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Psychology This Week. Monday Human intelligence The basics Memento Memory Quiz Tuesday IQ testing Finish of semester materials Wednesday Review guide Thursday Review. Psychology Today. Intelligence What is it? What’s is the History of IQ testing Who’s who? Memento - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Psychology This WeekMonday
◦Human intelligence The basics Memento Memory Quiz
Tuesday◦ IQ testing
Finish of semester materials
Wednesday◦Review guide
Thursday ◦Review
Psychology TodayIntelligence
◦What is it?◦What’s is the History of IQ testing◦Who’s who?
Memento ◦Memory/IQ challenge
(Memento Test)
Human IntelligenceThe IQ and You
A ChallengeFind the answer that best
matches the stem pair in the analogy. SEDATIVE :: DROWSINESS◦A. epidemic : contagiousness ◦B. vaccine : virus ◦C. laxative : drug ◦D. anesthetic : numbness ◦E. therapy : psychosis
Answer: D
A ChallengeRearrange the following letters to
make a word and choose the category in which it fits.
"FADLOFDI"◦A. city ◦B. fruit ◦C. flower ◦D. vegetable
Answer: C “Daffodil” is a flower
A ChallengeWhich one of the sets of letters
below can be arranged into a five letter English word. ◦A. a t r u n ◦B. p o d e b ◦C. t e c a r ◦D. m o h a t ◦E. e t l r n
Answer: C “cater”
What factors may determine how well you answered the previous questions?
PsychologyWhat is Intelligence?What are some modern views on
intelligence?What is the history of intelligence
testing?What is an IQ?What are some modern day facts
about intelligence?
Defining Intelligence
Intelligence-◦ Global capacity to act purposefully, think
rationally, and deal effectively with the environment
Intelligence- at the CoreGeneral Mental Abilities (g-factor)
-Reasoning- Problem solving- Knowledge- Memory- Successful adaptation to one’s
surroundings
Howard GardnerAmerican Psychologist
and EducatorModern view on
intelligenceGardner argues that
there is both a biological and cultural basis for the multiple intelligences.
7 total intelligences
Theory of Multiple Intelligences“Intelligent behavior does not arise from a single unitary quality of the mind, but rather that different kinds of intelligence are generated from separate metaphorical pools of mental energy.”
More recent view on intelligence
How is Intelligence Measured?IQ testing:The good, the bad, the…… outdated?
Alfred Binet1899 Child
Psychologist/Educator
France1900’s French law
states mandatory for all students between 6 and 14 to attend school daily◦ Even the mentally
disabled
"What should be the test given to children thought to possibly have learning disabilities, that might place them in a special classroom?"
Testing Intelligence
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB5):◦ Widely used individual intelligence test, derived
directly from Alfred Binet’s first intelligence test; for ages 2-90!
SB5 Measure- Fluid Reasoning- Knowledge- Quantitative Reasoning- Visual-Spatial Processing- Working Memory
SB5- Fluid Reasoning
What comes next in the series above?
SB5- Knowledge
Why is yeast added to bread dough?
What does cryptic mean?
What is silly or impossible about this picture?
SB5- Quantitative Reasoning
If a shirt is being sold for 30% of it’s original price and the price tag is $60, what is the cost of the shirt?
SB5- Visual-Spatial Processing
Standard Responses
Which two circles contains configuration of blocksidentical to the one in the circle at left?
SB5- Working Memory
Memorize the following list of numbers:
1 8 1 2 1 9 4 1 1 7 7 6 1 4 9 2 2 0 0 1
Write down the numbers in order.
Now, try again…
1812 1941 1776 1492 2001
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)Intelligence Quotient (IQ):
◦Intelligence index; mental age divided by chronological age, then multiplied by 100 Average IQ in the USA is 100
Chronological Age: Person’s age in years Mental Age: Average intellectual performance
MA/CA X 100 = IQ
More IQ TermsDeviation IQ:
◦ Scores based on a person’s relative standing in his or her age group; how far above or below average a person’s score is, relative to other scores IQ scores are not very dependable until a child
reaches age 6 Terminal Decline: Abrupt decline in measured IQ
about 5 years before death
David WechslerAmerican
Psychologist1939New YorkWechsler
Adult/Children Intelligence Scales (WAIS) (WICS)
Wechsler ScalesPerformance Intelligence:
◦ Nonverbal intelligence; measured by solving puzzles, completing
pictures, and assembling objects
Verbal Intelligence: ◦ Language intelligence;
measured by answering questions involving vocabulary, information, arithmetic, and other language-oriented tasks
“Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment (Wechsler, 1944, p. 3).”
Wechsler TestsWechsler Adult Intelligence Test-
Third Edition (WAIS-III): Adult intelligence test that rates verbal and performance intelligence and abilities◦Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-
Third Edition (WISC-III): Downscaled version of the WAIS-III; for children aged 6 years to 16 years 11 months, 30 days
◦SB5 is better suited for children and adolescents
◦WISC-IV to be published in 2003
Good Intelligence TestsCharacteristics -
◦ Standardization ◦ Objectivity – no bias
Culture-Fair Test: Test designed to minimize importance of skills and knowledge that may be more common in some cultures than in others
Norms based on large sample of general population
◦ Reliability – same results time after time Test-Retest: Give test to a large group, then give exactly the same
test to same group later Split-Half: Making sure scores on one-half of a test match the scores
on the other half
◦ Validity – measures what it is supposed to measure Predictive validity
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
Fig.11.10 The following sample
items are from a culture-fair test.
