREASE IN COST

● ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS

SOLUTIONS:

➢ REDUCTION IN FEED INCLUSION➢ ALTERNATIVE FEED INGREDIENTS

ALTERNATIVE FEED INGREDIENTS

PLANTS:

● MOST WIDELY USED ALTERNATIVE TO FISH MEAL

● EASY TO INCORPORATE INTO FEED

● NO RISK OF P.O.P

● LOWER COST➢ UNFAVOURABLE NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION

➢ ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE

➢ COULD BE USED FOR DIRECT CONSUMPTION

INSECT MEAL AS A FEED INGREDIENTS

ADVANTAGES

● PART OF NATURAL DIET● GOOD SOURCE OF ANIMAL PROTEIN● PROTEIN CONTENT CAN BE MODIFIED

DEPENDING ON REARING SUBSTRATE● SUSTAINABLE FARMING● WASTE UTILISATION

DISADVANTAGES

● LOW MINERAL CONTENT

● DIGESTIBILITY ISSUES

➢ DIFFICULTY INCORPORATING IN FEED

● HIGH COST

● LEGISLATION

PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE

• DEMAND ↑ PRODUCTION ↑ COST ↓

• RESEARCH

• LEGISLATION

THANK YOU

• Angradi, T. R., & Griffith, J. S. (1990). Diet feeding chronology and diet selection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Henry’s Fork of the Snake River, Idaho. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 47(1), 199-209.

• Ayadi, F. Y., Rosentrater, K. A., & Muthukumarappan, K. (2012). Alternative Protein Sources for Aquaculture Feeds. Journal of Aquaculture Feed

Science and Nutrition, 4(1), 1-26.• Barroso, F. G., de Haro, C., Sánchez-Muros, M-J., Venegas, E., Martínez-Sánchez, A., & Pérez-Bañón, C. (2014). The potential of various insect

species for use as food for fish. Aquaculture, (422-423), 193-201.• Belforti, M., Gai, F., Lussiana, C., Renna, M., Malfatto, V., Rotolo, L., De Marco, M., Dabbou, S., Schiavone, A., Zoccarato, I., & Gasco, L.

(2016). Tenebrio molitor Meal in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Diets: Effects on Animal Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Chemical Composition of Fillets. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 14, 670-676.

• Béné, C., Arthur, R., Norbury, H., Allison, E. H., Beveridge, M., Bush S., Campling L., Leschen, W., Little, D., Squires, D., Thilsted, S. H., Troell, M., & Williams, M. (2016). Contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to food security and poverty reduction: assessing the current evidence. World Development, 79, 177-196.

• Borgogno, M., Dinnella, C., Iaconisi, V., Fusi, R., Scarpaleggia, C., Schiavone, A., Monteleone, E., Gasco, L., & Parisi, G. (2016). Inclusion of Hermetia illucens larvae meal on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feed: effect on sensory profile according to static and dynamic evaluations. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97, 3402-3411.

• Cashion, T., Le Manach, F., Zeller, D., & Pauly, D. (2016). Most fish destined for fishmeal production are food-grade fish. Fish and Fisheries, 1-8.• Dale, P. J., Clarke, B., & Fontes, E. M. G. (2002). Potential for the environmental impact of transgenic crops. Nature Biotechnology, 20, 567-574.• Englund, R. A., & Polhemus, D. A. (2001). Evaluating the effects of introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on native stream insects on

Kauai Island, Hawaii. Journal of Insect Conservation, 5, 265-281.• Esteban, M. A., Cuesta, A., Ortuño, J., & Meseguer, J. (2001). Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin on gilthead seabream

(Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 11, 303-315.• FAO. (2016). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome: FAO.

References:

• Fisher, B., Naidoo, R., Guernier, J., Johnson, K., Mullins, D., Robinson, D., & Allison, E. H. (2017). Integrating fisheries and agricultural programs for food security. Agriculture & Food Security, 6(1), 1-7.

• Fry, J. P., Love, D. C., MacDonald, G. K., West, P. C., Engstrom, P. M., Nachman, K. E., & Lawrence, R. S. (2016). Environmental health impacts of feeding crops to farmed fish. Environmental International, 91, 201-214.

