Protestant Reformation

Let’s See What You Know

What do you think a Protestant is?

Can you name a Protestant Church?

I. BeginningsA.Corruption in the Church

and calls for reform.

1. Immorality, wealth, corruption, and the selling of indulgences.

2. Jan Hus, John Wycliffe, Erasmus, and Thomas More call for reform. They deny the Pope has worldly power and the Bible has the final authority.

3. Many reformers were victims of the inquisition and burned at the stake. They were seen as heretics.

What is a heretic?

Let’s Talk About Immorality!

Pope Alexander VI had several children! (Remember he took a vow of celibacy)

Lower clergy was poorly educated.Clergy broke vows by marrying, gambling, and drinking to excess!

Selling of indulgences = Get out of HELL free card (it’s like Monopoly for your soul!)

When you hear the name Martin Luther what comes to mind?

B. Protestant Reformation

1. The original intent was NOT to break from the Church, but to protest in order to reform.

2. Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses to a Church in Wittenberg stating his beliefs vs. the Roman Catholic Church. This is the beginning of the Protestant Reformation!!

What did the Church originally think about Martin Luther?

They thought he was a rebellious monk who needed to be punished.

Catholic Protestant

Salvation by faith and good

works

Salvation by faith alone

Pope as God’s representative

on Earth

Bible is the highest

authority, not the Pope or the

ChurchNeed for priest interpretation

All people of faith were

equal---no need for priests

3. Reaction from the Church: excommunication and inquisition

4. Reaction from the Holy Roman Empire: Charles V made Luther an outlaw. (Edict of Worms)

1529: War broke out in the Holy Roman Empire between German princes who supported Luther and those who were loyal to the Pope.

War Ends 1555: Resolved by the Peace of Augsburg which stated each German state would be decided by its ruler.

Diet of Worms

Is there a separation of church and state?

Is there freedom of religion?

C. Effects of the Protestant Reformation

1. Political: Individual monarchs and states gain

power and wars over religion began. (Eventually we will see a separation of church and state)

2. Economic: Emphasis on a market economy and

individualism. Middle class wealth increased.

C. Effects of the Protestant Reformation

3. Religious: Protestant ideas spread across Europe. Catholic (Counter) Reformation tried to stop the spread of Protestantism and help solve corruption. Council of Trent set church doctrine. Religious intolerance by BOTH Catholics and Protestants.

4. Social: Peasants begin to challenge authority as well as talk of “Christian Freedom” (peasants revolt), and religion now divides Europe.

Peasant Revolts1524 peasants demanded an end to serfdom and Luther called for German princes to show the peasants no mercy!

100,000 people died and many peasants felt betrayed and rejected Luther’s religious leadership.

5. Intellectual: Printing press helped spread Protestant ideas and increased learning among all classes.

6. Artistic: Many writers mocked the Roman Catholic Church and art subjects become

secular.

The Reformation Spreads

Denomination: LutheranLeader(s): Martin LutherMain Beliefs:

People could win salvation by faith alone Church teachings are based on the Bible All people of faith were equal

Location(s): German states, Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands, Norway, etc.

The Reformation Spreads

Denomination: Church of England (Anglican)

Leader(s): Henry VIII, Elizabeth IMain Belief(s):

Divorce is allowed

Location(s): England

The Reformation Spreads

Denomination: Calvinism, Presbyterians, Huguenots (French Calvinists)

Leader(s): John Calvin and John KnoxMain Beliefs:

Predestination Theocracy

Location(s): Switzerland, Scotland, France

The Reformation Spreads

Denomination: Anabaptists Leader(s): N/AMain Beliefs:

People should be rebaptized as adults Church and state should be separate

Location(s): Austria, Poland, Netherlands, etc.

The Reformation Spreads

How were the beliefs of Lutherans and Calvinists different? Calvinists believed in predestination and a theocracy

Which group differed the least from the Roman Catholic Church? Why? Church of England; Elizabeth wanted a church that both

Protestants and Catholics could except. The only main difference is divorce

The Reformation Spreads

What was the Catholic Counter Reformation? What were the goals? What were the effects of the Jesuits? A movement to reform the Catholic Church in order to

keep members loyal Educating the clergy, conversion of non-Christians to

Catholicism, the ending of indulgences Jesuits used the Inquisition to seek out non-Catholics,

overcame the drift towards Protestantism in Poland and Southern Germany

Religious Intolerance Begins

Witch huntsReligious WarsInquisition

Religious Intolerance

Witchcraft Trials and Wars of Religion

I. Witchcraft Hunts/ Trials• How Many and Who?

– Estimates vary– It is believed that between

150,000 and 300,000 people were accused/found guilty.

– Victims were usually elderly or independent women. (80% of the accused were women)

– Why were women most often accused?

– Poor without property

I. Witchcraft Hunts/ Trials

• What?– Accused of

ruining crops, casting spells, killing babies, etc.

– Based on VERY limited evidence.

What Makes a WitchAccording to King James I

• A woman, often old, that lived alone.• They have a familiar, a cat, maybe black.• Have a “mark of the devil”, a birthmark or mole, on

their skin.• Disabled in some way.• They hold strange ceremonies, cast spells, or had

“models” of their victims.• Do you qualify to be a witch?• What other book is King James associated with?

Pendle Witch Trial of 1612• The accused:

– Old Elizabeth Southerns: 80 years old and blind.

– Elizabeth Device: Daughter of “Old Southerns” and deformed with one eye higher than the other.

– James Device: Son of Elizabeth Device and considered simple.

– Alison Device: Daughter of Elizabeth Device, had a black dog that followed her, and had a mark on her body.

– “Old Chattox” (Anne Wittle): 80 years old and ugly.

– Ann Redfearn: Daughter of Anne Whittle and made clay figures.

Consider…

• Why would it be hard to prove that witches caused problems?

• What are some OTHER reasons people might have accused others of being witches?

• Why might some of the accused turn in other “witches” and/or confess?

I. Witchcraft Hunts/ Trials

• When?

–Began in the late 1500’s-1600’s

–They lessened as religious tolerance became an ideal.

I. Witchcraft Hunts/ Trials

• Where?– Throughout

Europe– Most heavily

concentrated where there were weak nation-states such as the Holy Roman Empire, Swiss Confederation, etc.

I. Witchcraft Hunts/ Trials• Why?

– Many theories but documentation is scarce.

– There is NO evidence of the practice of “witchcraft”

– Convenient to blame crop failures and bad things that happened in a town or village on powerless people

– Used as a religious weapon by both Catholics and Protestants.

II. European Wars of ReligionReligious and Political Motives

• After the Reformation religion deeply divided Europe instead of unifying it as it once had.

• French Civil Wars: Catholic vs. Calvinists (Huguenots). Murders of Protestants by Catholics who were in the majority in France.

II. European Wars of ReligionReligious and Political Motives

• Catholic Spain vs. Muslim Ottoman Turks and Protestant England. Elizabeth I (English) supported Protestant subjects of Philip II (Spain) who rebelled against him. In 1588 Philip sends the Spanish Armada (130 ships) to invade England. Thinking Elizabeth, a woman, would be easy to defeat. He was wrong and England won.

II. European Wars of ReligionReligious and Political Motives

• Holy Roman Empire: Catholics vs. Protestants. (Thirty Years’ War and Peace of Westphalia)– Results:

• 4 million people died.• Weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and

Austria.• It strengthened France by awarding it

German territory.• German princes became independent of the

Holy Roman Empire.• Ended religious wars in Europe.• Introduced the method of peace negotiation

used today.