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Psychology PerceptionPsychology Perception
May 2, 2008May 2, 2008
TodayToday
Early and Middle Childhood Adolescent (Teenager) Early, Middle, and Late Adulthood
Early and Middle Childhood Adolescent (Teenager) Early, Middle, and Late Adulthood
Developments on EachDevelopments on Each
Cognitive Physical Social Emotional
Cognitive Physical Social Emotional
Early Childhood Cognitive.DevEarly Childhood Cognitive.Dev
2-12 years old Piaget called this stage: Preoperational
Stage. Make decision purely based on their
perception. Associated with Egocentric Thinking. He/She believes that everyone sees the
world the way he/she sees it.
2-12 years old Piaget called this stage: Preoperational
Stage. Make decision purely based on their
perception. Associated with Egocentric Thinking. He/She believes that everyone sees the
world the way he/she sees it.
Formal EducationFormal Education
Introduced to formal education. David Elkin on “Too Educated” children.
Introduced to formal education. David Elkin on “Too Educated” children.
Early Childhood on Social.DevEarly Childhood on Social.Dev
Play as the most important activities. It allows them to develop physical skills,
cognitive skills using their imaginations AND improving their understanding of what he wants and needs.
Play as the most important activities. It allows them to develop physical skills,
cognitive skills using their imaginations AND improving their understanding of what he wants and needs.
Russ - Case Western Reserve UniversityRuss - Case Western Reserve University
Imaginative play encourages children to be a better problem solver and creative thinkers.
Imaginative play encourages children to be a better problem solver and creative thinkers.
Early Childhood on Emotional.Dev
Early Childhood on Emotional.Dev
Learn emotion but not mastering it. Ability to fake and interpret emotions from
others. The time for children to develop her / his
emotional intelligence.
Learn emotion but not mastering it. Ability to fake and interpret emotions from
others. The time for children to develop her / his
emotional intelligence.
Middle ChildhoodMiddle Childhood
7-12 years old Physically, they continue decreasing fat and
increasing muscle and bobe tissue.
7-12 years old Physically, they continue decreasing fat and
increasing muscle and bobe tissue.
Middle Childhood on Cognitive.Dev
Middle Childhood on Cognitive.Dev
Piaget: Concrete Operations Characterized by: No longer depending on
perceptions for decision making, now straight to activities that demonstrate this.
More logical, I.e: the glass example.
Piaget: Concrete Operations Characterized by: No longer depending on
perceptions for decision making, now straight to activities that demonstrate this.
More logical, I.e: the glass example.
Middle Childhood on Social.DevMiddle Childhood on Social.Dev
Importance of friendship. Beginning to sense acceptance or rejection
from friends. John Gottman in his 1977 article: Toward a
Definition of Social Isolation in Children - 5 categories of Social status in this stage.
Importance of friendship. Beginning to sense acceptance or rejection
from friends. John Gottman in his 1977 article: Toward a
Definition of Social Isolation in Children - 5 categories of Social status in this stage.
Gottman’s 5 Categories Gottman’s 5 Categories
The Sociometric Stars: The Popular. The Mixer: Popular for some. The Teacher Negatives: Liked by some but
not by others. The Tuned Out: The ignored. The Sociometric Rejectees: The disliked not
ignored.
The Sociometric Stars: The Popular. The Mixer: Popular for some. The Teacher Negatives: Liked by some but
not by others. The Tuned Out: The ignored. The Sociometric Rejectees: The disliked not
ignored.
Middle Childhood on Emotional.Dev
Middle Childhood on Emotional.Dev
Able to feel empathy for others. Have the ability to understand the feeling of
others (more sensitive toward her/his surroundings).
Able to feel empathy for others. Have the ability to understand the feeling of
others (more sensitive toward her/his surroundings).
AdolescenceAdolescence
13 - 20 years old Common phrases: rebellious, growing
pains, angst, second toddlerhood. Time of significant changes: physically,
cognitively, and socially.
13 - 20 years old Common phrases: rebellious, growing
pains, angst, second toddlerhood. Time of significant changes: physically,
cognitively, and socially.
Adolescence on Cognitive.DevAdolescence on Cognitive.Dev
Piaget: formal operations. Characterized by: the ability to think
hypothetically. Meaning: ability to think abstractly, not
necessarily concrete. Metacognition (about thinking) and
Metamemory (about memory). This relates to academic performance in school.
Piaget: formal operations. Characterized by: the ability to think
hypothetically. Meaning: ability to think abstractly, not
necessarily concrete. Metacognition (about thinking) and
Metamemory (about memory). This relates to academic performance in school.
David Elkind’s Adolescent Egocentrism
David Elkind’s Adolescent Egocentrism
Imaginary Audience: Watching oneself at all times.
Personal Fables: Always convince oneself that he/she is different from others.
Imaginary Audience: Watching oneself at all times.
Personal Fables: Always convince oneself that he/she is different from others.
Adolescence on Social.DevAdolescence on Social.Dev
Erikson: Identity versus diffusion (widely spreading).
Struggling to develop a sense of self. Experimenting on different identities. Friends and family dependent. General fact: adopting instead of
developing.
Erikson: Identity versus diffusion (widely spreading).
Struggling to develop a sense of self. Experimenting on different identities. Friends and family dependent. General fact: adopting instead of
developing.
Adulthood
Early (20-40 years old)Middle (40-65 years old)
Late (65 years old and above)
Adulthood
Early (20-40 years old)Middle (40-65 years old)
Late (65 years old and above)
Early Adulthood on Cognitive.Dev
Early Adulthood on Cognitive.Dev
Decision making as a cognitive task. Many decisions are made in this stage:
occupation, career, etc. Gender differences in occupational decision
making (Morgan-Lightbody)
Decision making as a cognitive task. Many decisions are made in this stage:
occupation, career, etc. Gender differences in occupational decision
making (Morgan-Lightbody)
Morgan-Lightbody ResearchMorgan-Lightbody Research
Different factors are considered for women and men in deciding a job.
Women: Interpersonal and desire to fulfill career.
Men: High pay and status are most considered.
How do we explain these considerations?
Different factors are considered for women and men in deciding a job.
Women: Interpersonal and desire to fulfill career.
Men: High pay and status are most considered.
How do we explain these considerations?
Early Adulthood on Social.DevEarly Adulthood on Social.Dev
Erikson: intimacy versus isolation. The challenge: establishing relationship. Example: The delay of marriage. The
growth of different expectation from others (husband to be or wife to be).
Erikson: intimacy versus isolation. The challenge: establishing relationship. Example: The delay of marriage. The
growth of different expectation from others (husband to be or wife to be).
Middle AdulthoodMiddle Adulthood
These days, middle adulthood is full of people having babies, starting new careers, back to school, remarrying / renewing marriage vows.
These days, middle adulthood is full of people having babies, starting new careers, back to school, remarrying / renewing marriage vows.
Middle Adulthood on Cognitive.Dev
Middle Adulthood on Cognitive.Dev
The declining (going down) of cognitive abilities.
Whether it’s inclining or declining, it’s still a debate.
The debate influenced by 2 perspectives: from Warner Schaie and John Horn.
The declining (going down) of cognitive abilities.
Whether it’s inclining or declining, it’s still a debate.
The debate influenced by 2 perspectives: from Warner Schaie and John Horn.
Schaie & HornSchaie & Horn
Schaie: 80% shows no decline, in order to maintain inductive reasoning, spatial orientation, verbal meaning, number and words fluency. Schaie believes that declining won’t appear until the age of 70s.
Horn: Whether it declines or not, it varies. With the fluid intelligence (basic information processing skills), yes, but no to crystallized intelligence (application of knowledge applied accumulated for years).
Schaie: 80% shows no decline, in order to maintain inductive reasoning, spatial orientation, verbal meaning, number and words fluency. Schaie believes that declining won’t appear until the age of 70s.
Horn: Whether it declines or not, it varies. With the fluid intelligence (basic information processing skills), yes, but no to crystallized intelligence (application of knowledge applied accumulated for years).
Middle Adulthood on Social.DevMiddle Adulthood on Social.Dev
Erikson: Generativity versus Stagnation. The focus here: Pass it on. To improve future
generation. Some will apply this through parenting, some will
volunteer themselves in a group to establish relationship, etc.
Those who do not achieve this will get (usually) stuck (stagnate).
Have enough ability to reflect on themselves (decided decisions) whether they are pleased with the choices.
Erikson: Generativity versus Stagnation. The focus here: Pass it on. To improve future
generation. Some will apply this through parenting, some will
volunteer themselves in a group to establish relationship, etc.
Those who do not achieve this will get (usually) stuck (stagnate).
Have enough ability to reflect on themselves (decided decisions) whether they are pleased with the choices.
Late Adulthood
Cognitive DevelopmentSocial Development
Stages of Dying
Late Adulthood
Cognitive DevelopmentSocial Development
Stages of Dying
Late Adulthood on Cognitive.Dev
Late Adulthood on Cognitive.Dev
The cognitive changes often related with this stage is memory.
The 2 disorders often appear in this stage: Delirium and Dementia.
If it’s not caused by those 2 disorder, it could be caused by being senile (weaknesses by old age).
The cognitive changes often related with this stage is memory.
The 2 disorders often appear in this stage: Delirium and Dementia.
If it’s not caused by those 2 disorder, it could be caused by being senile (weaknesses by old age).
Delirium and DementiaDelirium and Dementia
Delirium: Experiencing disorientation that results an impaired memory or speech. Caused by (usually) improper use of medication.
Dementia: gradual deterioration (become progressively worse) of brain functioning that results in impaired judgment, memory, and other cognitive processes such as: language, problem solving, and decision making.
Dementia refers to Alzheimer from Alois Alzheimer (German Psychiatrist, 1906)
Delirium: Experiencing disorientation that results an impaired memory or speech. Caused by (usually) improper use of medication.
Dementia: gradual deterioration (become progressively worse) of brain functioning that results in impaired judgment, memory, and other cognitive processes such as: language, problem solving, and decision making.
Dementia refers to Alzheimer from Alois Alzheimer (German Psychiatrist, 1906)
Late Adulthood on Social.DevLate Adulthood on Social.Dev
Erikson: Integrity versus Despair. The goal of this stage is: to realize and accept that
someone’s life had meaning. If this is not realized then one may feel that her /
his life was a waste, useless, and meaningless; despair.
During this stage, a person may experience the loss of their friends, family, spouse, etc.
Death is accepted as a stage in the cycle of life.
Erikson: Integrity versus Despair. The goal of this stage is: to realize and accept that
someone’s life had meaning. If this is not realized then one may feel that her /
his life was a waste, useless, and meaningless; despair.
During this stage, a person may experience the loss of their friends, family, spouse, etc.
Death is accepted as a stage in the cycle of life.
Elizabeth Kubler Ross’ Stages of DyingElizabeth Kubler Ross’ Stages of Dying
Denial: This can’t happen to me. Anger: Hostility (dislike) his/her givn
situation. Bargaining: Make deals with doctors, God,
etc. Depression: signifies that the final step is
about to begin. Acceptance: Sense peace and ready to die.
Denial: This can’t happen to me. Anger: Hostility (dislike) his/her givn
situation. Bargaining: Make deals with doctors, God,
etc. Depression: signifies that the final step is
about to begin. Acceptance: Sense peace and ready to die.
Elizabeth Kubler Ross’ Stages of DyingElizabeth Kubler Ross’ Stages of Dying
Denial: This can’t happen to me. Anger: Hostility (dislike) his/her givn
situation. Bargaining: Make deals with doctors, God,
etc. Depression: signifies that the final step is
about to begin. Acceptance: Sense peace and ready to die.
Denial: This can’t happen to me. Anger: Hostility (dislike) his/her givn
situation. Bargaining: Make deals with doctors, God,
etc. Depression: signifies that the final step is
about to begin. Acceptance: Sense peace and ready to die.
What have you learned about previous lecture?
Does it improve your understanding about human?
How do you think you can use the knowledge?
What have you learned about previous lecture?
Does it improve your understanding about human?
How do you think you can use the knowledge?