1. Which pattern is different from the remaining four?
2. Which of the five figures on the right would properly continue the three on the left_that is, fill in the blank?
3. Which of the figures on the right should go in the square on the left to make it look right?
4. At left, the dot is outside the square and inside the circle. In which of the figures on the right could you put a dot outside the square and inside the circle? ( (Courtesy of R.B. Cattell).
Answers: 1-3, 2-5, 3-2, 4-3
Psychology Today
IntelligenceBattle of the SexesFrom Test Taker to Test Maker
INTELLIGENCE FACTS & STATS
FIG.11.4 THE STABILITY OR RELIABILITY OF IQ SCORES INCREASES
RAPIDLY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD. SCORES ARE VERY CONSISTENT
FROM EARLY ADULTHOOD TO LATER MIDDLE AGE. (SOURCE:
SCHUERGER & WITT, 1989.)
Fig.11.4 The stability or reliability of IQ scores increases rapidly in early childhood. Scores are very consistent from early adulthood to later middle age. (Source: Schuerger & Witt, 1989.)
•Normal Distribution - The distribution of scores (commonly called IQ scores) on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale follows an approximately normal curve, an average distribution of values. The test is regularly adjusted so that the median score is 100—that is, so that half of the scores fall above 100, and half fall below.
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
1940 1950
Rela
tive m
ean
in
telli
gen
ce
score
s
1970 1980 1990
105
19601930
110
115
120
100
Year data collected
Intelligence scores of individuals born in different years but tested at the same age
Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0Similarity ofintelligence
scores(correlation)
Identicaltwinsreared together
Identicaltwinsreared apart
Fraternaltwinsreared together
Siblingsreared together
Unrelatedindividualsreared together
Importance of IQ ScoresModern society
◦Persons with higher IQ scores do better in educational achievement, and obtain higher paying employment Average truck driver – IQ under 100 Average doctor or lawyer – IQ is 125 or more High correlation between educational and
occupational success
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
Race-Ethnic DifferencesIntelligence and achievement
since 1930s◦African American scores average 15
points below whites
◦Hispanic/Latino Americans average scores fall between those of whites and African Americans
◦Asian Americans average 5 points higher than scores of whites
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
Race-Ethnic DifferencesLarge increases in IQ since 1930s
due to◦Lives of African Americans have
improved (more opportunities in education and life)
◦Less children born benefit from family size
◦Changes in health and nutritionBell curve
– U.S. becoming meritocracy◦Society headed toward genetic
decline
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
Extremes in IntelligenceMental retardation – IQ of 70
or below◦Wide range of conditions resulting
from genetics, trauma, and maternal infections Mildly retarded – IQ of 50 to 70 Moderately retarded – IQ of 35 to 49 Severely retarded – IQ of 20 to 34 Profoundly retarded – IQ under 20
Gifted – high IQ and high creativity ◦High achievers and highly successful
in life
Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
Organic Causes of Mental Retardation
Related to physical disordersBirth Injuries: Lack of oxygen during
deliveryFetal Damage: Congenital problem;
prenatal damage from disease, infection, or drug use by the mother
Metabolic Disorders: Disorder in metabolism; affects energy use and production in the body
Genetic Abnormalities: Abnormality in the genes, such as missing genes, extra genes, or defective genes
Types of Organic Causes
Phenylketonuria (PKU): ◦ Genetic disease in which the child lacks an
important enzyme. Allows phenylpyruvic acid to accumulate in the body If untreated, severe retardation may occur by age 3 Routine medical tests at birth can detect PKU Treat with phenylalanine-free diet (found, for
example, in Aspartame, known as Nutrasweet)
More Organic Causes of Mental Retardation
Microcephaly: ◦ Head and brain are abnormally small; brain is
forced to develop in a limited spaceHydrocephaly:
◦ Buildup of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles (brain cavities); pressure can enlarge the head and damage the brain
Cretinism: ◦ Stunted growth and retardation caused by
insufficient supply of thyroid hormone May also be caused by lack of iodine Easily detected in infancy
Down SyndromeDown Syndrome:
◦ Genetic disorder caused by presence of extra chromosome (usually on the 21st pair; trisomy 21); results in mental retardation and shorter life span Does not run in the family Older a woman is, greater the risk to produce a
Down’s child Older fathers also contribute (about 25% of the
time) No cure, but is detectable before birth
Fragile X SyndromeFragile X Syndrome:
◦Genetic form of retardation caused by defect in X chromosome Runs in families Sex-linked; mainly affects boys Most suffer from hyperactivity and
attention disorders Become more severely retarded as adults
Semester 1 Review Guides
Those taking the Final– Mandatory
Those not taking the Final– Optional
Wednesday- Review GuidesThursday- Review GuidesFriday- Final Review Festivus
!!