• Grau, T., Vilcinskas, A., & Joop, G. (2017). Sustainable farming of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor for the production of food and feed. Z. Naturforsch, 72(9-10), 337-349.

• Hamid, R., Khan, M. A., Ahmad, M., Ahmad, M. M., Abdin, M. Z., Musarrat, J. & Javed, S. (2013). Chitinases: An update. Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences, 5(1), 21-29.

• Hardy, R. W. (2002). Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In C. D. Webster, & C. Lim (Eds.), Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture (pp. 184-202). Wallingford Oxon, UK: CABI.

• Hardy, R. W. (2010). Utilization of plant proteins in fish diets: effects of global demand and supplies of fishmeal. Aquaculture Research, 41, 770-776.

• Harikrishnan, R., Kim, J-S., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M-S. (2012). Immunomodulatory effects of chitin and chitosan enriched diets in Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Aquaculture, 326-329, 46-52.

• Hartman, G. L., West, E. D., & Herman, T. K. (2011). Crops that feed the World 2. Soybean—worldwide production, use, and constraints caused by pathogens and pests. Food Security, 3, 5-17.

• Henry, M., Gasco, L., Piccolo., G., & Fountoulaki, E. (2015). Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: Past and future. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 203, 1-22.

• Jenkins, T. M., Elliott, G. V., & Feldmeth, C. R. (1970). Feeding of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in relation to abundance of drifting invertebrates in a mountain streat. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27(12), 2356-2361.

• Kawarazuka, N., & Béné, C. (2010). Linking small-scale fisheries and aquaculture to household nutritional security: an overview. Food Security, 2, 343-357.

• Lee, C. G., Da Silva, C. A., Lee, J-Y., Hartl, D., & Elias, J. A. (2008). Chitin regulation of immune responses: an old molecule with new roles. Current Opinion in Immunology, 20, 684-689.

References:

• Little, D. C., Newton, R. W., & Beveridge, M. C. M. (2015). Aquaculture: a rapidly growing and significant source of sustainable food? Status, transitions and potential. Proceeding of the Nutrition Society Conference on ‘The future of animal products in the human diet: health and environmental concerns’, Symposium 3: Alternatives to meat, 75, 274-286.

• Nakano, S., Kawaguchi, Y., Taniguchi, Y., Miyasaka, H., Shibata, Y., Urabe, H., & Kuhara, N. (1999). Selective foraging on terrestrial invertebrates by rainbow trout in a forested headwater stream in northern Japan. Ecological Research, 14, 351-360.

• Naylor, R. L., Goldburg, R. J., Primavera, J. H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M. C. M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H., & Troell, M. (2000). Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature, 409, 1017-1024.

• Olsen, R. L., & Hasan, M. R. (2012). A limited supply of fishmeal: Impact on future increases in global aquaculture production. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 27, 120-128.

• Sánchez-Muros, M-J., Barroso, F. G., Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2014). Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 16-27.

• Sealey, W. M., Gaylord, T. G., Barrows, F. T., Tomberlin, J. K., McGuire, M. A., Ross, C., & St-Hilaire, S. (2011). Sensory analysis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fed enriched black soldier fly prepupae, Hermetia illucens. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 42(1), 34-45.

• Tran, G., Heuzé, V., & Makkar, H. P. S. (2015). Insects in fish diets. Animal Frontiers, 5(2), 37-44• van Huisa, A. (2013). Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annual Review of Entomology, 58, 563-583.• van Huisb, A., van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., & Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects. Future prospects for

food and feed security. FAO Forestry Paper 171, (pp. 1-187). Rome: FAO• Windsor, M. L. (2001). Fish meal. Torry Advisory Note No. 49. Retrieved from: www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5926e/x5926e00.htm• Xiaoming, C., Ying, F., & Hong, Z. (2008). Review of the nutritive value of edible insects. In P. B. Durst, D. V. Johnson, R. N. Leslie, & K. Shono

(Eds). Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development: Forest insects as food: humans bite back (pp. 85-92). Thailand: FAO.

• Yacout, M. H. M. (2016). Anti-nutritional factors & its roles in animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research, 4(1), 1-3.

References: